Reeference Files :

1-Ansys_Inc._Release_Notes

Ansys Structural Products

1. Mechanical

2. Mechanical APDL

3. Autodyn

4. Aqwa

5. Ansys Composite PrepPost (ACP)

6. Material Designer

7. Additive

8. Sherlock

Ansys Fluids Products

1. Fluent

1.1. Meshing Mode

1.2. Solution Mode

1.3. Client Applications

2. CFX

3. TurboSystem and TurboGrid

4. BladeModeler

5. CFD-Post
6. Polyflow

7. Forte

8. Chemkin-

9. FENSAP-ICE

10. EnSight

Ansys Electronics

1. Icepak

Ansys Optical

1. Speos

2. Speos for NX

3. Speos for Creo Parametric 4. Speos Labs

5. Speos HPC

Ansys Acoustics Products

Ansys Systems Products

1. VRXPERIENCE Data Preparation and VR

2. VRXPERIENCE Sensors

Ansys Geometry & Mesh Prep Products

1. CAD Connections & Integration

2. DesignModeler

3. Meshing
4. IC Engine

5. ICEM CFD

Ansys Simulation

1. Ansys ACT

2. Ansys Minerva

3. Distributed Compute Services (DCS)

4. DesignXplorer

5. optiSLang

6. Remote Solve Manager (RSM)

7. System Coupling

8. Workbench

3d Design Products

1. SpaceClaim

2. Ansys Discovery
Mechanical APDL

APDL stands for Ansys Parametric Design Language, a scripting

language that you can use to automate common tasks or even build
your model in terms of parameters (variables). While all Mechanical
APDL commands can be used as part of the scripting language, the
APDL commands discussed here are the true scripting commands and
encompass a wide range of other features such as repeating a
command, macros, if-then-else branching, do-loops, and scalar , vector
and matrix operations.

While APDL is the foundation for sophisticated features, it also offers

many conveniences that you can use in your day-to-day analyses. In this
guide we'll introduce you to the basic features - parameters;

macros; branching, looping, and repeating; and array parameters - and

show you some simple examples.

As you become more adept at the language, you will begin to recognize
applications for APDL in yourown environment.

Ansys Parametric Design Language

The Ansys finite element solvers

enable a breadth and depth of
capabilities unmatched by anyone in
the world of computer-aided
simulation. Thermal, Structural,
Acoustic, Piezoelectric, Electrostatic
and Circuit Coupled
Electromagnetics are just an
example of what can be simulated.
Regardless of the type of simulation,
each model is represented by a
powerful scripting language …
the Ansys Parametric Design
Language (APDL). APDL is the
foundation for all sophisticated
features, many of which are not
exposed in the Workbench
Mechanical user interface. It also
offers many conveniences such as
parameterization, macros, branching
and looping, and complex math
operations. All these benefits are
accessible within
the Ansys Mechanical APDL user
interface.
This course introduces new users, or
experienced Ansys Mechanical
users, to the Ansys Mechanical
APDL user interface. The
Mechanical APDL workflow,
graphical user interface, and APDL
command syntax will be introduced.
With this foundation in place, users
can apply this knowledge to
efficiently set up, solve, and
postprocess virtually any type of
analysis.

Please note that for those wishing to

learn the Workbench version of
Ansys Mechanical, the
“Ansys Mechanical Getting Started”
training course is recommended.
 Prerequisites
Ÿ A technical education and a
background in the fundamentals of
finite element analysis are
recommended.

Ÿ An engineering degree is not

required.

Ÿ Some users will appreciate having

working knowledge of Ansys
Mechanical in the Workbench
environment, although this is not
required.

Target Audience
Mechanical Engineers, including
Automotive Engineers, Materials
Engineers, Aerospace Engineers,
Industrial
Engineers, Structural Engineers, and
many other subdisciplines.

Teaching Method
Lectures and hands-on workshops to
give you the knowledge and
confidence you will need to apply
what you have learned to your own
designs.
The Mechanical APDL Theory Reference (p. 1) presents theoretical
descriptions of many elements, commands, and procedures in
Mechanical APDL and related products (p. 3). It is available to any
customer who wants to better understand how the program uses input
data to calculate output, and how to interpret various element and
command results.

The following topics are available:

1.1. Overview of the Theory Reference

1.2. Understanding Theory Reference Notation

1.3. Applicable Products

By understanding the theory underlying the Mechanical APDL product
capabilities, you can use those capabilities more intelligently and with
greater confidence while also being aware of their limitations.

Studying the entire reference is unnecessary; you need only refer to

specific sections as needed.

This reference does not present all theory relating to finite element
analysis. If you require the theory behind the basic finite element
method, many third-party sources for the topic are available. If you
need theory information beyond what is presented here, consult the
indicated bibliographic reference, run a simple test problem to try the
feature of interest, or contact your Ansys Support Distributor for more
information.
Ansys Mechanical

Ansys Mechanical is a Workbench application that can perform a

variety of engineering simulations, including stress, thermal, vibration,
thermo-electric, and magnetostatic simulations.

A typical simulation consists of setting up the model and the loads

applied to it, solving for the model's response to the loads, then
examining the details of the response with a variety of tools.

Mechanical has "objects" arranged in a tree structure that guide you

through the different steps of a simulation. By expanding the objects,
you expose the details associated with the object, and you can use the
corresponding tools and specification tables to perform that part of the
simulation. Objects are used, for example, to define environmental
conditions such as contact surfaces and loadings, and to define the
types of results you want to have available for review.

The following Help topics describe in detail how to use Mechanical to

set up and run a simulation:

• Application Interface (p. 39)

• Steps for Using the Application (p. 281)

• Analysis Types (p. 307)

• Specifying Geometry (p. 749)

• Setting Up Coordinate Systems (p. 1039)

• Setting Connections (p. 1049)

• Configuring Analysis Settings (p. 1301)

• Setting Up Boundary Conditions (p. 1367)

• Using Results (p. 1681)

• Understanding Solving (p. 1975)

• Commands Objects (p. 2095)

• Setting Parameters (p. 2125)

After you become comfortable using Mechanical, you might want to

write scripts that automate your routine tasks. Eventually, you might
even want to create extensions that customize and automate
Mechanical itself. You can accomplish all of this using Ansys ACT and its
powerful API (Application Programming Interface).

• For an introduction to writing scripts and information on using the

ACT API to access and manipulate objects in the Mechanical tree, see
the Scripting in Mechanical Guide.

• For descriptions of all ACT API objects, methods, and properties, see
the ACT API Reference Guide.

• For information on how to use ACT to create apps (extensions) that

customize and automate

Ansys products, see the ACT Developer's Guide.

• For ACT usage, customization, and automation information specific to

Mechanical, see the ACT Customization Guide for Mechanical.
Chapter 1: Autodyn Application Overview

Ansys Autodyn is an explicit analysis tool for modeling nonlinear

dynamics of solids, fluids, gas, and

their interaction. With a fully integrated, easy-to-use graphical interface

enabling the setup, running,

and postprocessing of problems, Autodyn offers:

• Finite element solvers for computational structural dynamics (FE).

• Finite volume solvers for fast transient Computational Fluid D ynamics

(CFD).

• Mesh-free particle solvers for high velocities, large deformation, and

fragmentation (SPH).

• Multi-solver coupling for multi-physics solutions including coupling

between FE, CFD, and SPH.

• A wide suite of material models incorporating constitutive response

and coupled thermodynamics.

• Serial and parallel computation on shared and distributed memory

systems.

Autodyn has been used in a vast array of projects and nonlinear

phenomena. Here is a sample of real

projects where it has been used:

• Optimization and design of armor and anti-armor systems.

• Designing mine protection schemes for personnel carriers.

• Building protection measures and insurance risk assessment for blast

effects in city centers.

• Aircraft impact risk assessment for power stations.

• Performance studies of oil-well perforating charges.

• Decommissioning of offshore platforms.

• Designing the shielding system on the International Space Station.

• Safety assessment of particle accelerators.

• Characterization of materials subjected to high dynamic loading.

• Drop test of electronics devices.

• Nuclear reactor safety.

• Nuclear waste transportation safety.

Automatic Mass Scaling

Mass scaling is an artificial (numerical) mechanism for increasing the

CFL (Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy)

timestep of individual elements that govern the maximum allowed

timestep of explicit transient dynamic solutions in Autodyn. Increasing
the timestep has the obvious benefit of reducing the number
of cycles required to run a simulation to a given point in time. Educated
use of this option can

therefore result in significant improvements in efficiency.

22.6.1. Equation of State

22.6.2. Material Strength

22.6.3. Failure Models

22.6.4. Material Cutoffs

22.6.1. Equation of State

A general material model requires equations that relate stress to

deformation and internal energy (or

temperature).

In most cases, the stress tensor may be separated into a uniform

hydrostatic pressure (all three normal

stresses equal) and a stress deviatoric tensor associated with the

resistance of the material to shear

distortion (as is the case for most materials in Autodyn).

Then the relation between the hydrostatic pressure, the local density
(or specific volume) and local

specific energy (or temperature) is known as an equation of state.

The equation of state can be determined from knowledge of the
thermodynamic properties of the

material and ideally should not require dynamic data to build up the
relationship. However , in practice,

the only practical way of obtaining data on the behavior of the material
at high strain rates is to carry

out well-characterized dynamic experiments. It is important to

recognize that, since the relationship

is required for use in a numerical code, an analytic form is chosen to

facilitate solution. Such an analytic form is at best an approximation to
the true relationship. Further , the equation of state may be

given in extensive tabular form and in that case the analytic form
chosen can be considered as an

interpolation relationship.

This section describes the Equations of State available in Autodyn that

are not described in the

Equations of State in the Explicit Dynamics Analysis Guide.

22.6.1.1. Tillotson EOS

This form of equation of state ( Tillotson 1962 [1], Allen 1967 [2]) was
derived to provide an accurate

description of the material behavior of metallic elements over the very

wide ranges of pressure

and density met in hypervelocity phenomena.

Not only must such an equation of state describe normal density
material and its condition after

shock, but also its expansion and change of phase in cases where the
shock energy has been sufficient to melt or vaporize the material.

The pressure range can be so large that the "low pressure" regime of
this form of equation of state

is defined as from 0 to 10 Mbar and "high pressure" from 10 to about

1000 Mbar. Thus any pressure

and results from normal laboratory experiments cover only the "low
pressure" region.

For the derivation of an equation of state for the "high pressure"

region, analytic forms provide

best fit interpolations between Thomas-Fermi-Dirac data at high

pressures (above 50 Mbar) and

experimental data at low pressures.

The formulation is claimed to be accurate to within 5% of the Hugoniot

pressure and to within

10% of the isentropic pressures. It is therefore a very useful form of

equation of state to use for

general hypervelocity impact problems.

Chapter 1: Computational Fluid Dynamics

Computational Fluid D ynamics (CFD) is a computer-based tool for

simulating the behavior of systems involving fluid flow, heat transfer ,
and other related physical processes. It works by solving the equations
of fluid flow (in a special form) over a region of interest, with specified
(known) conditions on the boundary of that region.

1.1. The History of CFD

Computers have been used to solve fluid flow problems for many years.
Numerous programs have been

written to solve either specific problems, or specific classes of

problems. From the mid-1970s, the

complex mathematics required to generalize the algorithms began to

be understood, and general

purpose CFD solvers were developed. These began to appear in the

early 1980s and required what

were then very powerful computers, as well as an in-depth knowledge

of fluid dynamics, and large

amounts of time to set up simulations. Consequently , CFD was a tool

used almost exclusively in research.

