KINGDOM ANIMALIA:
-Members of the animal kingdom: -are ............cellular
-have ...........karyotic cells with no cell walls
-are non-photosynthetic (have no p..................), feeding only .............trophically
-except for sponges ,they all have nervous coordination
Organisation of animal body:
TISSUES=
1.Epithelial tissue
-closely packed cells with very little intercellular substance(matrix)
-often in layers
-line the body surface + surfaces of organs + cavities
Task: Match the following 5 kinds of epithelial tissue with their correct definition
Absorptive a) Lines and protects all of the body´s surfaces, cavities inside and out – (e.g.epidermis)
Covering b) Its cells are specialized for the intake of substances, passing them onto other tisues (e.g ...
Glandular c) Its cells(receptors) are able to receive various stimuli and transform them into nerve impulses
Ciliated d)Consists of cells specialized for the production +secretion of body products
Sense e) Made up of cells with hairlike structures for movement of whole organisms or
movement inside organs (e.g. in respiratory tract)
2. Muscle tissue
-enables movement of whole organisms, or body parts
- is elastic, irritable (responds to nerve stimuli), capable of contraction
-divided into 3 types:
Type structure function location
Spindle-shaped cells In lower invertebrates – only kind of muscle tissue for movement
Smooth with 1 nucleus involuntary
without striation In vertebrates – in the walls of internal organs , e.g.
Long fibers -In arthropods- for movement
Striated with more nuclei Skeletal muscles of vertebrates (attached to .................)
with striation
Branched fibers
with 1 nucleus
Cardiac Wall of the heart of vertebrates
with striation
joined by discs
Task: Give the correct name of the following kinds of muscles (a,b,c)
3.Nervous tissue
-enables communication + coordination between different parts of body
-consists of two main types of cells: neurons and neuroglia.
3.1 Neuron = the basic anatomic +functional unit of nervous tissue. They are specialized for carrying signals (nerve impulses)
to and from different parts of an organism.They are made up of 2 parts (cell body + processes):
1.Cell Body - contains the neuron's nucleus, cytoplasm, and other organelles.
2.Nerve Processes - "finger-like" structures that are able to carry signals. There are 2 types of them:
Dendrites - carry signals toward the cell body, are more numerous, shorter, more branched.
Axon – usually just 1, is longer, carries signals away from the cell body. Axon is covered by myelin sheath(fatty layer
which insulates axon + increases the speed of electric conduction).
Axons usually terminate at a synapse(connection of a neuron with the next cell). In synapse, the signal is passed from one
neuron to the next cell with the help of neurotransmitters (e.g. acetylcholine)
3.1. 2 – neuroglia- do not carry signals, instead they support and provide nutrition to neurons.
4. Connective tissue
-connects all types of tissues together
-includes: connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone and blood
-Unlike epithelial tissue, connective tissues are made up of lots of intercellular substance ( the matrix) and few cells.
- The matrix is a non-living material which may be liquid (e.g. blood), semi-liquid (e.g. connective tissue proper) or solid
(eg. bone).
4.1 connective tissue proper
- soft tissue with semi-liquid matrix that contains collagen fibres (for strength+resistance to stretch) + elastic fibres (for
elasticity)
-function: fills the space between organs, supports, protects, isolates soft organs, stores fat
- forms ligaments and tendons + capsules of organs
4.2 cartilage
- firm yet flexible connective tissue, there are 3 kinds of cartilage:
- Fibrocartilage –has lots of dense collagen fibers in its matrix ( e.g. intervertebral discs, patella)
- Elastic cartilage – has lots of yellow elastic fibers in its matrix (e.g earlobes, epiglottis)
- Hyaline cartilage – contains thin collagen fibres (the skeletons of sharks and the skeleton of the mammalian fetus is
composed of hyaline cartilage. As the fetus ages, the cartilage is gradually replaced by b.......... In adulthood, hyaline
cartilage is mainly restricted to the nose, trachea, ends of the ribs, and in joints.
4.3 bone
- very firm, and solid connective tissue with mineralized matrix
- Its matrix contains collagen fibers and high proportion of inorganic substances like calcium phosphate. Calcium
phosphate gives bone its firmness.
Function: protection of soft organs, assisting in movement,storage of minerals, production of blood cells
Similar to bone in its toughness= dentin – makes up teeth of mammals+ placoid scales of cartilaginous fish
4.4 blood
- liquid trophic connective tissue which has these functions :
transport of compounds around the body (O2, CO2, hormones, nutrition, wastes)
immunity (defense against pathogens)
thermoregulation
maintaining homeostastis (balance of internal environment)
Blood is made up of liquid matrix called p................... (contains H20 + organic and inorganic substances) and of 3
kinds of blood cells in plasma:
1.red blood cells=erythrocytes: ................................................................. .......................................................................... .....
2.white blood cells=leukocytes .............................................................. ..............................................................................
3.platelets =thrombocytes ....................................................................... ................................................................................
Task:For each kind of blood cells, choose 2 correct functions which they have from the following:
Transport of O2 to cells blood-clotting production of antibodies
defense against invading germs carrying CO2 away from cells regeneration of broken blood vessels
