DRUG EDUCATION AND VICE CONTROL

(CDI 17)

Topic: History of Drug Abuse

HISTORY OF DRUG ABUSE
The use of chemical substances that alter physiological and psychological functions dates back to the
old
stone age.
Egyptian relics from 3500 BC depict the use of opium as an analgesic, or painkiller.
The Incas of South America were known to have used cocaine at least 5000 years ago.

Cannabis, the hemp plant from which marijuana and hashish are derived, also has a 5000 years
history. Since antiquity, people have cultivated a variety of drugs for religious, medicinal and social
purposes. Modern drug abuse began with the use of drugs for medicinal purposes.
By the 19th century, the two components of opium, which were derived from the opium poppy,
were identified and given the names, morphine and codeine. Ignorant of the addictive properties of
these drugs, physicians used them to treat a wide variety of human illnesses. So great was their
popularity that they found they way into almost all patient medication used for pain relief and were
even incorporated in soothing syrups for babies.
During World War I and II, the use of injectable morphine to ease the pain of battle casualties was
extensive that morphine addiction among veterans are to be known as the soldier’s disease. By the
time to medical profession and the public recognized how addictive morphine was, its use had
reached epidemic propositions. Then in 1898, the Bayer Drug Company in Germany introduced a
new opiate, supposedly a non-addictive substitute for morphine and codeine. It came to under the
trade name “heroin” yet it proved to be more addictive than morphine.
When cocaine, which was isolated from the coca leave in 1869, appeared on the international drug
scene, it was used for medical purposes. Its popularity spread and soon it was used in other
products, a variety of gratonics, and the most famous of all, Coca-Cola which was made with coca
until 1903.
Abuse of marijuana began to arouse public concern during the 1930’s in other foreign
countries.Because marijuana use was associated with groups outside the social mainstream - petty
criminals, jazz musicians, bohemian – a public outcry for its regulation arouse. Despite the law, the
popularity of marijuana continued such as Valium and Librium, LSD, amphetamines, and many
others, the public became increasingly aware of the dangers of drug abuse.
Drug use and abuse is as old as mankind itself. Human beings have always had a desire to eat or
drink substances that make them feel relaxed, stimulated, or euphoric. Humans have used drugs of
one sort or another for thousands of years. Wine was used at least from the time of early

Egyptians; narcotics from 4000 B.C.; and medicinal use of marijuana has been dated to 2737 BC in
China.
As time went by, “Home Remedies” were discovered and used to alleviate aches, pains and other
ailments. Most of these preparations were herbs, roots, mushrooms or fungi. They had to be eaten,
drunk, rubbed on the skin, or inhaled to achieve the desired effect. One of the oldest records of such
medicinal recommendations found in the writing of the Chinese scholar-emperor Shen Nung who
lived in 2735 BC. He compile a book about herbs, a forerunner of the medieval pharmacopoeias that
listed all the then-known medications. He was able to judge the value of some Chinese herbs. For
example, he found that Ch’ang Shan was helpful in treating fevers. Such fevers were, and still are
caused by malaria parasites.
Pre-Columbian Mexicans used many substances from tobacco to mind-expanding plants in
their medicinal collections. The most fascinating among these substances are sacred mushrooms,
used in religious ceremonies to induce altered states of mind, not just drunkenness.
As the centuries unrolled and new civilizations appeared, cultural, artistic, and medical
developments shifted towards the new center of power. A reversal of the traditional search for
botanical drugs occurred in Greece in the fourth century BC, when Hippocrates (estimated dates,
460-377 BC), the “Father of Medicine,” became interest in inorganic salts as medications.
Hippocrates authority lasted throughout the Middle Ages and reminded alchemists and medical
experimenters of the potential of inorganic drugs.
South American Indians, especially those in the Peruvian Andes mountains made several early
discoveries of drug bearing plants. Two is these plants contain alkaloids of worldwide importance that
have become a modern drugs. They are cocaine, and quinine. Cocaine’s potential for addiction was
known and used with sinister intent by South American Indian chiefs hundred of years ago.
Sigmund Freud, the Austrian psychoanalyst (1859-1939) treated many deeply disturbed
cocaine addicts. In the course of his practice, he noted the numbing effect of the drug. He called this
effect to the attention of the clinical pharmacologist who introduced cocaine as a local anesthetic into
surgical procedures.
During the American Civil War, morphine was used freely, and wounded veterans returned
home with their kits of morphine and hypodermic needles. Cocaine and heroin were sold as patent
medicines in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and marketed as treatment for a wide variety of
ailments. Recreational use of opium was once common in Asia and from there spread to thE West,
peaking in the 19th century. Opium dens flourished. By the early 1900s there were an estimated
250,000 addicts in the United States.
Historians credited that Marijuana (Cannabis Sativa) is the world’s oldest cultivated plant
started by the Incas of Peru. Peruvian and Mexican

HISTORY OF DRUGS
MARIJUANA – the world’s oldest cultivated plant source of dangerous drugs. It was cultivated by the
INCAS of PERU. It was use by the ASSYRIANS in 9000BC in their religious rituals and was called
SACRED TREE. -
OPIUM – cultivate by the SUMMERIANS in 7000BC. Used by the Greek physician .HIPPOCRATES
as medicine. Opium use in China stemmed from India and became widespread in the 19th century.
YUNG CHEN prohibited the importation and use of opium in China and resulted to the OPIUM WAR
of 1840.
1806 FRIEDRICH SERTURNER – a German pharmacist discovered MORPHINE a derivative of
Opium/ Original name is MORPHIUM after the Greek God of Dream MORPHEUS.
1896 ALDER WRIGHT a British Chemist discovered HEROIN of DIACETYLMORPHINE.It was called
MIRACLE DRUG.
CODEINE – the 3rd derivative of opium was discovered in France. It is the most widely used
ingredient in most cough preparations.