Recent advances in computing power , together with powerful graphics

and interactive 3D manipulation

of models, have made the process of creating a CFD model and

analyzing results much less labor intensive, reducing time and, hence,
cost. Advanced solvers contain algorithms that enable robust solutions

of the flow field in a reasonable time.

As a result of these factors, Computational Fluid D ynamics is now an
established industrial design tool,

helping to reduce design time scales and improve processes throughout

the engineering world. CFD

provides a cost-effective and accurate alternative to scale model

testing, with variations on the simulation

being performed quickly , offering obvious advantages.

1.2. The Mathematics of CFD

The set of equations that describe the processes of momentum, heat

and mass transfer are known as the Navier-Stokes equations. These
partial differential equations were derived in the early nineteenth
century and have no known general analytical solution but can be
discretized and solved numerically.

Equations describing other processes, such as combustion, can also be

solved in conjunction with the Navier-Stokes equations. Often, an
approximating model is used to derive these additional equations,
turbulence models being a particularly important example.

There are a number of different solution methods that are used in CFD
codes. The most common, and

the one on which CFX is based, is known as the finite volume technique.

In this technique, the region of interest is divided into small sub-

regions, called control volumes. The

equations are discretized and solved iteratively for each control

volume. As a result, an approximation

of the value of each variable at specific points throughout the domain

can be obtained. In this way ,

one derives a full picture of the behavior of the flow.

Additional information on the Navier-Stokes equations and other

mathematical aspects of the CFX

software suite is available in Basic Solver Capability Theory in the CFX-

Solver Theory Guide.

1.1.1. Dimensions

Throughout this manual, dimensions are given in terms of the

fundamental magnitudes of length

(L), mass (M), time (T), temperature (Q) and chemical amount (A).

1.1.2. List of Symbols

1.1.2.1. Subscripts
Quantities that appear with subscripts A ,B ,C refer to that quantity for
component A,B ,C in a
multicomponent fluid.
Quantities that appear with subscripts a ,b ,g refer to that quantity for
phase a,b ,g in a multiphase
flow.
Such quantities are used only in the chapters describing
multicomponent and multiphase flows.
1.1.3. Variable Definitions
1.1.3.1. Isothermal Compressibility
The isothermal compressibility defines the rate of change of the system
volume with pressure.
1.1.3.2. Isentropic Compressibility
Isentropic compressibility is the extent to which a material reduces its
volume when it is subjected to compressive stresses at a constant value
of entropy.

1.1.3.3. Reference Pressure

The Reference Pressure Equation 1.3 (p. 27)is the absolute pressure
datum from which all
other pressure values are taken. All relative pressure specifications in
Ansys CFX are relative to the
Reference Pressure.

1.1.3.4. Static Pressure

CFX solves for the relative Static Pressure(thermodynamic pressure)
Equation 1.4 (p. 28)in
the flow field, and is related to Absolute Pressure
1.1.3.5. Modified Pressure
A modified pressure is used in the following circumstances:
• When certain turbulence models are used, (for example - , - , and
Reynolds Stress), the
modified pressure includes an additional term due to the turbulent
normal stress. For details,
see Equation 2.14 (p. 102).
• When buoyancy is activated, the modified pressure excludes the
hydrostatic pressure field. For
1.1.3.6. Static Enthalpy
Specific static enthalpy Equation 1.6 (p. 28)is a measure of the energy
contained in a fluid per unit
mass. Static enthalpy is defined in terms of the internal energy of a fluid
and the fluid state:

When you use the thermal energy model, the CFX-Solver directly
computes the static enthalpy.
General changes in enthalpy are also used by the solver to calculate
thermodynamic properties
such as temperature. T o compute these quantities, you need to know
how enthalpy varies with
changes in both temperature and pressure. These changes are given by
the general differential
relationship Equation 1.7 (p. 28):

which can be rewritten as Equation 1.8

where is specific heat at constant pressure and is density. For most

materials the first term always
has an effect on enthalpy , and, in some cases, the second term drops
out or is not included. For
example, the second term is zero for materials that use the Ideal Gas
equation of state or materials
in a solid thermodynamic state. In addition, the second term is also
dropped for liquids or gases
with constant specific heat when you run the thermal energy equation
model.
1.1.3.6.1. Material with Variable Density and Specific Heat
In order to support general properties, which are a function of both
temperature and pressure,
a table for h(T,p) is generated by integrating Equation 1.8 (p. 28)using
the functions supplied
for and . The enthalpy table is constructed between the upper and
lower bounds of temperature and pressure (using flow solver internal
defaults or those supplied by the user). For any

T o successfully integrate Equation 1.9 (p. 29), the CFX-Solver must be

provided thermodynamically
consistent values of the equation of state, , and specific heat capacity , .
"Thermodynamically
consistent" means that the coefficients of the differential terms of
Equation 1.7 (p. 28)must satisfy the exact differential property that:

Ansys Chemkin-Pro
Chapter 1: Introduction

Welcome to Ansys Chemkin-Pro. This powerful software system will

allow you to solve complex chemical kinetics problems for a large
variety of applications

1.2. Overview of the Chemkin-Pro Software

Ansys Chemkin-Pro includes a large choice of Reactor Models that

address industry-specific reacting flow conditions. The User Interface
facilitates problem set-up by guiding user inputs and allowing visual
construction of reactor-network diagrams for modeling complex
systems. The built-in visualization options provide quick graphic
representation of results, as well as the ability to easily export data for
use in 3rd-party analysis tools, such as Excel®.

In addition to the flexible suite of user-configurable Reactor Models,

you can also access a set of core utilities through the Ansys Chemkin-
Pro Application Programming Interface (Chemkin-Pro/API), which
facilitates construction of custom, Chemkin-Pro applications through
C/C++ or Fortran programming.

In this way , Chemkin-Pro products provide a broad capability that

addresses needs of both non-expert and expert users.

Ansys Chemkin-Pro Reactor Models often align with the needs of

specific industries. A summary of the different reactor models and flow
components available is given in Table 1.1: Reactor models:
Descriptions(p. 2), along with a brief description of each. The
components of the Chemkin-Pro/API Core Utility set are listed in Table
1.2: Chemkin-Pro/API Modules (Core Utilities) (p. 4).

In addition to the Ansys Chemkin-Pro Reactor Models described in

Table 1.1: Reactor models: Descriptions(p. 2), there are complementary
modules that work in conjunction with some or more of the Reactor
Models. For example, Chemkin-Pro includes the optional Reaction
Workbench feature within Chemkin-Pro, for controlling mechanism
reductions. This module is described in detail in Chemkin-Pro Reaction
Workbench User's Manual.
Ansys Distributed Compute Gateway DCG

Ansys Distributed Compute Gateway (DCG) provides a central

framework for configuring and monitoring job submission to High
Performance Computing (HPC) resources. DCG's integrated
environment and tools enable you to easily connect to existing IT
infrastructure, providing you with seamless access to powerful
compute resources when needed.

Currently, only Ansys Miner va can submit jobs to DCG. All other client
applications that submit jobs to HPC resources, such as Ansys
Workbench, will continue to use Ansys Remote Solve Manager (RSM).

Ansys Energico

Welcome to the Ansys Energico Simulation Package™, which provides

seamless links between detailed combustion chemistry and
Computational Fluid D ynamics (CFD) for accurate simulation of
combustion behavior. This powerful software tool allows you combine
analysis using full combustion reaction mechanisms with the geometric
resolution of complex fluid dynamics. When used to its full potential,
the Energico Simulation Package will speed combustion-system design,
allow engineers to use detailed chemistry without requiring specialized
understanding of complex kinetics, and result in fewer and better-
directed experimental tests to validate system design.

The key features of the Ansys Energico Simulation Package include:

• Rapid and accurate predictions of emissions from modern combustion

systems.

• A revolutionary method to evaluate Lean Blow-off in combustion

systems.

• Flexibility to create user-defined Ansys Energico algorithms tailored to

meet your specific requirements.

Ansys Explicit Dynamics Analysis

Ansys Explicit Dynamics is a transient explicit dynamics Workbench

application that can perform a variety of engineering simulations,
including the modeling of nonlinear dynamic behaviour of solids, fluids,
gases and their interaction. Additionally, the LS-DYNA extension is
available to analyze a model using the LS-DYNA solver.

A typical simulation consists of setting up the model, interactions and

the applied loads, solving the model's nonlinear dynamic response over
time for the loads and interactions, then examining the details

of the response with a variety of available tools.

The Explicit Dynamics application has objects arranged in a tree

structure that guide you through the different steps of a simulation. By
expanding the objects, you expose the details associated with the
object, and you can use the corresponding tools and specification
tables to perform that part of the simulation. Objects are used, for
example, to define environmental conditions such as contact surfaces
and loadings, and to define the types of results you want to have
available for review.

The following sections describe in detail how to use the Explicit

Dynamics application to set up and run a simulation:

• Explicit Dynamics Workflow(p. 15)

• Transforming an Implicit Model to run in Explicit Dynamics(p. 125)

• Applying Pre-Stress Effects for Explicit Analysis(p. 149)

• Explicit Dynamics Theory Guide(p. 153)

• Material Models Used in Explicit Dynamics Analysis (p. 193)

For more information on solving an explicit dynamics analysis using the

LS-DYNA solver see:

• *MA T_SIMPLIFIED_JOHNSON_COOK (or *MA T_098)

Ansys FENSAP-ICE

ANSYS, Inc. is the leading provider of scientific CFD software in the

world. ANSYS, Inc. acquired the assets of Newmerical Technologies
International (NTI) in February 2015 with the intent of continuing to
provide comprehensive design and engineering services for ice
protection systems of aircraft, rotorcraft, jet engines and wind turbines,
and related systems in cars, trucks and high-speed trains.

The in-flight icing specialists at ANSYS, Inc. remain a one-stop-shop for

all aspects of in-flight icing, ranging from engineering ser vices, the
licensing of their state-of-the-art icing simulation systems Ansys

FENSAP-ICE™and Ansys FENSAP-ICE-TURBO™and icing protection

systems design.

Today, icing protection still remains an arduous exercise that utilizes an

eclectic amalgam of empiricism and freeware, collated through
technologies developed in a different era, often leading to confusion for
manufacturers and regulators alike. FENSAP-ICE and FENSAP-ICE-
TURBO distinguish themselves by their ability to bring scientific rigor
and methodology to the hitherto heuristic and empirical icing
protection design methodology.

In-flight icing simulation, and consequently ice protection, still remains

as much of an art as a science, making icing certification a difficult
engineering process in the production of a new aircraft or engine.

The ANSYS, Inc. in-flight icing specialists provide a rigorous, sequential,

verifiable and integrated approach that views ice protection as a
system, rather than a disjoint series of steps that are difficult, if not
altogether impossible, to link. FENSAP-ICE and FENSAP-ICE-TURBO are
the only modular icing simulation systems available on the market
today and are the only 3D, CAD-based software of their kind. They are
perfectly compatible with Ansys CFD tools, as well as other third-party
CFD tools used in aerodynamic departments, and hence allow a
complete integration of aerodynamic design and ice protection, a
hitherto impossible endeavor.

