CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter offer a few connected studies and pieces of related literature

that the researcher found useful and carrying out the study.

OVERVIEW OF POMELO PEEL

According to (Tocmo et al., 2020). The largest citrus fruit is Citrus grandis

Osbeck, also referred to as "pomelo" or "shaddock," the peel of which is a well-

known agricultural residual waste. Pomelo peel contains a variety of nutrients,

including plant chemicals, sugars, and essential oils that may find use in food.

Recovering these components through the use of pomelo peel is a significant

step toward sustainable agriculture. This review discusses value-added

applications for pomelo peels through the recovery of possibly bioactive

components, going beyond traditional composting and animal feed production.

Pomelo fruits have been the main goal of most research, although little

on pomelo peels despite the fact that they have long been a valuable herb and

a common food item. Peels of citrus comprise many bioactive substances,

including flavonoids, and they are also a beneficial source of pectin and

essential oil (Zhang et al., 2019).

Peel from pomelo of all the citrus, (PP) is the biggest and has the

thickest peel. Fruits that make up as much as 30% of the weight of fresh fruit

(Zain, Ahmad & Yusop, 2013)

 According to (Liu, et al.,2021) Stated that Pomelo peels have a wide

range of potential uses for citrus "residue." They could be applied in more ways

than only producing diverse food items, but they can also be utilized as

potential biofuels to generate methane and ethanol. Furthermore, Citrus peels

are used to extract many useful components, including flavonoids, limonoids,

alkaloids, essential oils, and pectin. have been linked to enhancing human

health against cancer, inflammatory diseases, active oxygen, and metabolic

conditions. Consequently, it is evident that citrus peels have a lot of potential for

developing into beneficial biofuels, medications, and functional foods .

One of the most common fruits in the world, citrus fruits have significant

levels of beneficial secondary metabolites and are members of the Rutaceae

family (Zayed, Badawy, & Farag, 2021).

Pomelo peels are frequently utilized in producing a range of food items.

They are typically eaten as an ingredient in baked products, jams, and fruit

pickles throughout the globe. Citrus peels are incorporated to regional dishes in

India, like custards, gravies, and curries to boost taste and fragrance.

Additionally, in They are also utilized in the European Union as a component of

sweet ( Xiao, Ye, Zhou, & Zhao, 2021) describe tasty foods.

Pomelo peels is not only a fundamental approach in developing a

sustainable pomelo sector but also a crucial way to enhance its socioeconomic

performance. The full valorization of pomelo peels has made significant

progress during the past ten years. Pomelo peels' bitterness was successfully

concealed by sugar pickling, and the end products could be used as candies

(Ma et al., 2014).

 Pomelo peels' varied composition, a number of biological activities,

antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory qualities, and other biological advantages

for human health have all been documented. Of these, the capacity to lower

cancer risks and protect cardiovascular disorders (De Huang & Ho, 2012;

Moraes Barros, De Castro Ferreira, & Genovese, 2010).

Interestingly, Pomelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck) peel can be added to rice

noodles to increase their fiber content (Tocmo, Pena-Fronteras, Calumba,

Johnson & Mendoza, 2020).

Advance extraction methods have been developed to meet this need

(Tuan et al., 2019, Jiang et al. 2014, Liu, Qiao, GU, et al., 2017).

Pomelo peels potential for use in the production of biomass fuel or

adsorbents was also investigated. In the current work, a systematic review was

made by primarily referring the publicly released works from the previous ten

years with the goals of updating the state-of-the-art technology, identifying the

current issues. and proposing the perspectives and potential directions of the

researches on pomelo peels. (Huang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2018).

NUTRIENTS ON POMELO PEEL

Pomelo peels contain a range of useful substances that may be utilized

for medical purposes, such as pectin, limonoids, flavonoids, and essential oils

(Hou et al., 2019).

These include the organic solvent because it is the most user-friendly and

effective method, extraction is the most used. Methanol, ethanol, ace ethyl

acetate, and hot water differ in their flavonoid structures and polarities. often

employed to remove flavonoids from orange peels. Methanol was found to be

more efficient in particular at extracting low molecular greater molecular weight

flavonoids, on the other hand, can be Aqueous acetone is a better extraction

method (Sharma, Mahato, & Lee, 2019).