Topic: Nature and Physiology of Drugs

THE NATURE OF DRUGS

DRUGS – is a substance used as a medicine or in making medicines, which affects the
body and mind and have potential to abuse. Without an advice or prescription from a
physician, drugs can be harmful.

Two forms of drugs:

1.Natural drugs – those natural plant leaves, flowering tops, resin, hashish, opium, and
marijuana.
2. Synthetic/ Artificial drug – are those produce by clandestine laboratories which include
those drug that are controlled by law because they are used in the medical practice.
THE PRESCRIPTIVE DRUGS:
These are drugs requiring written authorization from a doctor to allow a purchase.
* THE OVER THE COUNTER DRUGS {OTC}- The OTC are non prescriptive
medicine , which may be purchased from any pharmacy or drugstore without written
authorization from a doctor.
“SELF-MEDICATION SYNDROME”
The self medication syndrome is found in users and would be users of drugs whose sources of
information are people or literature other than doctors, pharmacist and health workers. They take
drugs without the consulting the doctor.

THE PHYSIOLOGY OF DRUGS

Amount of drug in dose:
Minimal dose –the amount needed to treat or heat, that is, the smallest amount of a drug that will
produce a therapeutic effect.

1.Maximal dose – the largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired therapeutic
effect, without any accompanying symptoms of toxicity.
2.Toxic dose. – the amount of drug that prude’s untoward effect of symptoms of poisoning.
3.Abusive dose – the amount needed to produce the side effects and action desired by an individual
who improperly uses it.
4. Lethal dose. – the amount of drug that will cause death.

METHOD OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

1. Oral – this is the safest most convenient and economical route whenever possible.
2. Injection – this form of drug administration offers a faster response than the oral method.
3. Inhalation – this route makes use of gaseous and volatile drugs, which are inhaled and absorbed
rapidly through the mucous of the respiratory.
4. Topical – this refers to the application of drugs directly to body site such as the skin and the
mucous membrane.
5. Iontophoresis – the introduction of drugs into the deeper layers of the skin by the used of special
type o f eclectic current for local effect.
Toxicology – is commonly known as the science of poisons, their effects and
antidotes.
1. Overdose – when too much of drug is taken into the physiological system of the human body, there
may be an over extension of its effects.
2. Allergy – some drugs cause the release of histamine giving rise to allergic symptoms such as
dermatitis, swelling, fall in blood pressure, suffocation and death.
3. Idiosyncrasy – it refers to the individual reaction to drug, food, etc. for unexplained reason.
4. Poisonous Property – drugs are chemicals and some of them have the property of being general
protoplasmic poison.
5. Side Effect – some drugs are not receptors for one organ but receptors of other organ as well.

SOME MEDICAL USES OF DRUGS

1. Analgesic – are drugs that relieve pain.
2. Antibiotics – are drugs that combat or control infectious organisms.
3. Antipyretics – those that can lower body temperature or fever due to infection.
4. Antihistamines – those that control or combat allergic reactions.
5. Contraceptives – drugs that prevent the meeting of the egg cell and sperm cell or prevent the ovary
from releasing egg cells.
6. Decongestant – those that relieve congestion of the nasal passage.
7. Expectorants – those that can ease the expulsion of mucus and phlegm from the lungs and the
throat.
8. Laxatives – those that stimulate defection and encourage bowel movement.
9. Sedatives and Tranquilizers – are those can calm and quite the nerves and relieve anxiety without
causing depression and clouding of the mind .
10. Vitamins – those substances necessary for normal growth and development and proper
functioning of the body.

10 MOST ABUSED DRUGS

 Shabu
 Menthodes (cough/cold preparation)
 Marijuana
 Rugby (inhalant)
 Phydol (cough/cold preparation)
 Diazepam (minor tranquilizer)
 Pseudoflex (cough/cold preparation)
 Hycodia (cough preparation)
 Cotrex D (cough/cold preparation)
 Mercadol (cough/cold preparation)
 SUMMARY ON USUALLY KNOWN DRUG (SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS)
DRUGS PHYSICAL SIGN OF ABUSE DANGERS
SYMPTOMS
Plastic baggies, Psychological
Marijuana (damo, Altered rolling paper, dependence,
grass, Indian hemp, perception, dilated roach clips, color increased heart
weed joints, hashish, pupils, lack of of burnt hemp rate, impaired short
satay) concentration, rope term memory,
craving for anxiety, lungs
sweets, increased damage, possible
appetite, laughter psychosis w/
chronic use.
Amphetamines (pep Loss of appetite, Pills of varying, Disorientation,
pills, speed, dexies, anxiety, irritability, possible chain of severe depression,
ups, bunnies, drivers, rapid speech, smoking, long paranila, possible
crossroad, footballs, tumors mood, period w/out rest hallucinations,
co-pilot, eye opener) elevation or sleep increased blood
pressure, fatigue

Hallucinogens (LSD, Alternation of Capsule of varying Rigidity, painful

MDA, PCR, peyote, moods and longer periods of muscle contraction,
psilocybin, acid cubes, perception, ras sleep, emotional instability,
micbrodots, mescaline) possible paranoia, dizziness, cold death frompossible
panic anxiety and clumsy skin overdose esp. when
mixed with alcohol
SOLVENT/RUGBY Euphoria Odor of substance Damage to lungs,
(gasoline/ glue) headaches, in clothing, liver, kidneys, bone
nausea, fainting intoxication, marrow, suffocation,
stupor, rapid heart drowsiness, poor choking, anemia,
beat muscular control possible stroke or
sudden death.