In addition, while several other companies and governmental agencies

may also offer icing simulation services, our specialists are the only
ones who have completely developed their own software, with a total
mastery of their much more modern technology and the ability to
rapidly deploy it to new situations and new applications.

FENSAP-ICE and FENSAP-ICE-TURBO are systems that are continuously

evolving to cost effectively resolve undetected operational difficulties
or meet new regulations as they arise. Examples would be Supercooled
Large Droplets and Ice Crystals ingestion into jet engines. Enough
science is built into the system to view current and evolving
certification standards as minimum objectives, as they are meant to be,
and go beyond them to further increase safety.

The Ansys icing groups' services include, but are not limited to:

• Icing simulation software licensing

• Icing simulation engineering services

• Ice protection system design

1.2. The Ansys Product Improvement Program

This product is covered by the Ansys Product Improvement Program,

which enables Ansys, Inc., to collect and analyze anonymous usage
data reported by our software without affecting your work or product
performance. Analyzing product usage data helps us to understand
customer usage trends and patterns, interests, and quality or
performance issues. The data enable us to develop or enhance product
features that better address your needs.

Ansys Fluent

A brief description of what is in each chapter follows:

• Basic Fluid Flow(p. 1), describes the governing equations and physical
models used by Ansys Fluent to compute fluid flow (including periodic
flow, swirling and rotating flows, compressible flows, and inviscid
flows).

• Flows with Moving Reference Frames(p. 19), describes single moving

reference frames, multiple moving reference frames, and mixing
planes.
• Flows Using Sliding and Dynamic Meshes(p. 35), describes sliding and
deforming meshes.

• Turbulence (p. 41), describes various turbulent flow models.

• Heat Transfer (p. 159), describes the physical models used to

compute heat transfer (including convective and conductive heat
transfer , natural convection, radiative heat transfer , and periodic heat
transfer).

• Heat Exchangers (p. 207), describes the physical models used to

simulate the performance of heat exchangers.

• Species Transport and Finite-Rate Chemistry(p. 221), describes the

finite-rate chemistry models. This chapter also provides information
about modeling species transport in non-reacting flows.

• Non-Premixed Combustion (p. 271), describes the non-premixed

combustion model.

• Premixed Combustion (p. 309), describes the premixed combustion

model.

• Partially Premixed Combustion (p. 319), describes the partially

premixed combustion model.

• Composition PDF Transport (p. 253), describes the composition PDF

transport model.

• Chemistry Acceleration(p. 260), describes the methods used to

accelerate computations for detailed chemical mechanisms involving
laminar and turbulent flames.

Release 2021 R2 - © ANSYS,Inc. All rights reserved. -Contains

proprietary and confidential information of ANSYS,Inc. and its
subsidiaries and affiliates.

• Engine Ignition (p. 393), describes the engine ignition models.

• Pollutant Formation (p. 337), describes the models for the formation
of NOx and soot.

• Aerodynamically Generated Noise (p. 405), describes the acoustics

model.

• Discrete Phase (p. 421), describes the discrete phase models.

• Modeling Macroscopic Particles (p. 553), describes the macroscopic

particle model.

• Multiphase Flows (p. 559), describes the general multiphase models

( VOF , mixture, and Eulerian).

• Population Balance Model (p. 741), describes the population balance

model.

• Solidification and Melting (p. 771), describes the solidification and

melting model.

• The Structural Model for Intrinsic Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI)(p.

781), describes the structural model.

• Eulerian Wall Films (p. 793), describes the Eulerian wall film model.

• Electric Potential and Lithium-ion Battery Model (p. 811), describes

the electric potential model.

• Battery Model (p. 817), describes the battery models.

• Modeling Fuel Cells (p. 835), describes the fuel cell modules.
• Modeling Magnetohydrodynamics (p. 871), describes the methods for
flow in an electromagnetic field.

• Modeling Continuous Fibers (p. 875), describes the continuous fiber

model.

• Solver Theory (p. 891), describes the Fluent solvers.

• Adapting the Mesh (p. 955), describes the solution-adaptive mesh

refinement feature.

• Reporting Alphanumeric Data (p. 965), describes how to obtain

reports of fluxes, forces, surface integrals, and other solution data.

Ansys Forte

The Ansys Forte CFD Package is designed for internal combustion

engine design applications. The modeling approach described in this
Theory manual is therefore tailored to provide the most accurate
solutions possible for these applications, using computing resources
that are practical for every-day design activities. Ansys Forte takes
advantage of well-established theoretical representations of 3-D fluid
flow, spray dynamics and combustion behavior.

The dynamics of spray combustion in diesel engines are controlled by

both turbulent mixing dynamics and fuel combustion kinetics. Spray
dynamics and fuel vaporization are typically the dominant contributors
to the creation of stratified fuel/air mixtures. Subsequently, the ignition
and combustion chemical kinetics are controlled by a complex network
of reactions between fuel and air species under these stratified
conditions. Both spray dynamics and chemical kinetics contribute to
source terms in the reacting-flow transport equations. For flame
propagation in spark-ignition engine, combustion kinetics in the end-
gas also controls important phenomena, such as engine knocking and
emissions production.

For advanced-concept engines that are based on compression-ignition

strategies or dual-fuel combustion, chemical kinetics becomes even
more important.

The Ansys Forte CFD Package introduces important breakthroughs in

chemistry-solution techniques that greatly enhance the accuracy
achievable by engine simulation within commercial design time lines.

These techniques reduce simulation time by as much as two orders of

magnitude when compared to conventional CFD. Chemistry models
that were previously thought of as only practical for 0-D simulations
now become practical for full 3-D engine simulations with moving
pistons and valves. Better handling of chemistry with multi-component
fuel representation makes predictive simulation possible within the
schedule constraints of the concept phase of design.

For direct-injection engines, Ansys Forte also sets a new standard for
accuracy in the representation of fuel-spray droplet breakup and
vaporization. For example, true multi-component fuel vaporization
models can now work hand-in-hand with multi-component chemistry
models. In addition, new approaches to representing the gas-transport
part of the spray reduce the sensitivity of the spray model to the grid.
These advances together with better chemistry allow more accurate
simulations at reduced computational cost, and without the
intervention of expert calibration.
Ansys Forte builds on models and sub-models that have been well
validated against experimental data over a broad range of conditions
and over many years by engine-simulation experts. This manual
describes the model assumptions and solution techniques employed.
The Ansys Forte User's Guide provides end-user instructions for model
inputs and for the mechanics of using the Ansys Forte Simulate user
interface.

Ansys ICEM CFD

Ansys ICEM CFD provides advanced geometry acquisition, mesh

generation, and mesh diagnostic and repair tools to provide integrated
mesh generation for today’ s sophisticated analyses.

Maintaining a close relationship with the geometry during mesh

generation, Ansys ICEM CFD is designed for use in engineering
applications such as computational fluid dynamics and structural
analysis.

Ansys ICEM CFD’s mesh generation tools offer the capability to

parametrically compute meshes from geometry in numerous formats:

• Multi-block structured

• Unstructured hexahedral

• Unstructured tetrahedral

• Cartesian with H-grid refinement

• Hybrid meshes comprising hexahedral, tetrahedral, pyramidal and/or

prismatic elements
• Quadrilateral and triangular surface meshes.

Ansys ICEM CFD provides a direct link between geometry and analysis.
In Ansys ICEM CFD, you can input geometry in almost any format,
whether a commercial CAD design package, third-party universal
database, scan data, or point data. Beginning with a robust geometry
module that supports the creation and modification of surfaces, curves
and points, Ansys ICEM CFD’ s open geometry database offers the
flexibility to combine geometric information in various formats for
mesh generation. The resulting structured or unstructured meshes,
topology , inter-domain connectivity , and boundary conditions are
then stored in a database where they can easily be translated to input
files formatted for a particular solver.

Ansys Icepak.

Depending on your familiarity with computational fluid dynamics and

Ansys Icepak, you can use this manual in a variety of ways:

1.2.1. For the Beginner

1.2.2. For the Experienced User

Ansys Icepak is a powerful CAE software tool that allows engineers to

model electronic system designs and perform heat transfer and fluid
flow simulations that can increase a product’ s quality and significantly
reduce its time-to-market. The Ansys Icepak program is a total thermal
management system that can be used to solve component-level, board-
level, or system-level problems. It provides design engineers with the
ability to test conceptual designs under operating conditions that might
be impractical to duplicate with a physical model, and obtain data at
locations that might otherwise be inaccessible for monitoring.

Ansys Icepak uses the Fluent computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver
engine for thermal and fluidflow calculations. The solver engine
provides complete mesh flexibility , and allows you to solve complex
geometries using unstructured meshes. The multigrid and pressure-
based solver algorithms provide robust and quick calculations.

Ansys Icepak provides many features that are not available in other
commercial thermal and fluid-flow analysis packages. These features
include the following:

• Accurate modeling of non-rectangular devices

• contact resistance modeling

• Anisotropic conductivity

• Nonlinear fan curves

• Lumped-parameter heat sink devices

• External heat exchangers

• Automatic radiation heat transfer view factor calculations

Ansys Mechanism Reduction Best Practices Introduction

This manual describes the prerequisites, input requirements,

appropriate scenarios, methodology , and recommended settings for
reducing mechanisms for engine applications when using Ansys
ChemkinPro Reaction Workbench.
1.1. Prerequisite Experience

You should know how to accomplish these goals in Chemkin-Pro :

• How to set up a Closed Homogeneous Reactor project.

• How to set up a parameter study. Parameter Studies are explained in

the Chemkin-Pro Advanced Analysis Guide. We also recommend going
through the mechanism reduction tutorial in the Reaction Workbench
Tutorial Guide to become familiar with the mechanism reduction
facility in Chemkin-Pro Reaction Workbench

Meshing and Meshing Tutorial

See guides.

Ansys Minerva

Ansys Minerva brings together the people, processes, and data involved
in product engineering. This simple web-based solution enables you to
organize, track, share, and visualize simulation data, collaborate with
team members, and kick off simulation workflows and other processes
when a product is being designed, improved, or re-engineered.

Ansys Minerva addresses the many critical issues associated with

simulation data, including backup and archiving, traceability, process
automation, collaboration, knowledge capture, and IP protection.

By integrating directly with core Ansys simulation applications, Ansys

Minerva provides a robust, efficient, and consolidated environment for
carrying out all of your organization's engineering activities. Its open
architecture enables you to integrate with other solutions and services
as well, including software from other vendors. With support for
multiple tools and file formats, and the ability to leverage High
Performance Computing (HPC), Ansys Minerva can increase
productivity and extend your simulation possibilities.

Key features include:

• Data Management. A shared data repository provides a secure

location for documents, CAD designs, simulation files, and other files
associated with your engineering projects and activities. Built-in
versioning and revision control help you trace the flow of data, manage
change, and make sure that you are always working with the right file.
Multi-faceted search options and result filtering enable you to locate
items quickly .

• Process and Workflow Management. Define life cycles and workflows

to support all aspects of the simulation process. Create work requests
and assign tasks to selected groups or individuals who will then be
notified by email when they have a task to complete. Incorporate sign-
offs for a complete digital audit trail.

• Job Submission. Submit Ansys Electronics Desktop, Ansys Fluent,

Ansys LS-DYNA, Ansys Mechanical APDL, Ansys optiSLang, Ansys
Workbench, and Python solve jobs to remote HPC clusters. Create
custom templates for job submission to other solvers. Launch locally
installed applications directly from select file types.

