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Lia baby yy
Sample Spaces and vents
Probability starts with sample syaace Meet describes
all possible oudeomes of an experiment -
tis daoled by S Cor 2) OTM use S.
Lr prob, most basi'e. experiment comes fo mind
ts cath dossing. Relig a d/e or rolling a pur af
objle, observing fine Und a prarbsevlar cual ocedys
Ofc, are some experiments ¢n Probabltetey
Zvamples
L. A com be possed. S2fH,T4 Hehead Tiber.
2, Aco ik foserd tote. (or tua cos ave tossed
Se fad, HT, TH, er
2. A con rs fossed & Anes.
S-{AHMHHH, HHHHT, HHATT, ~~. TTT, 771TT]
shee will be 2°=32 ovfeomes sh Phi's sample.
space Cwhg 7’)
4, Adie fs polled. 52 {1%36,5,68
5. Aco rs fossed unt head appeares, phen
S-{H, 7H, 7rH, --- |
(1) 6. Ln a procecy shop, weidhig hina fo be checked
out on & Check-out coven will be observed.
Then sample pace, S= Lo, 2)
Aa_tunt 1's x subset Y semple space . Copiftf
ebjers atk usec! po denole auents .
Examples
L.A com 1s tossed, Lt want A be fead comes “p.
A=fH}
2. Acoh & hossed fuite, Let he ja schple H comes
than B= SHAT, THY
Let C- fat feast one heacl § then f= {47,TH, HAY
An cunt with sigle evteome 13 called single
event.
An went with no evteome 1s called mpossthl
event, Wi benoled by
Sample space 1k called c2rtain event -
at A's Ge 4/2, -- ) 4 snp evends hh Ss and
AOA =P Heo SaV AL for ip,
Pefathion
Let fond & be any tuo auerds rn sample
space S, “4 ANB = p Yan a Bare
called mao tvally exclusive 2ents.
(2) A,B crt enutts sy sample Hace [A a
ANB Is celled satersecttn aint |
Z{ B-A'l Anal.
ANB (Aandb)
[aD s AVE 7s cabled onion enat
Aub (Aor b)
(AvB)'- Ane! 2
De fe rhen Laws
CAN By’ = Ave! ¢
ee
Lan a semple space S; 4 each ovdeame has same
chant of accrfance, prob. 4 eynt A ss
PIA) and
P(A)= DAY.
7105)
where CA) |s Met
of ovteames th A and Us)
4 the
ovdeomes tn Sample space ,S.
t occurred
Prob, as selakive frequency = B of times wen’ PA) £
when
2. A par of dice /s poled. Let B be the evcat-
thal sum is 3. Ford C8),
nts)2 36, Ba 4l3,6\45),65,4)G)3)} =) 018) =4
= Pe)= #2 t
36 )
Axioms and Properties of Pebahtitty
q
1, Lt A be an exeat jh sample space ,$
0< FIZ
Pp) =O and PCs)=4
Sample space S 1s also called corde Luen
2. det Ag's be moby
ANA =D for /¢4')
PGA) = FPA)
We know hut AnAl-@ CA, Al ave modvally
exchusive) and AUAl= SS phen
PCAU A) =PIA\+PCA') = Pes) a1
=) MA)= /-PCA'), This 1s baown as
complement tele. .
axclusile ovents (Poet
4) 3.44 Aad & be - tivo evats Ja sample
spac, S fhun
PCA VB) = PA) EP CR) - PANE)
Poor]
PIAVB) = PcA)+ PCAN BY
and Pl B)= PCANE) + PCA'N BY
=) PCA'NR) = PCB) ~ PCANL)
=) PIAVB) = PCA) ¢ PCB) PCA NB)
4] A,B and C are events rh *, fheg
PRUBUC) = PAH) 4 PIC) - PANE) —PCANC)- Piane)
+ PCANENC)
Ln gene Z
44+ Arty, --- Ay be evatts 14 S fun
ye z
PCY Ate FPA) ~ SPAN A 4 tS PA DAM Ah)
: Ts Ay
County Methods
Basie = priheiele
Suppose thot fhect are £ shps th a process. The.
dist slop occurs In ty wags, the and slep occrs
In ty ways... the bth cfep oceuis in 4 ways
Yhen He” prowess ocewsres i'n
Ty Ma --~ Mp aay ways
Example.
Suppose Here are 40 students jh a class. The
for will select 2 shebats ran dom ly bo give
(5)
vasbroc 3 AY ferent fasks. In how m wets cary Phe selechs,
be a 7? : “7 “G 7 i
eae
40. 39. 38 = 59290 (by basic coun har priverisle )
Zach of these 59280 selections will be permetotion,
Because each proup 3 can be arranged do
do He diferent tasks. Syypose PhoA Pee
C ant sleckd ABC, ACB,...,cBA (6 difecat)
are hi Yeert arrangements fa aseiyaing Sea ‘
to the diffecer t tacks .