HEROIN (fit fun) Intensitivity to Glasineevelops Allergy w/ loss

MORPHINE (M., pain, euphoria, needles and hepatitis, slow and
Monkey dreamer, sedation, syringe capsule shallow breathing
morpho, tabcubes, vomiting, orspoons possible death
opium) itchiness, watery tourniquet, needle when combined w/
CODINE (little D) eyes, running mark on hands barbiturates
nose

COCAINE (Coke, Short-lived envelopes razor Shallow breathing,

snow, leaf dust) euphoria blades, small fever, anxiety,
changing spoons, odorless tremors, possible
depression, bitter white death from
nervousness, crystalline powder convulsions or
irritability, respiratory arrest.
tightening
muscle.

THE GLOBAL DRUG

DRUG TRAFFICKING
Drug Abuse has become not a national issue or a problem of just a few countries but it is a clear and
present global danger.
THE FIRST IMPORTANT DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE
Middle East - discovery, plantation, cultivation, harvest
Turkey - preparation for distribution
Europe - manufacture, synthesis, refine
U.S – marketing

THE SECOND DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE

1. GOLDEN TRIANGLE composed of the three countries:
1. Burma/ Myanmar
2. Laos
3. Thailand
- world’s leading producer of heroin
- the geographical location of said countries are conducive to growing crops
- the fields cover a vast area impossible to monitor completely
- poor farmers choose to plant opium poppies because it is more lucrative
- the fields are said to be protected by the rebel groups, especially in Myanmar
Southeast Asia – the golden triangle approximately produced 60 % o opium in the
world, 90% of opium in eastern part of Asia;

GOLDEN CRESCENT (Middle East) composed of the four countries

1. Iran
2. Afghanistan
3. Pakistan
4. India
- one of the world’s biggest sources of opium
- the geographical location is conducive to growing opium poppies
- the fields are said to be protected by the Taliban in Afghanistan
Southwest Asia – the golden crescent is the major supplier of opium poppy, MJ and Heroin products
in the western part of Asia.
THE WORLD’S DRUG SCENE
Middle East – the Becka valley of Lebanon is considered to be the biggest producer of cannabis in
the middle east.
Spain – became the paradise of drug users in the Europe. Is known as the major transshipment point
for international drug traffickers in Europe.
South America – Columbia, Peru , Uruguay and Panama are the principal sources of all cocaine
supply in the world due to the robust production of coca plants source of cocaine dugs
Mexico – is known in the world to be the number two producer of marijuana (cannabis Sativa Lima)
Philippines – the first production of marijuana. It also became the major transshipment point for the
world wide distribution of illegal drugs.
Today the Philippines is known as the paradise of drug abusers in Asia
India- is the center of the worlds drug map, leading to rapid addiction among its people
Indonesia- Northern Sumatra has traditionally been the main cannabis growing area
Bali Indonesia is an important transit point for drugs en route to Australia and new Zealand
Singapore .Malaysia and Thailand – is the most favorable sites of drugs distribution from the golden
triangle and other parts of Asia
China- is the transit route for heroin from golden triangle to Hong Kong. It is also the country where
the ephedra plant is cultivated- source of the drug ephedrine- the principal chemical for producing the
drug shabu
Hong Kong – is the world’s transshipment point of all forms of heroin.
Japan – it became the major consumer of cocaine and shabu from the United States and Europe
Lebanon - biggest producer of cannabis in the middle east; transit country for cocaine from South
America to Europe

THE ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS BEHIND THE GLOBAL SCENE

CHINESE TRIAD - is also called as the CHINESE MAFIA is the oldest and biggest criminal
organization in the world. It is the believed to be the controller of the Golden Triangle with the
international connections on drug trafficking.
DRUG CARTELS
cartel - an association of businesses in an international monopoly
MEDELLIN CARTEL
established in the 1970’s in Medellin, Colombia its key members were:
1. Pablo Escobar - the leader of the Medellin Cartel; a common street thief who
masterminded the criminal enterprise
2. Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha - had prior illegal involvement in the emerald trade
3. Jorge Ochoa}
4. Fabio Ochoa} – belonged to a well-respected ranching family
5. Juan David Ochoa}
6. Carlos Lehder - marijuana smuggler who owned land properties and air strip in Norman’s clay
Norman’s clay is a small island in the Bahamas
- Lehder built a runway for the small airplanes that were used in transporting illegal drugs to the US;
this runway was protected from radar
- the island became the stop-over and re-fuelling hubs for the planes transporting illegal
drugs
- its operations started to deteriorate when it started getting violent due to Escobar’s power-hungry
activities against the Colombian government
- eventually, both Pablo Escobar and Rodriguez Gacha were gunned down by the Colombian Police,
while the Ochoa brothers turned themselves in exchange for lenient prison terms
- the Medellin Cartel was neutralized in the early 1990’s

CALI CARTEL
- established in the 1970’s in Cali, Colombia
- its key members were:
1. Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela
2. Miguel Rodriguez Orejuela
3. Santacruz Londono

* The newly emerged cocaine monopoly.