• Collaboration. Add markup to files, start or participate in discussions,

and communicate with colleagues using the built-in messaging system.

With flexible deployment and configuration options, Ansys Minerva can

be tailored to your organization's needs.
Model Fuel Library 2020 Validation Manual

The Ansys Model Fuel Library (MFL) is a library of detailed and validated
reaction mechanisms for over 60 fuel components, which are relevant
to combustion simulations in a wide variety of industrial and
commercial applications. The fuel components can be used to
represent gaseous or liquid fuel combustion for petroleum-derived or
alternative fuels. Gaseous components address natural gas, synthetic
gas, biofuels, and blends. For liquid fuels, the fuel components can be
used in formulating surrogates for a wide range of real-world fuels,
including gasoline, diesel, jet-fuel, alternative fuels, fuel blends, and
additives.

The reaction mechanisms are suitable for many combustion

applications, including spark-ignition engines, compression-ignition
engines, gas- and liquid-fired turbine combustors, boilers, flares, and
furnaces.

The mechanisms have been extensively validated for operating

conditions covering a wide range of pressures, temperatures,
equivalence ratios, and dilutions. The mechanisms are constructed in a
self-consistent manner and follow a rate-rule–based approach for liquid
components that results in predictive capabilities for the mechanisms.
The predictive capabilities of library mechanisms are not limited to
combustion characteristics of the fuels, but also include fuel effects on
emissions and combustion intermediates, along with soot particle size
and number densities. The Model Fuel Library is based on both the
outcome of the industry-driven Model Fuel Consortium (2006-2012)
project and the ongoing Model Fuel Library Subscription Service that
maintains the Library to keep it up-to-date with the state of current
combustion science.

The current Model Fuel Library offering is encrypted for use with Ansys
software, including ChemkinPro, Reaction Workbench, Energico, Forte,
and Fluent (starting with version 16.0). With the Model Fuel Library, it
is possible to model most real fuels by either exactly representing the
chemical properties of the fuel or by formulating an appropriate
surrogate. We recommend using Ansys Chemkin-Pro/Reaction

Workbench to formulate surrogates for liquid fuels and also for

reducing the full reaction mechanism to provide smaller mechanisms
that can be tailored for a particular application (for example, for use in
Computational Fluid Dynamics engine simulation).

In addition to the “full” mechanisms, the MFL provides a suite of pre-

reduced mechanisms that have been reduced for specific applications
and specific fuel compositions. These pre-reduced mechanisms can be
used without modification for many applications, or can serve as a
starting point for further reduction using a narrower range of operating
conditions. In addition, PERK mechanisms installed under the MFL
folder may be of interest, as these are developed to keep the
mechanism size small while enabling the ability to capture a broader
range of conditions than with models containing global reaction steps
(see MFL Pseudo-Elementary Reaction Kinetics (PERK) Mechanisms (p.
22)).

The .inp file associated with an MFL mechanism includes both the
species thermodynamic data and the reaction mechanism. Ansys Fluent
provides a check box to indicate that the thermodynamic data is
included in this way (see The Import CHEMKIN Format Mechanism
Dialog Box for Volumetric Kinetics in the Fluent User's Guide).
Ansys Motion

Multi-body Dynamic (MBD) Analysis is a means of analyzing the

dynamic behavior of a system of interconnected bodies. Ansys Motion
is a powerful interface, dedicated to MBD analysis. Ansys Motion is
completely independent of other Ansys solvers. It uses an implicit
integration method that yields stable and accurate solutions. Models
can include springs, dampers, and bushings, as well as contacts
between components.

In Ansys Motion analysis, systems can contain both rigid and flexible
components. In the following figure, a flexible plate is mounted in a
rigid base. The base of the plate is connected to a slotted component
with a Joint. A Slot Joint Load drives the base up and down, producing
changes in the shape of the flexible plate.

Using Ansys Motion in Workbench combines the strengths of the Ansys

Motion solver and the practical and well-known interface of Ansys
Mechanical.

Multi-body Dynamic Motion Analysis can use both rigid and flexible
bodies (using nodal bodies), plus component mode synthesis (CMS)
(using modal bodies). Flexible bodies and contact surfaces are meshed.

At least one boundary condition must be defined, or one body must be

connected to ground.

• Models may consist of rigid bodies, modal bodies, and nodal bodies

• All types of nonlinearities are allowed

• Motion due to joints/contacts and flexible part deformation is fully

modeled
• Goal is determination of Motion, Forces, Deformations, and Stresses

• Recommended for high speed, large rotation systems

• Robust modeling of 3D contact systems

• All simulation performed by "Motion" analysis system

Ansys Motion incorporates the following capabilities in the main

package and through advanced toolkits:

• Multibody Dynamics

• Links (Tracks, Chains and Belts) [Advanced Toolkit]

• Drivetrains (Gears, Bearings, and Shafts) [Advanced Toolkit]

Ansys Motion does have some limitations at this time. See Limitations
of Ansys Motion (p. 59)for more information.

1.2. Ansys Motion ACT App

The Ansys Motion Application is an integration of the Ansys Motion

solver technology into the Ansys

Mechanical GUI, created using the Ansys ACT customization toolkit.

Load the Ansys Motion app into

Ansys Mechanical through the ACT Extension Manager.

1. Start the Ansys Workbench environment.

2. Choose Extensions Manage Extensions.

3. Check the check box in the Loaded column next to Ansys Motion.

4. Press the Close button.

Ansys Motion is now available in the Toolbox under Analysis Systems.

5. Double-click the Ansys Motion system or drag-and-drop it into the

Project Schematic.

All of the features of the app are now available in your Workbench
project.

Ansys Polyflow

Ansys Polyflow is a finite-element computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

program designed primarily for simulating applications where viscous
and viscoelastic flows play an important role. The flows can be
isothermal or non-isothermal, two- or three-dimensional, steady-state
or time-dependent. Ansys Polyflow is used primarily to solve flow
problems in polymer and rubber processing, food rheology , glasswork
furnaces, and many other rheological applications. The calculation of
such flows is based on non-Newtonian fluid mechanics, characterized
by a wide variety of fluid models and strong nonlinearities. The
development of Ansys Polyflow is intimately linked to progresses in
numerical simulation of non-Newtonian fluid mechanics; the most
recent and best-performing algorithms are incorporated in Ansys

Polyflow on a regular basis. The selection of constitutive models

available in Ansys Polyflow is also based on current research in the
area.

Ansys Polyflow can also be used to solve chemically reacting flows.

Transport of species as well as chemical reactions that act as sources or
sinks of materials can be included.
It is possible to detect contact during Ansys Polyflow simulations. This
capability makes Ansys Polyflow useful for blow molding,
thermoforming, and compression molding simulations. A major
advantage is that access to a library of non-Newtonian materials is
maintained for all contact problems. Ansys Polyflow also provides
additional capabilities for glass furnaces, such as bubbling, radiative
correction, and electrical heating.

Ansys Polyflow can perform a number of complex calculations such as

multi-domain simulations, co-extrusion of several fluids, three-
dimensional extrusion, and implicit and time-dependent calculation of
free surfaces.
1.3.1. The Ansys Polyflow Package

The Ansys Polyflow package includes the following products and

modules:

• Ansys Polyflow, the solver

• Ansys Polydata, the preprocessor for problem definition

• GAMBIT, the preprocessor for geometry modeling and mesh

generation

• Ansys Polymat, the preprocessor for material data specification

• Ansys Polystat, the statistical postprocessor for quantitative

comparison of flows

• CFD-Post, the graphical postprocessor for examining results

• Filters (translators) for import of meshes from CAD/CAE packages

such as PATRAN and I-deas, and export of meshes and results to these
and other programs

Ansys Polyman is an environment that allows you to manage your

Ansys Polyflow projects and start the modules and products listed
above from a single entry point. See Managing Ansys Polyflow Projects

Using Ansys Polyman(p. 81)for details.

You can create your geometry and mesh using GAMBIT (see the
GAMBIT documentation for details).

It is also possible to create meshes for Ansys Polyflow using Ansys

Meshing, Ansys Fluent, and Fluent Meshing, as well as Ansys ICEM CFD
(POWERMESH) and POL YMESH (preprocessors that were used before
the introduction of GAMBIT). Other alternatives include PATRAN, I-deas
third-party CAD/CAE packages, and other software packages that
support these file formats.

Once your mesh is created, you can read it into Ansys Polydata and set
up the simulation. In Ansys Polydata, you will define the physical
models, material properties, boundary and process conditions,
numerical parameters, and so on. When you have completed the
problem definition, you will save it to a data file, which can be used to
run Ansys Polyflow.

In conjunction with the problem specification in Ansys Polydata, you

may want to use the Ansys Polymat preprocessor for some preliminary
material property analysis. Ansys Polymat enables you to compute
material properties based on experimental or other data. The result of
the Ansys Polymat calculation is material property data that is passed
to Ansys Polydata through a material data file.

The use of Ansys Polymat is optional; it is generally used when you

need to determine complex material property data for your model.

Ansys Polyflow is the central solver. It computes a solution based on

the problem definition specified in the data file that you created in
Ansys Polydata, and saves the solution to a results file. You can also
start an Ansys Polyflow calculation from a previous results file. Such a
restarting procedure is useful, for example, in nonlinear problems
where you want to save CPU time.

When you have completed your calculation in Ansys Polyflow, you can
use the graphical postprocessor CFD-Post to examine your results.
Other postprocessing packages that can be used to examine Ansys

Polyflow results are FieldView , P A TRAN, and I-deas.

In addition to the graphical postprocessors, a statistical postprocessor

called Ansys Polystat is also available. Ansys Polystat allows you to
interactively analyze properties calculated along particle trajectories
and perform statistical calculations that can be used to predict mixing
efficiency and other macroscopic flow properties. Ansys Polystat
operates on a set of trajectories created by Ansys Polyflow for a mixing
task.

Application-Specific Versions of Ansys Polyflow

Besides the standard package described previously , Ansys Polyflow

offers application-specific versions

of Ansys Polydata and the solver. These application-specific versions

limit the capabilities to only those needed to set up and perform
simulations of specific industrial processes, including the following:

• blow molding

• Extrusion

In order to use an application-specific version of Ansys Polyflow, you

must have a license for that version or the standard Ansys Polyflow
license. In terms of how you set up and use application specific
versions, the information provided in the sections that follow about
Ansys Polyflow sessions applies equally to the application-specific
versions. See Starting Ansys Polydata and Ansys Polyflow(p. 49)for
details on how to launch the application-specific versions.

License-Specific Capabilities

Ansys Polyflow is available at three different licensing levels, controlling

the availability of various features and functionalities:

• Enterprise—full access to all Polyflow solver capabilities (along with

those CFD Premium and CFD Pro features), as documented in the
Polyflow User's Guide, including:

– MST
– VOF

– Viscoelasticity & all material models with yield stress

– Crystallization

– Optimization

– Internal FSI

– Residual stress

– Radiation

– Porous media

– Reacting flow

– 2D & 3D contact and fluid-fluid contact

– Pmesh

– UDFs

– Sub-models

– Parison programming and optimization

– Full adaptive meshing

• Premium—full access to the following Polyflow solver capabilities, as

documented in the Polyflow

User's Guide:

– Extrusion/coextrusion (interface and species)

– Blow molding
– Thermoforming

– Constant viscosity and generalized non-Newtonian flows (excludes

Bingham, HerschelBulkley , modified Herschel-Bulkley)

– Link to Mechanical

– Temperature

– Polymat for material fitting

– Shell contact

– PMAT

– Starting from initial results

– Free surface boundary conditions

– Adaptive meshing (limited to contact and remeshing)

• Pro—(equivalent to Premium).