Pomelo peel is rich in several nutrients and beneficial elements, such as

dietary fiber, pectin, essential oils, and other phytochemicals with polyphenolic

dominance. The primary constituents of pomelo peels possess a range of

health-promoting properties, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anticlotting,

antibacterial, and antioxidant activity, according to research ( Lan-Phi and Vy,

2015; Oboh and Ademosun, 2012; Wang et al.,).

Pomelo peel that has developed and dried is called Citri Reticulatae

Pericarpium (CRP). Is another well-known traditional Chinese medicine that is

widely utilized in China as food and nutritional supplement. Being an essential

Chinese Traditionally utilized for millennia, bronchitis and asthma have been

effectively treated with the herbal remedy CRP (Zeng et al., 2018).

Antioxidants that occur naturally are abundant in pomelo peels. (ascorbic

acid, tangeritin, nobiletin, narirutin, and hesperidin), which possess encouraging

antioxidant properties (Czech, Malik, Sosnowska, Domaradzki, & Hernandez

2021).

Pomelo peels had a greater capacity for antioxidants than did essential

oils. of peels, citrus essential oils' antioxidant properties have also garnered a

lot of interest. Moreover, terpinolene and γ-terpinene displayed powerful DPPH

scavenging properties and had a notable inhibitory effect according to Lu,

Huang, Peng, Zhu, and Pan (2019).

Extracts from pomelo peels have demonstrated promise medicinal agent

for people with diabetes. (Oboh, Ademosun, and Olasehinde (2017).

The list of the tall Xia, Liao, Cheng, and others created a novel and

healthier product by reducing the sugar content and high caloric content of the

typical sugar-pickled pomelo peels. & Lu (2010) by using the energy-free

substance xylitol in place of the sucrose. food sweetener.

Pomelo peels were used to make the all-purpose. pomelo peels using

several methods of micronization. The dietary cellulose was the primary

ingredient of pomelo peel wholemeal, responsible for roughly 70 percent (w/w,

db). Consequently, it was frequently employed as a component in diets high in

dietary fiber. The wholemeal pomelo peel was characterized by superior oil and

water-holding abilities and expanding potential (Wang et al., 2014).

Pomelo peels are typically thrown away as rubbish. Still, it might be a nice

pectin source. This article describes the extraction of pectin from pomelo peel

and its storage application as carrot jam. Consequently, it can be said that

pomelo peel pectin extraction could be utilized in place of store-bought pectin

when making carrot jam. (Hu et al., 2013).

 The efficient recovery of its many beneficial components, including

coumarins, pectin, polyphenols, and essential oils, from pomelo peels however,

has received greater attention (quin et al., 2017,) (Liu et al., 2017,) (Zhao et al.,

2019,)

JELLY

According to (Zhang, Wun, & Tan 2012).At first, jelly was a popular anti-

obesity food due to its low calorie content and ability to satisfy hunger.

Cao,Y. (2014) Stated that, Water and edible gel (thickener), such as agar,

carrageenan, powdered konjac, edible gelatin, etc., are the main components of

jelly. However, the majority of commercially available jelly has had artificial

tastes, colors, and sugar added recently, which lowers the nutritional value of

the jelly.

Jelly a smoothest consistency and is made by crashing a fruit and

discarding the solid chuncky leftovers. This leaves only the fruit juice, and

heated to form the gelatinous spread ( Arjun Ringwal, 2019).

OTHER PRODUCT USING POMELO PEEL

Pomelo Peel (PP)has been used in tea and tea additives, and in

producing culinary items like candied peel strips and peel orange juice

(Ihishara, Hikaru, Nobuyoshi, & Takafumi, 2011; (2012); Lin, Li, Fang, Chen, &

Chen.

According to (Visakh,BPathrose, Narayanankutty, Alfarhan & Ramesh

2022). The wastes generated during the post-harvest handling of various

agricultural commodities is rather under-utlilized. The peels of citrus fruits are

often discarded as waste. Citrus peels are rich in essential oils and exhibit

toxicity towards various insect species. The essential oils are also an eco-

friendly option for insect pest management. Utilizing a waste product such as

citrus peel for pest management can achieve the dual objective of waste

utilization and eco-friendly pest management.The wastes produced when

handling different agricultural commodities after harvest is not fully utilized.