GILBRTO RODRIGUEZ ORAJUELA- better known as DON CHEPE heads the indicated
organization it is considered the most
powerful of the criminal organization in the world
- they conducted their operations quietly, reinvesting their profits in legitimate
businesses
- as rivals of the Medellin Cartel, they secretly supplied information against Escobar to
the Colombian Police
- in the mid-1990’s, the leaders were arrested and are currently serving prison terms
- however, it is believed that operations are still going on

DRUG SYNDICATE IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Binondo-based Chinese syndicate has been identified as the nucleus of the Triad Society, the
Bamboo gang based in Taiwan and the 14k based in Hong Kong.The Bamboo gang influence of the
Green Gang of the Chinese Triad while the 14k is the newest among the triads families established
only in 1947.
The most common modus operandi by the syndicate – posing as fishermen along Philippine seas,
particularly, the northern provinces of Luzon such as La Union, Ilocos, and Pangasinan where they
drop their loads of shabu to shoreline based members.

Topic: Dangerous Drugs, Drug Classification and Sources of Dangerous Drugs

THE DANGEROUS DRUGS
Dangerous Drugs: Refer to the broad categories or classes of controlled substances.
GENERAL DRUG CLASSIFICATION
A. According to Effects:
1.Depressants – are group of drugs that has the effect of depressing the central nervous system.
2.Stimulants – are group of drugs having the effect of stimulating the nervous system.
3.Hallucinogens – refers to group of drugs that are considered to be mind altering drugs and give the
general effect of mood distortion.
B. According to Medical Pharmacology:
1. Depressants
2. Narcotics
3. Tranquilizers
4. Stimulants
5. Hallucinogens
6. Solvents/Inhalants

C. Legal Categories in accordance to R.A. 6425

PROHIBITED DRUGS
a. Narcotics - refers to the group of drug opium and it derivatives.
b. Stimulants – refers to the group of drug cocaine, alpha and beta cocaine.
c. Hallucinogens – refers to the group of drugs like Marijuana , LSD [lysergic acid
diethylamide], mescaline.
REGULATED DRUGS
a. Barbiturates – refers to the group of depressant drug known as ‘Vernonal’.
b .Hypnotics – are group of drugs such as Mandrax, Quaalude. Fadormir.
c. Amphetamines – are group of stimulant drugs like Benzedrine, Dexedrine, Methedrine,Preludin.

VOLATILE SUBSTANCE [ P.D. 1619 ]

The group of liquid, solid or mixed substances having the property of releasing toxic vapors or fumes
which when sniffed, smelled, inhaled or introduced into the physiological system of the body produces
or induces a condition of intoxication,
excitement or dulling of the brain or nervous system.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF DANGEROUS DRUGS

According to Effects
A.Depressants [Downers] – these are drugs which suppress vital body function especially those of
the brain or central nervous system with the resulting impairment of judgement, hearing, speech and
macular coordination.
1.Narcotics – are drugs, which relieve pain and produce profound sleep or stupor when introduced to
the body.
2.Opium – derived from a poppy plant[papaver somniferum] popularly known as ‘gum’, ‘gamot’
‘kalamay’ or ‘panocha’.
3.Morphine – most commonly used and best used opiate.
3.Herion – is three to five times powerful than morphine from it is derived and most addicting opium
derivative.
4.Codeine – a derivative of morphine, commonly available in cough preparations.
5.Paregoric – a tincture of opium in combination with camphor.
6.Demerol and Methadone – common synthetic drugs with morphine – like effects.
7.Barbiturates – are drugs used for inducing sleep in persons plagued with anxiety, metal stress, and
insomnia.
8.Seconal – commonly used among hospitality girls.
9.tranquilizres – are that calm and relax and diminish anxiety.
10.Volatile Solvent – gaseous substances popularly known to abusers as ‘gas’ ‘teardrops’.
11.Alcohol – the king of all drugs with potential for abuse.

B.Stimulants [uppers] – they produced effects opposite to that of depressants.

1.Amphetamines – used medically for weight reducing in obesity, relief of mild
depression and treatment.
2.Cocaine – the drug taken from coca bush plant [Erythroxylon Coca] grows in
south America.
3.Caffeine – it is present in coffee, tea, chocolate, cola drinks and some wake – up
pills.
4.Shabu/ ‘poor man’s cocaine – chemically known as methamphetamine
hydrochloride. 5.Nicotine – an active component in tobacco which acts as s powerful
stimulant of the central nervous system.

C.Hallucinogens [psychedelic] – the group of drugs that consist of a variety of mind- altering drugs,
which distort reality, thinking and perception of time, second, space and sensation.
1.Marijuana – it is the most commonly abused hallucinogen in the Philippines
because it can be grown extensively in the country.
2.Lysergic Acid Diethylamide[LSD] – this drug is most powerful of the psychedelics
obtained from ergot, a fungus that attacks rye kernels.
3.Peyote – is derived from the surface part of a small gay brown cactus.
4.Mescaline –it is the alkaloid hallucinogen extracted from the peyote cactus and can
also be synthesized in the laboratory.
5.STP – it is a take-off on the motor oil additive.

6.Psilocybin – this hallucinogenic alkaloid from small Mexican mushrooms are used in
Mexican Indians today.
7.Morning Glory Seeds – the black and brown seeds of the wild tropical morning glory
that are used produced hallucinations.

COMMONLY ABUSED DRUGS

1.Sedatives – are drugs, which reduce anxiety and excitement such as barbiturates, non-
barbiturates, tranquilizers and alcohol.
2.Stimulants – are drugs, which increase alertness and activity such as amphetamines, cocaine and
caffeine.
3.Hallucinogens/psychedelics – drug which effect sensation, thinking, self-awareness and emotion.
4.Narcotics – drugs that relieve pain and often induce sleep.