See Ansys Capability Chart 2021 R2 for a comprehensive list of

supported functionalities at the CFD-Pro licensing level.

Ansys Polymat

Ansys Polystat

Ansys Reaction

Ansys Remote Solve Manager

Ansys Remote Solve Manager (RSM) provides the central framework for
configuring and monitoring job submission to HPC resources. Whether
jobs are submitted to a cluster or to a Cloud portal, RSM's integrated
environment and tools enable you to easily connect to existing IT
infrastructure, providing you with seamless access to powerful
compute resources when needed.

Jobs can be submitted directly to RSM from client applications such as

Ansys Workbench, or indirectly via a Cloud portal.

RSM provides the following key capabilities:

• RSM Configuration. Define configurations that enable you to run

Ansys applications on HPC resources.

With its wizard-like interface, the RSM Configuration application lets

you easily create configurations for cluster or portal job submission.

RSM configurations enable you to integrate RSM with a third-party job

scheduler such as Microsoft HPC or LSF , or with an Ansys RSM Cluster
(ARC). You can also create a configuration for job submission to a third-
party Cloud compute service. Regardless of the resource type, all RSM
configurations are defined in a consistent way.

Configuration tasks include establishing communication protocols,

specifying file handling methods, setting up RSM queues, and caching
account credentials. For more information, see RSM Configuration (p.
31).

• Ansys RSM Cluster (ARC). If you are not using a third-party job
scheduler such as Microsoft HPC or LSF , you can use the built-in Ansys
RSM Cluster (ARC) system that is provided with every RSM installation.
An ARC operates in the same way that a commercial cluster does,
running Ansys applications in local or distributed mode, but uses its
own scheduling capability rather than that of a third-party job
scheduler.

An ARC that comprises a single node (whether it be either a user's local

machine or a specific machine in your network) does not require any
special setup. An ARC that comprises multiple nodes requires service
configuration and node setup, but provides more powerful features and
enables you to run distributed parallel jobs in a multi-node
environment. For more information, see Ansys RSM Cluster

(ARC) Configuration (p. 63).

• Job Monitoring. View the status of submitted jobs, view job logs, and
troubleshoot failed jobs directly from the Workbench, or using the RSM
Job Monitoring application.

– For information on monitoring jobs in Workbench, see Monitoring

and Controlling Remote Solve Manager Jobs in Workbench in the
Workbench User's Guide.

– For information about monitoring jobs using the RSM Job Monitoring
application, see RSM Job Monitoring (p. 185) in the RSM User's Guide.

Ansys Scripting in Mechanical Guide

Scripting Quick Start

Scripting refers to the use of a programming language to interact with

and modify a software product.

Scripting can also be used to automate routine tasks. In Ansys

Mechanical, you can use Ansys ACT and Mechanical Python APIs
(Application Programming Interfaces).

Scripting Introduction
Key Usage Concepts

Threading

Additional Resources

Ansys Tire Analysis

A complex vehicle subsystem, the tire plays a crucial role in vehicle ride
and handling performance, affecting accelerating, braking, cornering,
and other maneuvers. Simulations using a robust, accurate tire model
help engineers to predict the mechanical response of vehicles under
various operating conditions.

Numerical analysis of rolling bodies is a complex task due to the

dynamic effects, loading conditions, and material properties involved.
Standard transient approaches starting directly with a 3-D tire model,
although practical, require significant computational resources.

Ansys TurboGrid

Ansys TurboGrid is a powerful tool that lets designers and analysts of

rotating machinery create high quality meshes, while preserving the
underlying geometry. These meshes are used in the Ansys workflow to
solve complex blade passage problems.

The Ansys TurboGrid online product documentation is divided into five

major areas:

1. Ansys TurboGrid Introduction

A brief introduction, listing of new features, and detailed information

about the Ansys TurboGrid Launcher
2. Ansys TurboGrid Tutorials

3. Ansys TurboGrid User's Guide

Information about the user interface and workflow

4. Ansys TurboGrid Reference Guide Detailed information about menu

items, command actions, syntax, and so on.

5. Installation and Licensing

Help on using Ansys TurboGrid in Ansys Workbench is provided in

Ansys TurboGrid in Ansys Workbench(p. 9)and in the TurboSystem >
Ansys TurboGrid section of the Ansys Workbench help.

This chapter describes:

1.1. Valid Decimal Separators

1.2. 3Dconnexion Product Support

1.3. Compatibility with File Hosting Services

Examples in tutorial guide:

Rotor 37

Steam Stator

Radial Compressor

Axial F an

Tandem Vane

Secondary Flow Path Meshing

Ansys TurboSystem

TurboSystem is a set of software applications and software features for

designing turbomachinery in the Ansys Workbench environment. It
consists of the following components:

• Ansys BladeGen: a geometry creation tool that is specialized for

turbomachinery blades. It is available on Windows only . For details, see
BladeGen(p. 171).

• Vista CCD, Vista CPD, Vista RTD, and Vista AFD are 1-D blade design
tools. They are available on Windows only . For details, see Vista CCD
(p. 91), Vista CPD(p. 119), Vista RTD(p. 155), and Vista AFD(p. 71).

• Ansys DesignModeler: a general purpose geometry preparation tool

that is integrated in Ansys Workbench. This CAD-like program is
primarily used to prepare CAD geometry models for analysis by other
Ansys Workbench based tools. For details, see DesignModeler Help.

• Ansys BladeEditor: a plugin for DesignModeler for creating blade

geometry. Ansys BladeEditor provides the geometry link between
BladeGen and DesignModeler, and therefore links BladeGen with other

Ansys Workbench based applications. For details, see BladeEditor(p.

557).

• Ansys TurboGrid: a meshing tool that is specialized for CFD analyses

of turbomachinery blade rows.For details, see TurboGrid(p. 667).

• Ansys CFX-Pre: a general-purpose CFD preprocessor that has a

turbomachinery setup wizard for facilitating the setup of
turbomachinery CFD simulations. For details, see CFX-Pre(p. 671).
• Ansys CFD-Post: a general-purpose CFD postprocessor that has
features for facilitating the postprocessing of turbomachinery CFD
simulations. For details, see CFD-Post(p. 671).

• Vista TF: a streamline curvature throughflow program for the analysis

of turbomachinery. This program enables you to rapidly evaluate radial
blade rows (pumps, compressors and turbines) at the early stages of
the design. For details, see Vista TF (p. 673).

• Turbo Setup system: a tool for rapidly creating the workflows needed
for the analysis of centrifugal compressors. For details, see Turbo
Setup(p. 43).

• Performance Map system: a tool for creating performance maps for

turbomachinery cases. For details, see Turbomachinery Performance
Maps (p. 63). For information about using TurboSystem in various
workflows, see TurboSystem Workflows (p. 27).

This chapter describes the primary ways of using TurboSystem

workflow.

The following topics are discussed:

2.1. Geometry Sources

2.2. Mesh Sources

2.3. Solution Sources

2.4. Turbo Setup

2.5. Examples of TurboSystem Workflows

2.6. Usage Notes for Specific Workflows

2.7. Using Ansys Workbench Journaling and Scripting with TurboSystem

2.8. Quick Pump Tutorial

Chapter 6: Vista CCD

The Vista range of turbomachinery software includes 1D design and off-

design performance programs for axial turbines, radial turbines, axial
compressors, axial fans, centrifugal compressors, and centrifugal
pumps.

The subject of this user's guide is Vista CCD. Vista CCD is a program for
the preliminary design of centrifugal compressors. It can be used in an
iterative fashion to create a 1D design. The resulting geometry can be
passed to BladeGen or BladeEditor. Vista CCD can be used to model an
existing compressor and, if known, its measured performance at single
operating points. An accurate 1D model can provide insight into the
performance of the machine that goes beyond the test measurements.

Vista CCD is integrated into Ansys Workbench so that it may be used to

generate an optimized 1D compressor design before moving rapidly to
a full 3D geometry model and CFD analysis.

Vista CCD is provided by PCA Engineers Limited, Lincoln, England.

Vista Works on windows only.

Ansys Viewer

Ansys Viewer is an interactive 3D image viewer. Designed specifically

for sharing and collaboration, Ansys Viewer enables you to visualize 3D
models created in Ansys CAE software, even if you do not have Ansys
CAE software installed.

You can use Ansys Viewer to open SpaceClaim .scdoc, Ansys

Viewer .avz, Ansys Viewer Archive .avzm, and Ansys Report .arzfiles.

Ansys Workbench Additive Manufacturing Analysis

Additive manufacturing (3D printing) can be a cost-effective way of

producing parts, especially when making use of the design freedoms
the manufacturing process enables, such as topological complexity and
the ability to print assemblies in one step.

Metal additive manufacturing is used to produce parts for aerospace,

automotive, medical and other industries. These are high-value parts
that require careful design and manufacturing, and simulation has long
been used to validate the as-built part performance.

The additive process for metals introduces inherent complexities and

challenges, however, such that the process itself requires simulation to
successfully produce the parts.

Additive Manufacturing Processes

Additive manufacturing (AM) is classified into a number of processes,

most of which are applicable to polymers. Two are the primary
processes for fully-dense (no porosity) production of metal parts:
powder bed fusion (PBF) and directed energy deposition(DED). Our
focus is on modeling these two processes.

In a powder bed fusion process –also known as direct metal laser

melting (DMLM), direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), or selective laser
melting (SLM) – a thin layer of metal powder is deposited and a highly
focused laser beam of energy is moved over its surface in order to melt
the metal powder composing the current cross section and fusing it to
the preceding layer. A solid part emerges as successive layers are
deposited and processed. The initial layer is deposited on a build plate
or substrate.

In a directed energy process (DED) –also known as laser engineered net

shaping (LENS), electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM®), or
laser deposition technology (LDT ) –a laser or electron beam creates a
melt pool on previously solidified material where blown powder or fed
wire is introduced to add material.

Both of these processes produce high temperatures and severe thermal

gradients, leading to significant distortion and buildup of residual
stresses as the layers are deposited. The distortion can be high enough
to interfere with the application of the next layer, and the residual
stresses high enough to break the part off the build plate or off its
supports, or crack the part itself. Additionally, the residual stresses will
produce more distortion when the part is removed from the build plate
and its supports removed leading to an undesirable final shape.

How Simulation Can Assist with AM Challenges

Being able to simulate these distortions and stresses during the design
of the part will help prevent failed builds and lead to better designs for
additive manufacturing.

Supports are generally needed to anchor and support overhangs and

other horizontal (and nearly horizontal) surfaces such as the tops of
holes. They are also used to control distortions and provide heat
transfer routes during the build. Supports add cost –material, build
time, and removal effort –so their use should be minimized. Simulation
can be used to determine the best build orientation for a part, best
locations for supports, and support sizing requirements. Simulation is
particularly powerful when used with topology optimization to
minimize overhang regions requiring supports.