Pecmy fadions
A pumutalion fs an ordered avrangemerd
of object /eut lets wh vepehrhon . Tke # af pumetahons
of a objects faben rata dime 15s denoted 44
wf » and ae =NiN-1)(n-2) + (N-PH) /
4 alin objtede att tuber nin-lyih-2)--. @iaj=al
&. Anton Ola d,
Ap can be writen th eons af feclorieds
ply - ON) Cn-rH) GO! at Prmababion
Gr! cnr) (omvle)
7 = fluenl
Wk ner fp a at
Ln He previoes example f= 40 and (=3. The
aniwet 7035028 re ee order
7o8 Go-3)|
yo find # oY permotetions o} Zo Feber 2 ata bme
we snp ly Implemented baste coun the prmenipe.
(6) Exam ple
Suppose fhert are 40 students sn a class. This dime
2 shat commitfee wit be selected randomly.
Zn bow 7 ways can his be one.
The 7 sushdent committees will be fess than
Yhe nomber we fovrd th fhe Previous excunple :
Fhe. jumber of 3-student commitfees /'s
40893E 4, 4013938 Be use th He previous
é Sr
example we. have, Considered differen # acrangemia,
ro selected (°7 of 3, bit each stands
or fhe Same committee , Jor this peason we
wh only £ 6 hifecen t avranpemen fs. In
Shs example each commi'tHee jb a comb natden
Combinations
A combadion Js an acranpumeat ° abject: fibril
wo ¢é, eld to ofder wo sepetiton. The x
combhatens af A ib 7 ere As 7
eee
(2) 20% . 2!
rl A-OIT
Ca)nls (2) a0 (A Jo fa,5,
anata d ft aA
2)~ ntyIP) a Cnr) [a-ca-rY) | ta-r) |
a! Sh
Flin)! -(2)
(F) Example.
What /s the # of dshnguishable ordered avian gene ads
af all fhe letles ta te word “SUCCE S5 Past
35s
Answer t's Ff — beewse bibles 2¢%
eigine a ZL oe
How do we. jr this result wsthe aombipahons 2
DOOM ODO Che au % bores
to fill ovt with fhe % the)
Zz 2 gl
G : ONG le ae nes 4h
Because of dec ef Fe ah ch eee pot dishnpeithable
Ln fener}
4 Uhere are objec ts, nr, of Ham Lick Aype , Ao.
of Hen Me 2nd type - ~My of them She £- th
fype and Ne ajthe---+N then the # o
Ve Anpettha be ofdeved aranpemen As
Ay
ry ee
This re known as formula for perme
with Ceptaled objects . t = aia
These counthe metho ds Creles ) wih Le
used fr thlerminh nts) er NAY te
compile (?CAY Boe ae Yhul sample space, S
Aas equally Mhely ovteomes .
@) Addybyonal Examples
he Ld Aand B be ang feo euntts rh sample space ,S.
PIA) = 0,6» PB)=0,5 and PLANB)=0,3,Find P(AUB').
PCAUB) = PIA) +PC8')~ PrANB')
and PiA)= PLANE) + PCANB') =) PeAnb!)= P(A) PCAOB)
Pe) =1— PCB)= 1-95 20,5
fs = 06-93 =O03
=) PAVE) = 9.640.503 = 08
2. 10 dishnpvithable bolle ave abstr bited tale yo boxes
aumbered L through 10. Find the prob. that onky one box
ws emp Le
Az 0a fy one box t's empl} PIA) = @
PUN)- 2LAY where nes) = 70". ( Bell Balle ». Bally \
atsy 10» 0-41.40 |
Lt A, § only box AL 15 emph | then PCA) = 10 PCA,)
MAY= 2 AA) = (2)+5. el = AE 9-H -G5)31
2H
3 a MOSS be Gsg! _ GSS!
> PCA) Ore =) PIA)= /o a —
es
3B. Thee are M seemingh, flenhhead components nan
elec teonie sysden m of these componeets ale che.
Thug dhe up randomly jn a tLshear older, The system
ts Jeretioncd ro two Achebe comporsnds ore
parca What r's te pee thd such sysden
Ws fenctionel e
Lt Arf the system ts fenetrsnal § PA) =e
¢ (9) 74 m defectives lo)
Nain fonctbant (F)
The systen will aot Fe forctonal (PP) =0)
when m> eth Whereas the system willl be
qenchonal (PIA) >0 ) when met +i.
Cell verity Yha's exffer we ecompude the clestked/
NM
probabilta’ is Wein e)
Bee
PIA\- BR Fy Fan nF
ff there cre.” Vm aS Phere willbe Aamyl
Places fo replace defectives. Since componeads
ove seemtlagh dendicod Cddechioes and fonchoaals
are not abide purshab& .)
ncAy=(“ ar!)
SSA
and nis) © (Aem\) ml if Ch )
(ntl)
HA) = —— .
m
Cn)
ef N23 M=4 => G feachonule , PUY #O becouse
mage Yr1=5. but Jor N-k 4
me5 a Mr(a2+1~-5 fen A= O
or M5 PA)=A0-
—_——— 0
(oe)