The Three Most Popular Plants

As source of Dangerous Drugs

A.The Marijuana Plant

The term marijuana is a Spanish-Mexican term used to refer to the Indian hemp plant,
can grow in tropical region and attains an approximately height of 15 to 20 feet.
Scientifically named as Cannabis Sativa Lima. It have a sexual differentiation being a
dioucious [ separate male/ female plan]. The female known as Pistillate shorter but long
lived. The male plant is called the Staminate taller but short lived. Its leaves formed a
finger like look odd in numbers from 3 up 13 finger like leaves. The resin called hashish
can be found on the most top portion of the female plant. The active ingredient called
cannabin the one produces tetrahydrocannibinnol concentrated alkaloid which is 5 to 20
times stronger than plain marijuana.
B.The Opium Poppy Plant
The opium poppy is scientifically known as Papaver Somniferum. The word Papaver is
a Greek term which means poppy while the word Somniferum is a Latin term which
means dream/ induced sleep. The plant can grow from 3 to 6feet in height originally in
Mesopotamia.
C.The Coca Bush Plant
The coca bush plant is scientifically known as Erythroxylon Coca common in South
America. The plant grows in mountainous and tropical climate areas, on clay like soil, a
fully grown coca plant attains a height of 6 to 8 feet and can harvested 3 to 4times in a
year. Cocaine is the drug can produce in this plant. The most powerful natural stimulant
known as cocaine hydrochloride.

Topic: THE INFLUENCE OF DRUG ABUSE and CONCEPT OF DRUGS ABUSE,

DRUG DEPENDENCE AND DRUG ADDICTION

THE INFLUENCE OF DRUG ABUSE

CONCEPT OF DRUGS ABUSE

The term “Drugs Abuse” most often refers to the of a drugs with such frequency that is cause physical
or mental harm to the user or impairs social function. This meant that any use of Marijuana, for
example; even if it occurred only once in a while, would constitute abuse, while the same level of
alcohol consumption would not. The term drug is commonly associate with substances that may be
purchased legally with prescription for medical use.

Characteristics of Drug Addict

1.Uncontrollable Craving – the addiction feels a compulsive craving to take drug repeatedly and tries
to procure the same by any means.
2.Tolerance – it is the tendency to increase the dose of the drug to produce the same effect as to that
of the original effect.
3.Addiction- the addict is powerless to quit drug use.
4.Physical Dependence – the addict’s physiological function is altered. The body becomes sick,
inactive and incapable of carrying out useful activity in the absence of the drug. The withdrawal
syndromes will occur once the drug use is stopped.
5.Psychological Dependence – emotional and mental discomfort exist to the individual. The drug
addict feels he cannot do without the drugs, consequently if he does not take carryout his work
efficiently.
6.Withdrawal Syndrome – the addict becomes nervous and restless when he does not get the drug.
After about 12 hours, he starts sweating. His nose and eyes become watery and continue doing so
increasingly for another twelve hours. It is followed by vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite and sleep.
Respiration, blood pressure and body temperature also rises. This will continue up to three days.
After which, the trouble starts subsiding and most of it is gone in about a week’s time. Complete
recovery takes place in three to six months.

How Addiction is acquired?

The drugs habit is acquired primarily in three ways:
1.Association – the tendency of a drug abuser to look for peer groups where he feels
being wanted and accepted.
2.Experimentation – the tendency of a person to try and explore the effects of drugs due to curiosity
or other reasons.
3.Inexperienced doctors – the tendency of doctors and physicians to unnecessarily prescribe drugs.

Likewise, addiction may also be acquired through:

1.Habituation – repetitious engagement of drug use which is closely related to the
experience of the euphoric effect of drugs, and the relief of pain or emotional discomfort.
2.Tolerance – refer to the necessity to increase the dose to obtain an effect equivalent
to the original dose.
3.Dependence – the altered physiological state brought about by the repeated
administration of the drug, which necessitates the continued use of the drug to avoid
withdrawal syndrome.

UNDERLYING INFLUENCES OF DRUG ABUSE

A. Biological Factors
1.Individual’s general health – there are several diseases that easily make a person become a drug
abuser.
2.It is believe that drug has the special power to prevent or increase sexual capacity.
3.One specific genetic theory proposes that there is an inherited defect in the product of endorphin,
similar to morphine. A deficiency of the substance leads to bodily discomfort.
B. Factors in Youthful Drugs Abuse
(Psychological, Mental health, Family conditions)
1.Motives and Attitudes
Psychologically speaking, in term of motives and function of drug use, some of which may not be
recognized by users, themselves. The more a drugs is used, the more it tends to satisfy more than
one motive or need. Try to ask a drug dependent on the reason why he or she engaged in drug use
and he or she will reveal about curiosity sake. There is the eagerness to explore what they have not
experienced.
1.Personality and Pathology
This psychology has been described as follows: chronic, low-grade depression, smoldering, tense
and restlessness, a sense of not being taken seriously, narcissism or egocentricity, preoccupation
with issues or identity, autonomy, and freedom of expression, repeated dwelling on drug taking and its
affects, and the difficulty in interpersonal relations.

2.Family Background
The kinds of personality disturbances found in some young addicts and heads cannot, in the current
state of knowledge, be identified as brain damage or schizophrenia. It is more in the manner of
character disorder. And the behavior may be result of inadequate socialization, condition of child
rearing and family interaction.

1.Absent or weak father.

2.Overprotective, overindulgent and domineering mother.
3.Inconsistent standards of behavior, lack of definition of limits.
4.Hostility or conflict between parents.

5.Unrealistic aspiration for child.

6.Modeling if parents or key influence are drug users, young persons often tend to model the
behavior they are at home.
The family therefore is a strong influence to drugs abuse. Common factors are: children of broken lost
family solidarity to strike and over protectiveness of parents to assert their dependence, and to rebel
from parental authority.