Target Users

Target users of Workbench Additive are the engineers involved in the

design and analysis of mechanical components, not necessarily
manufacturing engineers and technicians tasked with printing the parts
on the machine floor, nor the R&D researchers responsible for
determining the ideal printing machine process parameters. Current
users of Ansys SpaceClaim and Ansys Workbench/Mechanical will
benefit greatly from running AM Process Simulations if they plan to use
additive manufacturing to print their metal parts.

Simulation Goals

The goal of AM Process Simulation in Workbench Additive is to predict

the macro-level distortions and stresses in parts to prevent build
failures and provide trend data for improving designs for additive
manufacturing including part orientation and support placement and
sizing.

The simulation is not meant to provide detailed thermal or structural

results needed for prediction of micro-level process phenomena (that
is, microstructure). The simulation will also not provide detailed
guidance on the setting of the machine’s process parameters. Our
complementary offerings of Ansys Additive Print and Additive Science
(within Additive Suite) are the products to use to achieve those goals.

Restrictions and Limitations

A Workbench Additive Manufacturing Process Simulation is not meant

to be used in conjunction with any of these features: gasket elements,
fracture, and remote boundary conditions.

When using Workbench scripting to open SpaceClaim and then use

Additive Prep, the Additive tab may be missing and/or the tools in the
Additive ribbon may be grayed out.

In certain configuration scenarios and for some .scdoc geometries that

were created prior to Release 2021 R2, if you have the Additive Prep
license enabled in SpaceClaim you will not be able to open the

Mechanical Application from inside Ansys Workbench. Mechanical will

begin to launch and then it gets stuck at this stage. If this happens, the
workaround is to do one of the following:

• Within SpaceClaim 2021 R2 or a subsequent release, save the

older .scdoc geometry as a new file using Save, Save As, or Export from
Additive Prep.

• Clear the Additive Prep license check box in SpaceClaim, perform your
work in Mechanical, and then go back into SpaceClaim to enable
Additive Prep for your next session. Additive Prep license Options are
accessible in SpaceClaim by clicking File> SpaceClaim Options > License
and then checking/unchecking Additive Prep.

Ansys Workbench Verification Manual

Test Case Naming Conventions

Beginning with release 2020 R1, the naming convention for test cases
has been standardized. (The test case numbers remain the same.) The
names all begin with "VM", followed by a two-string sequence
identifying the product/application. VM-WB-MECH-004 identifies a
Verification Manual test case for WorkBench Mechanical, while VM-
EXD-MECH-014 is a Verification Manual test case for an Explicit
Dynamics mechanical simulation.

Finding Test Cases

• Index of Ansys Mechanical Test Cases (p. 4)

• Additive Manufacturing Test Cases (p. 277)

• Aqwa Test Cases (p. 305)

• Design Exploration Test Cases (p. 321)

• DesignModeler Test Cases (p. 339)

• Explicit Dynamics Test Cases (p. 351)

• LS-DYNA Solver Test Cases (p. 399)

• LS-DYNA Workbench Test Cases (p. 483)

• Material Designer Test Cases (p. 505)

• SpaceClaim Test Cases (p. 505)

AQL - AQWA Interface for Excel

AQL is an interface from AQWA to Excel. It is intended to facilitate the

development of Excel spreadsheets that require data from AQWA
databases. The interface consists of a series of Excel functions that can
be accessed within the spreadsheet to recover data directly from the
AQWA database. A typical example might be an application that
tabulates motions of a particular structure and then undertakes a post -
processing exercise.

Key features are:

• Direct access to the AQWA database information using Excel Function

calls

• Recovery of RAOs using structure number, frequency and direction

• Recovery of time history results

• Error trapping

• Simple installation

Aqwa Graphical Supervisor

The Aqwa Graphical Supervisor (AGS) is a Graphical User Interface

which is both a pre- and post-processor to the Aqwa suite of programs.
This help document describes the many features of the AGS.

After installation the Aqwa programs appear on the Start Menu under
ANSYS. AqwaGS starts the Aqwa Graphical Supervisor. The program can
be run from here or you can create an icon on the desktop.

To exit the AGS choose File → Exit from the main toolbar, or click the
cross in the top right corner.
Information for Workbench Users

This help document refers to the original Aqwa solver modules, which
are described in detail through the Aqwa Reference Manual. These
modules correspond to the Analysis Systems and Analysis Types
available through the Workbench interface as follows:

• Aqwa-Line is the frequency domain radiation/diffraction solver used

in a Hydrodynamic Diffraction Analysis

• Aqwa-Librium is the frequency domain solver used to calculate

equilibrium positions and static/dynamic stability modes in a
Hydrodynamic Response Stability Analysis

• Aqwa-Fer is the frequency domain solver used for linearized

calculations in a Hydrodynamic Response Frequency Statistical Analysis

• Aqwa-Drift is the time domain solver performing transient

calculations including slow drift effects in a Hydrodynamic Response
Time Domain Analysis with Analysis Type of ‘Irregular Wave Response
with Slow Drift’ or ‘Slow Drift Only ’

• Aqwa-Naut is the time domain solver performing transient

calculations including nonlinear estimations of incident and hydrostatic
pressures in a Hydrodynamic Response Time Domain Analysis with
Analysis Type of ‘Irregular Wave Response’ or ‘Regular Wave Response’

Aqwa Reference Manual

The Aqwa suite is a set of advanced hydrodynamic analysis programs.

This document is the Reference Manual for the Aqwa suite of
programs.
The programs in the suite are:

Aqwa-Line

Aqwa-Librium

Aqwa-Fer

Aqwa-Drift

Aqwa-Naut

The Reference Manual defines the input data format for the above
programs. Most of the input information is applicable to more than one
program. When the information relates to only one program, this is
made clear in the text.

The suite of Aqwa programs can be run in a Windows environment

using a Hydrodynamic system in Workbench, or from the Windows
command line using an input file. In a Linux environment, only the
command line(p. 295)capability is available.

Note:

Aqwa is not supported on the SUSE Linux platform.

The manual also contains details of certain topics common to all the
programs.

Introduction to Aqwa Solver Theory

Ansys® Aqwa™provides a toolset for investigating the effects of

environmental loads on floating and fixed offshore and marine
structures. This includes, but is not limited to, floating production and
offloading systems, spars, semi-submersibles, renewable energy
systems, and ships.

This document provides a description of the theoretical basis of this

product.

Aqwa General Capabilities

Aqwa can simulate linearized hydrodynamic fluid wave loading on

floating or fixed rigid bodies. This is accomplished by employing three-
dimensional radiation/diffraction theory and/or Morison’s equation in
regular waves in the frequency domain. Unidirectional or multiple
directional second order drift forces are evaluated by the far-field, or
near field solution, or full quadratic transfer function (QTF) matrix. Free
floating hydrostatic and hydrodynamic analyses in the frequency
domain can also be performed.

Aqwa can estimate the equilibrium characteristics and static and

dynamic stability of coupled (by moorings and/or connectors) bodies
under steady state environmental loads (e.g. wind, wave drift and
current).

Aqwa can perform frequency domain statistical analysis of the coupled

or uncoupled responses of floating bodies while operating in irregular
waves. The linearized drag due to Morison elements (tube, disc), wind
and dynamic cables can also be simulated in Aqwa.

The real-time motion of a floating body or bodies while operating in

regular or irregular waves can be simulated, in which nonlinear Froude-
Krylov and hydrostatic forces are estimated under instantaneous
incident wave surface. Additionally, the real-time motion of a floating
body or bodies while operating in multi-directional or unidirectional
irregular waves can be simulated under first- and second-order wave
excitations. Wind and current loading can also be applied to the bodies,
as well as external forces at each time step imported or defined by a
user-written dynamic-link library. If more than one body is being
studied, coupling effects between bodies can be simulated. The
convolution approach is used to account for the memory effect of the
radiation force.

Wave loads on fixed or floating structures calculated during

radiation/diffraction simulation in Aqwa can be mapped to a finite
element structural analysis package. Specific details of this procedure
are not included in this document.

Autodyn Composite Modeling

The Autodyn hydrocode has extensive capabilities for the modeling of

composite materials subjected to a range of loading conditions. A
simple linear-elastic orthotropic constitutive model, inherent in which is
a linear equation of state, suitable for modeling applications subjected
to structural (rather than shock) type loading can be used. Or, for
applications such as hypervelocity impacts where the shock effects are
obviously important, the orthotropic model can be coupled with
nonlinear equations of state. Damage/Failure can be treated as brittle
via directional failure models like Material Stress and/or Strain Failure
(see Brittle Damage Model (p. 23)). It can also be treated by a specific
Orthotropic Damage model (see Orthotropic Damage Model (p. 28)),
which takes into account the softening behavior that can sometimes be
observed when failure occurs in composites.
This document provides a single point of reference for using these
models and describes all of the above options. Often the greatest
difficulty in using such models is a lack of available material data or not
knowing how to properly characterize the material should experimental
facilities be available.

Therefore this document also provides a description of material

characterization experiments that may be performed in order to
calculate the required material input parameters.

Ansys Autodyn is an integrated analysis program designed for nonlinear

dynamics problems. There is at times a need to consider the treatment
of materials where the properties of materials are not identical in all
directions (for example, composite laminates, fiber reinforced
materials). Material models suitable for such anisotropic material
behavior have been developed in Autodyn. These models have differing
levels of complexity and require differing amounts of material data as
input.

The purpose of this document is to fully describe the composite

material modelling capabilities of Autodyn. Further guidance is offered
to help the user select the most appropriate models for a specific
application and to obtain the relevant material data.

After describing the definition of the principal directions in Autodyn in

Principal Directions in Autodyn (p. 3), the material models are
presented for both the constitutive behavior and for predicting
failure/damage in Orthotropic Constitutive Models (p. 11)and
Orthotropic Material Failure Models (p. 23) respectively. The most
common problems in using such models are the lack of material data
and the difficulty in obtaining the measurements. In Material
Characterization Tests (p. 33) a series of experimental tests are
presented which have been used in projects at Ansys to successfully
characterize various composite materials. Derivation of the model
parameters from the experiments is not always straightforward.
Derivation of Material Properties (p. 45) outlines the required steps in
extracting the parameters from experiment into a form suitable for
input into Autodyn.

Example applications are presented in Example Applications (p. 55)and

recommendations on how to perform a typical composite analysis are
discussed in Recommendations(p. 65).

Recommendations

Autodyn contains many options for the modelling of composite

materials. These options are described in detail in this report. However,
in using these complex models the problems are often two fold;
knowing which options/models to use and how/where to obtain the
required material properties.

In Orthotropic Constitutive Models (p. 11), the various models are

described in detail. It is important to take a pragmatic view of them
rather than simply selecting the most complex. For example, if the
application being modelled is only subjected to a relatively low speed
impact then using an orthotropic material model with a linear equation
of state is sufficient. In this case relatively simple experiments are
required to obtain the directional strength properties or manufactures
material data may be sufficient.

If the application is at ballistic velocities or higher then shock effects are

most likely to be important and using a nonlinear equation of state is
recommended. However, this requires additional experiments as
described in Equation of State Properties: Inverse Flyer Plate Tests(p.
36), in addition to the directional strength properties.

Whether or not the hardening option is required depends only upon

the material being modeled. Some materials, such as carbon-epoxy
composites have been observed to exhibit a very linear behavior [14].