Citrus fruit peels are frequently thrown away as garbage. Peels from citrus fruits

are rich in essential oils and poisonous to a range of insect species. Moreover,

the essential oils are a sustainable solution for controlling insect pests. When

waste materials like citrus peel are used for pest control, the combined goals of

environmentally sustainable pest control and trash management.

Citrus maxima, or pomelo, exhibits strong mosquito-repelling properties

because of its main active ingredient, limonene. In this study, 100% and 75%

concentrations of pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel extract was used to create a

mosquito repellent spray by the researchers. To extract the peel oil from
pomelos (Citrus maxima), water distillation was utilized. Pure essential oil is

present in this mosquito repellent spray made entirely of pomelo (Citrus

maxima) peel extract. A 75% pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel extract mosquito

repellent spray composition was diluted with coconut oil. (Sevigan, Rizza Jo B.;

Siendo, Micheryl Arkee D.; Tandoy, Elainne Grace O.; Tiburania, Floraney F.;

Tumlos, Nixmar A.; Zabala, Chelsea Mae R. 2020).

According to (Chang et al., 2020).This research produced a unique

pomelo peel. produced biochar, which was made between 400 and 600

degrees Celsius (BC-400 and BC-600) in nitrogen surroundings.

According to (Corpuz et al., 202).The bite of an infected mosquito

transmits diseases that are carried by mosquitoes. Mosquitoes can transmit

diseases such as dengue, malaria, and a form of Applying natural insect

repellent is one method of reducing mosquito bites. The primary active

ingredient in pomelo (Citrus maxima) is limonene, which is found naturally in

citrus fruits. In this research, essential oil was extracted using a water-steam

distillation process from the peel of a pomelo (Citrus maxima). 50% of the lotion

formulation and the formulation. Pomelo peel oils have a unique scent that

makes them useful as a repellent for mosquito cream.

The by-product of eating pomelo, pomelo peel, is rich in many nutrients

and useful chemicals, yet the majority of the by-product is thrown away as

garbage. Pomelo peel usage could lessen environmental risks while

simultaneously producing products and ingredients of value. By focusing on

recent papers, it can be concluded that pomelo peels can be utilized straight

away to make candied pomelo peel, tea, jams, etc. Additionally, useful elements

(such as polyphenols, pectin, and essential oils) could be extracted from

pomelo peels and used in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries.

The extraction techniques had a significant impact on the composition,

physicochemical characteristics, bioactivities, and structural characteristics of

the resulting fractions. Additionally, pomelo peel was used to produce

bioethanol, adsorbents,and other things. Future research should focus on

developing functionalor bioactivity-oriented processes to recover useful

components from pomelo peel in a cost-efficient, efficient, and environmentally

friendly manner. It should also consider if these processes are applicable to

large- scale manufacturing. (Li Xiao, Fayin Ye, Yun Zhou, Guohua Zhao Food

Chemistry 351, 129247, 2021).

Texture

Dahl (2015) defines food texture as those aspects of a food that can be

felt through oral and manual contact. Many words are used to describe the

texture of food. Foods can be mushy, crunchy, smooth, or lumpy. They can also

be soft or hard. Food acceptance and enjoyment depend on its texture.

odor

According to Johannesburg (2013), a chemical substance that has a

scent or odor it is sometimes referred to as an odorant, a fragrance, or a flavor.

Gatchallian (2022) claims that smell is just as important as taste in

helping us discover and enjoy food Before the food even gets to the mouth, the

aroma is detected by the nose and tasted Before we consume. the sense of
smell investigates our meal. Before we eat something, the sense of smell

investigates it. The term "aroma" refers to a food's fragrance, smell, odor, or

scent.

Appearance

According to Alford (2013), adopting or developing a particular products

aesthetic fringes on a component of set of factors that an individual perceives

as relevant.

Before a product even touches the lips. Berry (2013) claims that the

appearance of a food or beverage increases craving capacity and acceptability