C. Other Psycho – Social Factors

Drug abuse is a manifestation of an underlying character of personality disorder. Thus majority of the
drugs users are fundamentally immature, emotionally childish, insecure or are suffering from
problems of adolescence.
It is also a sign or symptom of family problem involving parent and child relationship, peer pressures,
unethical values.
1.Availability of over – the counter and prescription drugs variety of drug available for
different ailments.
2.Influence of media – advertisement message that all aliment can be cured through the
use of chemical substance toward message and help to create the acceptance of drugs.
3.Impact of affluent lifestyle.
4.Effect of increased travel and exposure to different culture and social values.
5.The collapse of religious values.
6.Alienation and enemies feeling of powerless.
7.Lower value on academic achievement.
8.They believe that drug can give deeper insight.
9.The belief that medicines can magically solve problems.
10.The easy access to drug or various sort in an affluent society.
11.The enjoyment of euphoria or excitement induced by drugs.
12.The beliefs that they are just taking it like alcohol.
13.The tendency of person with psychological problems to seed easily solution with
chemicals.
14.The statement of proselytizers who proclaim the goodness of drugs.
15.Slum condition – the most critical is that the slum dweller is often deprived of
emotional support.

Topic: THE INFLUENCE OF DRUG ABUSE and CONCEPT OF DRUGS ABUSE,

DRUG DEPENDENCE AND DRUG ADDICTION (Continuation)

GROUP CLASSIFICATION OF DRUG ABUSERS

Situational Users – those who use drugs to keep them awake or for additional energy to perform an
important work. Such individual may or may not exhibit psychological dependence.
Spree Users – school age users who take drugs for “kick” an adventurous daring experience or as a
means of fun. There may be some degree of psychological dependence but little physical
dependence due to the mixed pattern of use.
Hard Core Addicts – those, whose activities revolve almost entirely around the drug experience and
securing supplies. They show strong psychological dependence on the drug.
Hippies – those who are addicted to drugs believing that drug is an integral part of life.

What to Observe
1. Change in interest
2. Frequent shifting of mood
3. Changes in behavior
4. Change in physical appearance –

PROCESS OF DETECTING DRUGS ABUSERS

Observation
Observation of the signs and symptoms of drug abuse may take relatively a long period of time. Good
sensory equipment and a high degree of objectivity are two requirements for good observer. To be an
effective observer, the observer should not let his own personal judgment and reactions effect his
observation.
1.History Taking
a.Collateral Information (Interview with information) –
The best information is form the patient himself, but collateral information is necessary. Ideally,
a parent or close relative or a close friend should be present to furnish useful details as to the
different changes observed in the patience that made them suspect the subject is abusing drugs.
b.Interview with Patient – Inquire regarding the drug being abused, onset of his drug taking
activity, reason for abusing drug, how support his vice, etc.
3.Laboratory Examination
Accurate laboratory examinations cannot be performance by any ordinary chemist since
detection of dangerous drugs requires sophisticated equipment and apparatus, special chemical
reagent and most of all, the specialized technical know – how.
4.Psychological Examination
This phase of drug detection requires the expertise of trained psychologist. Teachers
therefore
are not in a position to administer psychological examination among their student.
a. Intelligence Test – the test is designed to cover a wide variety of mental function with special
emphasis on adjustment comprehensive and reasoning.
b. Personality Test – this type of test is used to evaluate the character and personality traits of an
individual such as his emotional adjustment, interpersonal relation, motivation and attitude.
c. Aptitude Test – this test to measure the readiness with which the individual increases his
knowledge and improves skills when given the necessary opportunity and training.
d. Interest Test – this is designed to reveal the field of interest that a client will be interested in.
e. Psychiatric Evaluation – it is a process whereby a team of professionals composed of
psychiatrist, psychologist, and psychiatric social workers conduct a suffering from psychiatric
disorder.

THE EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE

1.PHYSICAL EFFECTS
a) Malnutrition- the life of an addict revolves around drug use.
b) Skin infections and skin rashes- Oftentimes the drug abuser neglects his personal hygiene,
uses unsterilized needles and syringers that result in skin infections or even ulceration at the sites
of the needle puncture.
2.PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS
a) Deterioration of personality with impaired emotional maturation.
b) Impairment of adequate mental function.
c) Loss of drive and ambition.
d) Development of psychosis and depression.
e) Loss of interest to study.
f) Laziness, lethargy, boredom, and restlessness.
g) Irritability, rebellious attitude.
h) Withdrawn forgetfulness.
3. SOCIAL EFFECTS
a) Deterioration of interpersonal relationship and development of conflict with authority.
b) Commission of crime
c) Social maladjustment, loss of desire to work, study and participate in activities or to face
challenges.
4. MENTAL EFFECTS
- The drug abuser can experience adverse effect on the central nervous system. Regular use or
injection of large dose of a substance reduce the activity of the brain and depresses the central
nervous system.
5. ECONOMIC EFFECTS
a) Inability to hold stable job
- It is possible for a drug abuser to hold a steady job since he spends all his time and money on
drugs.
b) Dependence on family resources
- Instead of contributing to the economic stability of the family, a dependent becomes an
economic burden.
c) Accidents in industry
- In a state of agitation or dullness of the mind as a result of the drug he has taken, the
dependent becomes careless and loses concentration on his job.