Other composite materials, like Kevlar-epoxy, are highly nonlinear and

significant hardening is observed [2]. In this case it is imperative to have
the stress-strain data obtained from the experiments of Directional
Strength Properties (p. 33) so that the plasticity parameters can be
calculated as outlined in Plasticity Parameters (p. 47). Since the tension
tests are usually performed to ultimate failure, this experimental data
will also indicate whether or not softening is significant.

Autodyn Parallel Processing

Autodyn has been developed specifically for analyzing non-linear,

dynamic events such as impacts and blast loading of structures and
components. The program offers users a variety of numerical
techniques with which to solve their problems. These include Lagrange,
Shell, Euler, ALE (Arbitrary Lagrange Euler) and SPH (Smooth Particle
Hydrodynamics) solvers. As reliance on computational simulations
becomes accepted, the complexity of the problems to be solved
increases in size and resolution. However, the practical computation of
these very large simulations has been restrained by the lack of
performance of available computers. Problems requiring millions of
elements and run-times that can run many weeks are not uncommon.
Even the fastest single CPUs cannot easily cope with these larger
problems.

One approach to overcoming these limitations is to utilize parallel

systems. Parallel algorithms are implemented in Autodyn to take
advantage of parallel systems that allow simultaneous use of multiple
CPUs either on a single multi-processor machine or over a distributed
network of computers. This tutorial describes the method used by
Autodyn to process problems in parallel and explains how the user sets
up and runs a calculation using parallel processing. Autodyn supports
the use of a maximum of 127 tasks (worker processes) in a single
parallel analysis.

Users set up problems for parallel processing in exactly the same way
as they do for serial processing, and the processing of results (for
example, plotting, saving) are also performed in the usual way.

The structured as well as unstructured Part calculations of all 3D solvers

are parallelized:

• Lagrange (with joins)

• ALE (with joins)

• Shell (with joins)

• SPH (with joins)

• Euler Ideal Gas

• Euler Multi-Material

• Beams (with joins)

Note:
Although the joins between unstructured parts are parallelized you are
strongly advised to avoid the use of unstructured parts in combination
with joins in parallel analyses.

In Autodyn an option is available that will merge joined unstructured

nodes that reside at the same physical location in the model into one
single unstructured node. The option is available under the Join menu
and will increase robustness in many applications involving joins.

Coupled calculations are parallelized between the Euler Ideal Gas and
Euler multi-material solver and structured and unstructured Lagrange
and Shell solvers.

Interaction calculations are parallelized between Lagrange, ALE, Shell

and SPH solvers, using the Gap and Trajectory contact algorithm.
Parallel simulations using Trajectory contact are subject to the
following restrictions:

• The contact method must be set to penalty; the Decomposition

Response method is not available in parallel.

• Trajectory contact cannot be run in parallel when an SPH part is

present in the model.

Autodyn User's Subroutines Guide

This manual shows you how to create and use your own user
subroutines in Autodyn. Topics covered include:

• How to invoke the user subroutines from Input

• Compiling and linking user subroutines

• Writing your own user subroutines

• Description of Autodyn module variables

Autodyn provides you with a number of standard alternatives for

options such as Equations of State, Yield Models, Boundary Conditions,
and so on. However, you may wish to use your own custom models for
these options. Autodyn allows you to do this by including your own
subroutines written in FORTRAN.

This guide shows you how to include these subroutines in your

calculations and offers guidelines on writing user subroutines. Table
1.1: Material Modeling User Subroutines (p. 1) and Table 1.2: Additional
User Subroutines (p. 1) show the user subroutines that are available for
use with Autodyn.
CAD Integration

Ansys Workbench is a CAD-neutral environment that supports

bidirectional, direct, and associative geometry interfaces (plug-ins (p.
125)) with CAD systems as well as non-associative interfaces (readers)
that generally do not require the CAD be installed. The readers (p. 125)
and associative geometry interfaces(p. 125)are not interchangeable.
The specific import options that are supported can be viewed at

Geometry Preferences (p. 8).

The plug-ins support import/update without translation to the

intermediate geometry formats. The associative geometry interfaces
allow you to make parametric changes in a CAD system or drive those
changes from within Ansys Workbench and when the geometry is
updated assigned scopings will persist if the topology is present in the
updated model. The Named Selection Manager (p. 21), available in
most integrated CAD systems, provides a means to create custom
selections within the CAD systems for use in modeling, meshing, and
analysis.

Readers, with the exception of the CAPRI interface, do not require the
CAD system to be present to import geometry files. These interfaces
however, are not associative, nor bi-directionally parametric.

Ansys CAD integration supports the Smart CAD Update, where

supported by the CAD, and Selective Update of CAD parts instead of
updating an entire model. All interfaces can update the model using
Compare Parts on Update (p. 19)and those parts that are not modified
will maintain their existing mesh so it does not need to be regenerated.

Bidirectional CAD Connections

AutoCAD (*.dwg, *.dxf )(p. 30)

CA TIA V5 Associative Geometry Interface (*.CA TPart, *.CA TProduct)

(p. 47)

Creo Elements/Direct Modeling (*.pkg, *.bdl, *.ses, *.sda, *.sdp, *.sdac,

*.sdpc)(p. 53)

Creo Parametric Associative Geometry Interface (*.prt, *.asm)(p. 59)

Autodesk Inventor Associative Geometry Interface (*.ipt, *.iam)(p. 38)

Fusion 360 (*.f3d, *.f3z)(p. 72)

NX Associative Geometry Interface (*.prt)(p. 81)

Solid Edge (*.par, *.asm, *.psm, *.pwd)(p. 94)

SOLIDWORKS Associative Geometry Interface (*.sldprt, *.sldasm)(p.
103)

CAD Readers

ACIS (*.sat, *.sab)(p. 28)

AutoCAD Reader (*.dwg, *.dxf )(p. 30)

Autodesk Inventor Reader (*.ipt, *.iam)(p. 35)

CA TIA V4 Reader (*.model, *.exp, *.session)(p. 41)

CA TIA V5 Reader (*.CA TPart, *.CA TProduct)(p. 43)

CA TIA V6 Reader (*.3dxml)(p. 51)

Creo Parametric Reader (*.prt, *.prt.*, *.asm, *.asm.*)(p. 55)

IGES (*.igs, *.iges)(p. 73)

JT Reader (*.jt)(p. 76)

Monte Carlo N-Particle (*.mcnp)(p. 78)

NX Reader (*.prt)(p. 79)

Parasolid (*.x_t, *.xmt_txt, *.x_b, *.xmt_bin)(p. 86)

Revit (*.rvt, *.rfa)(p. 88)

Rhinoceros (*.3dm)(p. 91)

SketchUp (*.skp)(p. 92)

Solid Edge Reader (*.par , *.asm, *.psm)(p. 94)

SOLIDWORKS Reader (*.sldprt, *.sldasm)(p. 100)

STEP (*.stp, *.step)(p. 108)

Geometry Export

IGES (*.igs, *.iges)(p. 73)

Ansys MAPDL (*.anf )

Monte Carlo N-Particle (*.mcnp)(p. 78)

Parasolid (*.x_t, *.xmt_txt, *.x_b, *.xmt_bin)(p. 86)

STEP (*.stp, *.step)(p. 108)

For more detailed information about Ansys CAD:

Introduction (p. 3)

Geometry Interface Support (p. 3)

Project Schematic Presence Related to CAD Integration(p. 7)

Mixed Import Resolution (p. 20)

CAD Configuration Manager (p. 20)

Named Selection Manager (p. 21)

Caveats and Known Issues (p. 23)

CAD Integration Installation and Licensing (p. 25)

CAD Integration File Format Support (p. 27)

CAD Integration SpaceClaim (p. 111)

CAD Integration Frequently Asked Questions (p. 117)

CAD Integration Troubleshooting (p. 119)

CAD Integration Glossar y(p. 125)

CAD Integration Updates (p. 127)

Clickwrap Software License Agreement

Cure Simulation

Ansys Cure Simulation Documentation

The documentation for Ansys Cure Simulation (ACCS) consists of a user

guide and three tutorials (workshops). These documents are not part of
the formal Ansys Help system, but links to them are provided here for
your convenience. Clicking the links below will open the documents
from an Ansys server outside the Ansys Help system.

Each workshop has a link to the project file required for that workshop.
The use of that project file is described in the workshop document. A
solved project file can be downloaded with the second link.

• ACCS User Guide

• Workshop 1: C-Shape Profile Full Cure Simulation

– Download the project file

– Download the solved project file

• Workshop 2: C-Shape Profile Fast Cure Simulation

– Download the project file

– Download the solved project file

• Workshop 3: Tool Compensation

– Download the project file

– Download the solved project file

DCS for Design Points Guide

Ansys Distributed Compute Services (DCS) includes Ansys Design Point

Service (DPS), which is the main service for storing and evaluating
thousands of design points using multiple heterogeneous compute
resources. Advantages include:

• Updating design points simultaneously

• Scaling design point updates with no input, output, user interface, or

queuing overhead

• Tolerating design point updates failures

• Supporting submission on local machines and HPC clusters using

Ansys Remote Solve Manager (RSM)

• Monitoring of design point update execution

• Filtering, sorting, and comparing design points

• Importing additional design points in CSV (Comma Separated Value)

files or Microsoft Excel files directly into DPS for evaluation

• Importing selected design points that have been evaluated in DPS into
the Ansys Workbench project for further analysis or review

• Running geometry updates on separate machines from simulations

and solvers during HPC execution

• Supporting disconnect and reconnect so that DPS can continue to run

design point evaluations without Workbench
DesignModeler

The Ansys DesignModeler application is designed to be used as a

geometry editor of existing CAD models. The Ansys DesignModeler
application is a parametric feature-based solid modeler designed so
that you can intuitively and quickly begin drawing 2D sketches,
modeling 3D parts, or uploading 3D CAD models for engineering
analysis preprocessing.

If you have never used a parametric solid modeler, you will find the
Ansys DesignModeler application easy to learn and use. If you are an
experienced user in parametric modeling, the Ansys DesignModeler
application offers you the functionality and power you need to convert
2D sketches of lines, arcs, and splines into 3D models.

DesignXplorer

Introduction to Ansys DesignXplorer

A good design point is often the result of a trade-off between various

objectives. Consequently, during design exploration, you do not want to
use optimization algorithms that lead to a single design point.

You want to gather enough information about the current design to be

able to answer "What-if" questions that quantify the influence of
design variables on product performance. By doing so, you can make
the right decisions based on accurate information, even in the event of
an unexpected change in the design constraints.

Design exploration describes the relationship between the design

variables and the performance of the product using Design of
Experiments (DOEs) and response surfaces. DOEs and response surfaces
provide all of the information required to achieve simulation-driven
product development. Once the variation of product performance with
respect to design variables is known, it becomes easy to understand
and identify the changes required to meet requirements for the
product. After response surfaces are created, you can analyze and
share results using curves, surfaces, and sensitivities that are easily
understood.

You can use these results at any time during the development of the
product without requiring additional simulations to test a new
configuration.

Available Tools

DesignXplorer offers a powerful suite of DOE types:

• Central Composite Design (CCD) (p. 84)

• Optimal Space-Filling Design (OSF) (p. 85)

• Box-Behnken Design (p. 87)

• Custom (p. 87)

• Custom + Sampling (p. 88)

• Sparse Grid Initialization (p. 88)

• Latin Hypercube Sampling Design (p. 88)

Central Composite Design (CCD) provides a traditional DOE sampling

set, while the objective of Optimal Space-Filling (OSF) is to gain the
maximum insight with the fewest number of points. OSF is very useful
when you have limited computation time.

After sampling, design exploration provides several different response

surface types to represent the simulation's responses:

• Genetic Aggregation (p. 102)

• Full 2nd-Order Polynomials (p. 108)

• Kriging (p. 111)

• Non-Parametric Regression (p. 116)

• Neural Network (p. 116)

• Sparse Grid (p. 118)

These response surface types can accurately represent highly nonlinear

responses, such as those found in high frequency electromagnetics.

Once the simulation's responses are characterized, DesignXplorer

supplies the following optimization algorithms:

• Shifted Hammersley Sampling (Screening) (p. 360)

• Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) (p. 374)

• Nonlinear Programming by Quadratic Lagrangian (NLPQL)(p. 361)

• Mixed-Integer Sequential Quadratic Programming (MISQP)(p. 367)

• Adaptive Single-Objective Optimization (ASO) (p. 368)

• Adaptive Multiple-Objective Optimization (p. 379)

You can also use extensions to integrate external optimizers into the
DesignXplorer workflow. For more information, see Performing an
Optimization with an External Optimizer(p. 200).

DesignXplorer provides several graphical tools for investigating a

design. These tools include sensitivity plots, correlation matrices,
curves, surfaces, trade-off plots and parallel charts with Pareto front
display , and spider charts.

DesignXplorer also provides correlation matrix techniques to help you

identify the key parameters of a design before you create response
surfaces.

Additionally, from a series of 2D or 3D simulations, you can create a

ROM (reduced order model).

ROMs are stand-alone digital objects that offer a mathematical

representation for computationally inexpensive, near real-time
analysis. For more information, see Using ROMs (p. 237).

Design Exploration: What to Look for in a Typical Session

The main purpose of design exploration is to identify the relationship

between the performance of the product and the design variables.

• Product performance includes maximum stress, mass, fluid flow, and

velocities.

• Design variables include dimensions, loads, and material properties.

Based on exploration results, you can identify the key parameters of

the design and how they affect product performance. You can then use
this knowledge to influence the design so that it meets the product's
requirements.
DesignXplorer provide tools to analyze a parametric design with a
reasonable number of parameters.

Supported response surface methods are suitable for problems using

10 to 15 input parameters.

DesignXplorer Theory

When performing a design exploration, a theoretical understanding of

the methods available is beneficial.

The underlying theory of the methods is categorized as follows:

Parameters Correlation Filtering Theory

Response Surface Theory

Goal-Driven Optimization Theory

Six Sigma Analysis (SSA) Theory

Theory References

DesignXplorer Beta

Beta features have not been fully tested and validated. Ansys, Inc. may ,
at its discretion, fully release, change, or withdraw beta features in
future revisions. It makes no commitment to doing so on any particular
schedule. Ansys, Inc. makes no commitment to resolve defects
reported against beta features.

However, your feedback will help us improve the quality of the product.

Beta features are not subject to the Ansys Class 3 error reporting
system. Ansys, Inc. does not guarantee that input files used with beta
features will run successfully from version to version of the software,
nor with the final released version of the features. You may need to
modify the input files before running them on other versions.

To enable beta features in Workbench, select T ools → Options →

Appearanceand then select the Beta Optionscheck box.

What is DesignXplorer?

DesignXplorer is a tool that uses response surfaces to efficiently analyze

a design space. With DesignXplorer , you can:

• Examine and understand the performance at other design or

operating conditions

• Find the conditions which give the best performance

• Determine the key parameters influencing your design

• Evaluate the robustness of your design

DesignXplorer Features

DesignXplorer offers a variety of features to help you to examine and

better understand your designs.

This section provides a brief introduction to these features:

 “What If?” Studies

 Parameters Correlation

 Design of Experiments

 Response Surface

 Six Sigma Analysis

DesignXplorer Optimization Tutorials is very important publication

Using Design of Experiments DOE

Central Composite Design (CCD)

Optimal Space-Filling Design (OSF)

Box-Behnken Design

Custom

Custom + Sampling

Sparse Grid Initialization

Latin Hypercube Sampling Design

External Design of Experiments

Number of Input Parameters for DOE Types

Comparison of LHS and OSF DOE Types

Using a Central Composite Design

Upper and Lower Locations of DOE

DOE Matrix Generation

Exporting and Importing Design Points.

Ansys Discovery

Ansys Discovery provides a single, immersive and interactive workspace

for creating your model, exploring the simulation design, and analyzing
the solution.

You can create and modify geometry using direct modeling technology ,
define simulations, and interact with results in real-time.

Discovery uses an intuitive approach to simulate structural, fluid flow

and thermal designs. You can:

• Get started with samples, tours and tutorials

• Optimize topology

• Monitor solutions

• Create, iterate and evaluate defined variations

• Access relevant and interactive context-sensitive help

Discovery offers three stages depending on what you want to do. You
can move between stages at any time to access functionality that may
be limited to a given stage.

• Focus on direct 3D geometry modeling in the Model stage without

the distraction of simulation controls or results.

• Define your simulation in Explore and/or Refine stages.

 Explore stage gives you quick insight by displaying results in real-

time. Define a simulation, change the model or physics and results
are updated immediately.

 Refine stage enables simulation of more complex physics and design

validation using Ansys® Fluent® and Ansys® Mechanical™ solvers.
Creating an AQWA model using Workbench DesignModeler

DM_ Modeling

See pdf.

Engineering Data

Engineering Data is a resource for material properties used in an

analysis system. Engineering Data can be used as a repository for
company or department data, such as material data libraries. The
Engineering Data workspace is designed to allow you to create, save,
and retrieve material models, as well as to create libraries of data that
can be saved and used in subsequent projects and by other users.

EnSight

No Doc file found

FENSAP-ICE Beta Features Manual

See Doc

Fluent Beta Features Manual

See Doc

Fluent to EnSight Considerations

See Doc

Forte Additional Resources Guide

See Doc

Forte Beta Features Manual

See Doc

Getting Started with Ansys EnSight

Named Getting Started See Doc

Ansys EnSight How-T o Manual

Named How-To See Doc

Ansys EnSight Interface Manual

Named InterfaceManualSee Doc

Legal Notices

See Doc

LS-D YNA Keyword and Theory Manuals

See Doc
LS-D YNA User's Guide

Chapter 1: Introduction to LS-DYNA

LS-DYNA is a general-purpose finite element program capable of

simulating complex real world problems.

It is used by the automobile, aerospace, construction, military,

manufacturing, and bioengineering industries. The LS-DYNA solver is
optimized for shared and distributed memory Unix, Linux, and
Windows based platforms, and it is fully QA'd by Ansys. The code's
origins lie in highly nonlinear, transient dynamic finite element analysis
using explicit time integration.

"Nonlinear" means at least one (and sometimes all) of the following

complications:

• Changing boundary conditions (such as contact between parts that

changes over time)

• Large deformations (for example the crumpling of sheet metal parts)

• Nonlinear materials that do not exhibit ideally elastic behavior (for

example thermoplastic polymers)

"Transient dynamic" means analyzing high speed, short duration events

where inertial forces are important. Typical uses include:

• Automotive crash (deformation of chassis, airbag inflation, seatbelt

tensioning)

• Explosions (underwater Naval mine, shaped charges)

• Manufacturing (sheet metal stamping)

LS-DYNA's potential applications are numerous and can be tailored to
many fields. In a given simulation, any of LS-DYNA's many features can
be combined to model a wide range of physical events. LS-DYNA is one
of the most flexible finite element analysis software packages available.

LS-DYNA consists of a single executable file and at the solver level is

entirely command line driven.

Therefore all that is required to run LS-DYNA is a command shell, the

executable, an input file, and enough free disk space to run the
calculation. All input files are in simple ASCII format and thus can be
prepared using any text editor. Input files can also be prepared within
the Ansys Workbench and Ansys Mechanical environments.

There are many third party software products available for

preprocessing LS-DYNA input files but the Ansys Workbench LS-DYNA
interface combines the perfect combination of power and ease of use.
Licensees of LS-DYNA automatically have access to all of the program's
capabilities, from simple linear static mechanical analysis up to
advanced thermal and flow solving methods.

The LS-DYNA Workbench system takes the power of the LS-DYNA solver
and wraps it up into the familiar and easy to use environment of Ansys
Workbench and Ansys Mechanical. This unlocks the power

of parameterization, CAD import, meshing and all of the other

technology which makes Ansys Mechanical the world's number one
engineering simulation tool.

LS-PrePost User's Guide

See Doc

LS-Run User's GuideSee Doc

See Doc

Material Designer User's Guide

See Doc

Methods for Multi-Disciplinary Optimization and Robustness Analysis

See Doc

Multistage Cyclic Symmetry Analysis Guide

See Doc

optiSLang and Statistics on Structures Beta Features

See Doc

optiSLang Excel Add-in Guide

See Doc

optiSLang Installation and Licensing Guide

See Doc

optiSLang Interfaces and Customization Guide

See Doc

optiSLang Tutorials

optiSLang User's Guide

optiSLang Web Service Installation and Configuration Guide

optiSLang Web Service User's Guide

See Doc

Command Reference

Named quickref

See Doc

Remote Solve Manager R2021 R2 T utorials

See Doc

Running Fluent Using a Load Manager

See Doc

Sherlock Theory Reference

The Sherlock Theory Guide explains the theory and methods behind
Sherlock's failure analysis predictions.

Each section is dedicated to a single design/failure issue and provides

the following information: An introduction to the design issue or failure
mechanism, a clear explanation of the technique Sherlock uses to
analyze failure risk, data which demonstrates that Sherlock's
techniques are in line with industry best practices and accurately
predicts real-world performance, mathematical equations Sherlock
uses in its analyses, and a bibliography which will point you to the
relevant research and theory behind Sherlock's technique

See Doc

Sherlock User's Guide

See Doc

Short Fiber Composites Guide

Short Fiber Composites Tutorials

See Doc

Discovery SpaceClaim

SpaceClaim is the leader in 3D Direct Modeling solutions for rapid

concept design and geometry manipulation.

SpaceClaim is intended for use by those who need to focus on core

competencies while benefiting from working in 3D. With SpaceClaim,
engineers can collaborate in the design and manufacture of mechanical
products across a broad range of industries. The software provides a
highly flexible design environment coupled with a modern user
experience, and meets manufacturer's requirements for excellence in
engineering-driven product development that is both fast and cost-
effective.

The Online Help (F1) and Video Help (F3) are provided to help you
become productive with SpaceClaim as quickly as possible.

Speos User's Guide

Speos for Creo Parametric User's Guide

Speos for NX User's Guide

Speos HPC User's Guide

Speos Labs User's Guide

See Docs
Statistics on Structures (sos) Tutorials

Statistics on Structures User's Guide

See Docs

System Coupling Beta Features Documentation

System Coupling Settings and Commands Reference

System Coupling User's Guide

See Docs

Ansys EnSight User Manual named UserManual

See Docs

Using Remote Display Technologies with Ansys Workbench Products

See Docs

VRXPERIENCE modules

See Docs

Workbench Modules

See Docs
oqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm,.`1234567890QQWERTYUIIUOPASDF
GHJKLZXCVBNMM,./