SYMPTOMS OF ABUSE ON THE DANGEROUS DRUGS

1. DEPRESSANT
a) Narcotics- Narcotic drugs produces lethargy and drowsiness.
b) Barbiturates/Tranquilizers- symptoms of alcohol intoxication without odor or alcohol on breath,
straggering or stumbling, falling asleep unexplainably, drowsiness, may appear disoriented, lack of
interest in school and family activities.
c) Volatile Solvents- there is unusual odor of substance on breath and clothes of the user.
2.STIMULANTS
a) Amphetamines/Cocaine/speed/uppers
1. pupils may be dilated
2. mouth and nose dry, bad breath, licks lips frequently
3. goes long periods without eating or sleeping nervous; has difficulty sitting still
4. chain smoking
5. it injecting drug, user may have hidden eye droppers and needles among possessions.
b) Shabu
1. produce elevation of mood, heightened alertness and increase energy
2. some individuals may become anxious, irritable or loquacious.
3. causes decrease appetite and insomia
3. HALLUCINOGENS
a) Marijuana
1. may appear animated with rapid, loud talking and burst of laughter.
2. sleepy or stuporous
3. pupils are dilated
4. odor (similar to burnt rope) on clothing or breath
5. remnants of marijuana, either loose or in partially smoked “joints” in clothing or possessions.
b) LSD/STP/DMT
1. users usually sits or reclines quietly in a dream or trance- like state.
2. user may become fearful and experience a degree of terror which makes him attempt to escape
from his group.
3. sense of sight, hearing, touch, body image and time are distorted
4. mood and behavior are affected, the manner depending upon emotional and environmental
condition of the user.

Topic: DANGEROUS DRUG EFFECTS AND DRUG DISTRIBUTION PROCESS

Marijuana (Cannabis Sativa)

Marijuana – usually called pot, grass, weed reefer, dope, maryjane, sinsemilla, acapolco gold
Thai stick – they look like dried parsely mixed with stems that may include seeds. They are
made as cigarettes (smoke). Eaten
Tetrahydro Cannabinol – they called THC, they look like gelatin capsule and they are used by
taking orally or smoked.
Hashish – called locally as Hash, and look like brown or black cakes or balls, they can be
taken orally or can be smoked.
Hashish oil – hash oils appears like concentrated syrup liquid varying in color from clear to
black, they used to smoke mixed with tobacco.
INHALANTS
Immediate negative effects of inhalants include nose, sneezing, coughing, nosebleed, fatigue,
lack of coordination, and loss of appetite. Solvent and aerosol sprays also decrease the heart and the
respiratory rates and impair judgment. Amyl and Butyl nitrate cause rapid pulse, headache and
involuntary or brain hemorrhage Deeply inhaling the vapor, or using the large amount over a short
period of time may result to disorientation, violent behavior, unconsciousness or death. High
concentration of inhalants can cause suffocation by displacing the oxygen in the lungs or depressing
the central nervous system in the point that breathing stops. Long term use can cause weight loss,
fatigue, electrolyte imbalance and muscle fatigue. Repeat sniffing of concentrated vapors over time
can permanently damage the nervous system.

DEPRESSANTS
These are drugs that suppress vital body functions especially those of the brain or central
nervous system with the resulting impairment of judgment, hearing, speech, and muscular
coordination.
Narcotics – are drugs which relieve pain and produce profound sleep or stupor. Medically,
they are potent pain killers.
Opium – derived from poppy plant – papaver somniferum popularly known as “gum,gamut,
calamay or panocha”.
Morphine – most commonly used and best used opiate. Effective as a pain killer six times
potent than opium, with a high dependence – producing potential.
Heroin – a three to five times more powerful than Morphine from which it was derived and the
most addicting opium derivatives.
Codeine – a derivative of morphine, commonly available in cough preparation.
Paregoric – a tincture of opium in combination with camphor. Commonly used as a household
remedy for diarrhea and abdominal pain.
Demerol and Methadone – common synthetic drugs with morphine-like effects.
Barbiturates – are drugs used for inducing sleep in persons plagued with anxiety, mental
stress, and insomnia.
Seconal – Sudden withdrawal from these drugs is even more dangerous than opiate
withdrawal.
Tranquilizers –are drugs that calm and relax and diminish anxiety. They are used in treatment
of nervous states and some mental disorders without producing sleep.
Volatile Solvents – gaseous substances popularly known to abusers as “gas, teardrops”.
Alcohol – the king of all drugs with potential for abuse. Most widely used, socially
accepted and most extensively legalized drug throughout the world.

STIMULANTS
These produce effects opposite of that of depressants. Instead of bringing about
relaxation and sleep, they produce increased mental alertness, wakefulness, reduce hunger,
and provide feeling of well being.
1. Amphetamines – used medically for weight reducing in obesity, relief of mind depression.
2. Cocaine – taken orally, injected or sniffed as to achieve euphoria or an intense feeling of “highness
COCAINE
- its use is called “the king’s habit” because it is expensive
- white, crystalline alkaloid found in the leaves of the coca bush
- erythroxylon coca is the botanical name of the plant coca bush
- it takes 125 pounds of dried leaves to produce one pound of cocaine
- medically used as a tropical local anesthetic
- can be taken by ingestion, by rubbing it directly to gums, by applying it directly to sex
organs during intercourse, by injection and by snorting
- when ingested, the “high” can last from 15 to 30 minutes
- when injected, the “high” can last from 45 to 90 minutes
- comes in different forms:
a. cocaine hydrochloride – the most readily available form; fine, white, crystal-like powder that is
medically known as anesthetic
b. street or rock – largest pieces of cocaine hydrochloride
c. freebase – purified substance of rocks
d. coca paste – crude product smoked in South America; more dangerous because it has
contaminants such as kerosene

the following are its immediate effects:

- dilated pupils
- increased blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature
- euphoric effect/light feeling
- feeling of being energetic and alert
- loss of appetite
- slurred speech
the following are its long term effects:
- psychosis
- lung damage
- runny nose and ulcerated mucous membrane of the nose
- confusion
3. Caffeine – it is present in coffee, tea, chocolate, cola drinks and some wakeup pills.
4. Shabu – “poor man’s cocaine” – chemically known as methamphetamine. It is a central nervous
system stimulant and sometimes called upper or speed. It is white, colorless crystal or crystalline
powder with a better numbing taste. It can be taken orally, inhaled (snorted), sniffed (chasing the
dragon) or injected.

METHAMPHETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
- more commonly called “shabu”
- also called “poor man’s cocaine” because it is cheaper than cocaine
- first synthetic stimulant developed by the Japanese
- originally called “kakuzeizai”, from the Japanese term “kakuzei”, which means
“waking” and “zai”, which means drug
- “shabu” = waking drug
- white, colorless crystalline substance with a bitter, numbing taste
- can be ingested, snorted or injected (intravenous or intramuscular) the following are its immediate
effects:
- produces anxiety, irritability, irrational behavior, talkativeness and loss of self-control
- loss of appetite and inability to sleep
- produces violent and destructive behavior and recklessness
- produces chest pain, irregularity of heartbeat and hypertension
the following are its long term effects:
- psychosis
- convulsion
- death from cardiac arrest
5. Nicotine – an active component in tobacco which acts as a powerful stimulant of the
central nervous system. A drop of pure nicotine can easily kill a person.
6.METHYLENE DIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE (MDMA)
- commonly referred to as ecstacy, “X” and party drug
- a designer drug

the following are its immediate effects:

- euphoria
- feeling energetic and hyperactive
- sense of well-being
the following are its long term effects:
- brain damage
- heart complications
- death

HALLUCINOGENS
They consist of the variety of mind-altering drugs, which distort reality, thinking and perceptions
of time, space and sensation.
1. Marijuana – it is the most commonly abused hallucinogens in the Philippines.
2. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) – this drug is the most powerful of the psychedelics obtained
from ergot, a fungus that attacks rye kernels.
3. Peyote – derived from the surface part of small gray brown cactus.
4. Mescaline – it is the alkaloid hallucinogen extracted from the peyote cactus and can also be
synthesized in the laboratory.
- primary ingredient of the peyote cactus, a plant known as lophophoria williamsii
lemaire
5. STP – it is a take-off on the motor oil additive. It is a chemical derivative of mescaline claimed to
produce more violent and longer effects than mescaline dose.
6. Psilocybin – this hallucinogenic alkaloid from small Mexican mushrooms are used by Mexican
Indian.
7. Morning glory seeds – the black and brown seeds of the wild tropical morning glory that are used to
produce hallucinations.

8.KETAMINE
- chemical name is ketamine hydrochloride
- common names include “special K” or “K”
- originally created for use as a human anaesthetic and is still used as a general anaesthetic for
children, persons of poor health and in veterinary medicine
- usually comes as liquid in small pharmaceutical bottles and is most often cooked into a white
powder for snorting
- at lower doses, it causes a mild, dreamy feeling and numbness in the extremities is
also common
- higher doses produce hallucinogenic effect and may cause the user to feel very far away from his
body; such experience is referred to as entering “k” hole
- when snorted, the effect comes on within 5 to 10 minutes
- When injected into the muscle, effect can be felt within 4 minutes; it is never injected into a vein
- if ingested, effect can be felt within 10 to 20 minutes

DRUG DISTRIBUTION PROCESS

1. THE GROWER
- the one responsible for the planting, harvesting and maintenance of the original plant
from which the drug is derived from
- the source of crops or contact to other sources from whom crops can be obtained
- sees to it that the plant is produced in the highest quality possible and in sufficient
Quantity

2. THE MANUFACTURER
- the one responsible for the processing of the raw materials supplied by the grower
- maintains a manufacturing laboratory
- the one who makes contact or is contacted so that the distribution can begin
3. THE IMPORTER
- the client or contact of the manufacturer
- the primary seller of the drugs
- the importer devises the plan or procedure by which the now-refined drug will reach its
destination, whether that be another country, state or other geographical area
4. THE SMUGGLER
- has the task of smuggling the drug into the designated area
- must devise techniques by which the drugs evade the scrutiny of inspection
5. THE DISTRIBUTOR
- the source of drugs in their respective areas
- the smuggler has different distributors in different geographical areas
6. THE DEALER
- most commonly called “PUSHERS”
- they make drugs easily available to users- some dealers are satisfied with selling drugs to already
known addicts, while some engage in addicting new customers
7. THE CONSUMER
- the buyer and user of drugs
-the drug addicts
- the reason why the business of illegal drugs

Topic: The New Law on Dangerous Drugs

R.A. 9165 – COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002

Approved on June 7, 2002 - Effective July 4, 2002

What is Dangerous Drug under this law?

Includes those listed in the schedules annexed to the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, as
amended by the 1972 Protocol, and the schedules annexed to the 1971 Single Convention on
Psychotropic Substances (Art 1, Sec. 3).
Ex. MMDA – Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstacy) Tetrahydrocannabinol (MJ); Mescaline
(Peyote)

What are the Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals?

Include those listed in Tables I and II of the 1988 UN Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic
Drugs and Psychotrophic Substances (Art 1, Sec 3)
Ex. Table 1 – Acetic Anhydride N- Acetyl Anthranilic Acid Epedrine, Ergometrine, Lysergic Acid, etc.
Table 2 – Acetone, Ethyl Ether, Hydrochloric Acid ,Sulfuric Acid, etc..