Fundamentals of

Video Editing

Computer Science II
Third Quarter
Topics to Cover
• History of Video Editing
• Planning Video Projects
• Jargons
• Different Forms of Shots
• Methods of Video Editing
• Elements of Video Editing
Video Editing
• It is the art of arranging
pictures and dialogue and
sounds, that a finished film
product is able to
communicate.
History of Video Editing
Linear Editing
• a destructive form of editing performed
sequentially in the order of the final edit. While
linear editing is still performed today, it has
largely been replaced by non-linear video
editing.
History of Video Editing
1890
• The Kinetograph, the first-ever motion picture camera,
is developed by Thomas Edison and trusted assistant
William Dickson. It films with celluloid at around 40 FPS.

1900s
• The first-ever cuts are made with scissors, tape, and
editing tables (by the 1950s, tape will eventually be
replaced with film cement). Because editors still can’t
even view their films while editing, they’re forced to
hold strips of film up to the light to make their cuts.
History of Video Editing
1924
• The Moviola—the first video editing machine—is introduced,
allowing editors to, for the first time, make edits while
simultaneously viewing their film.
1950s
• Ampex Corp. unveils its Video Tape Recorder (VTR), the first
machine to use magnetic tape to enable the recording and
editing of video.

1970s
The concept of non-linear editing first appeared—which allows
video editors to change any part of a video, no matter if it’s at
the beginning, middle, or end of the project
History of Video Editing
Present-day
• Today’s marketplace is dominated by non-linear
video editing software combined with powerful
digital cameras and technology-driven workflows.
These tools have been further augmented by
relatively new innovations such as artificial
intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML)
automation, cloud capabilities, and the ability to
handle larger and larger files within the editing suite.
 “There’s nothing in the
world more powerful than a
good story”
Planning Video Projects
Video Content Genres
Activity
• If you will be given a chance to tell a
story through a video, what would it be?
Why?
• Who are your target audiences?
• How would you make it more
compelling to your target audiences?
Jargons
• Video resolution (spatial resolution) - The total amount
of pixels in a video file, usually given as a horizontal &
vertical measurement e.g. 1920x1080 (HD video)
3840x1260 (4K Ultra HD) 7680x 4320 (8K). More pixels =
more detail.
• Aspect ratio - The relationship between a video’s height
& width. Video displayed on modern TVs/monitors will
usually be 16:9. It is common to see aspect ratios of 1:1
and 3:2 on social media.
• Pixel ratio - The relationship between the height and
width of individual pixels in a video frame. Most NLE’s
have the option to change this. 1:1 is commonly seen in
web video.
Jargons
• Frame rate (FPS) - The amount of frames
contained in a single second of video. Frame
rates are determined by artistic/technical
requirements
• Video encoding - The process of compressing a
video into a single file. A codec allows the video
to be opened and played by a device. A common
web codec is h.264.
Comparing resolutions
Comparing aspect ratios
Different Forms of Shots
• Extreme Long/wide shots give the feeling of relationship
of environment with the character or subject. The shot is
very noticeable because of the amount of space around
the subject. Position of subject, frame right or left, top or
bottom is of critical importance for editor. This shot is
basically used in opening sequences.
Different Forms of Shots
• Long/Wide Shot normally used when the subject makes
the complete movement within the frame. It comprises
the entire body and is framed below the fact. Head room
is considerable. Here the subject is closed enough to be
recognized and far enough away to give some
geography to a secure.
Different Forms of Shots
• Medium Long/Full Shot generally taken as
movement shot. The framing of M.L.S is slightly
above or slightly below the knee, but never on the
knee. This kind of shot also provides ample head
room and space on each side for a rim
movement.
Different Forms of Shots
• Medium Shot – The framing is slightly
above the hip of the subject.
Different Forms of Shots
• Medium Close Up - Medium close up shots are usually
used in T.V format in one or two forms. Either facing the
camera, known as’ Direct to camera’ or three quarter
profile in first form it is composed with adequate head
room and is framed above the person’s elbow & below
the armpit.
Different Forms of Shots
• Close Up - is a dramatic shot which magnifies
facial expressions or draws particular attentions
to a specific thing. It is usually a full face shot &
composed from below chin. Sometimes it
includes the shoulder line.
Different Forms of Shots
• Extreme Close Up - gives the minutest detail of
the subject, for example his shot could be of the
details of eyes, mouth or perhaps ear. Most of the
detailed films enter frame. This shot is least used
shot in the range of simple shots.
Methods of Video Editing
Linear Editing (tape to tape)
• original method of editing electronic video tapes,
before editing computers became available in
the 1990s.
• video is selectively copied from one tape to
another. It requires at least two video machines
connected together — one acts as the source
and the other is the recorder.
Methods of Video Editing
Linear Editing
The basic procedure is quite
simple:
• Place the video to be
edited in the source
machine and a blank tape
in the recorder.
• Press play on the source
machine and record on
the recorder.
Methods of Video Editing
Non-linear Editing (digital/computer)
• video footage is recorded (captured) onto a
computer hard drive and then edited using
specialized software.
Methods of Video Editing
Live Editing
• In some situations, multiple cameras
and other video sources are routed
through a central mixing console and
edited in real time.
Methods of Video Editing
Live Editing
• In some situations, multiple cameras
and other video sources are routed
through a central mixing console and
edited in real time.
Elements of Video Editing
Motivation
• The reason of cutting a certain part whether the
visual or audio aspect of the video.

Information
• It refers to the content. Also, to the visual
information or everything being shown to the
video that is meant to be communicated to the
audience.
Elements of Video Editing
Shot Composition
• refers to the arrangement of visual elements to
convey an intended message.
• e.g., rule of thirds
Sound
• It creates atmosphere of tension or emotion. It
conveys message effectively.

Camera Angle
• the camera angle should be changed with
respect to the previous shot.
Elements of Video Editing
Continuity
• While performing any movement the person who
is facing the camera should perform the
movement or action in the same manner as he or
she performed in previous shot.
a. Continuity of Content - Picking up a cup from a
left in the previous shot expects that the
character in the next shot will be having the
cup in his left hand only not in the right hand.
Elements of Video Editing
b. Continuity of Position - This is also important in the
position of the actor or performer or a subject on
screen. This shows that it is on the right side of
screen in one shot he or she should remain in the
frame in the whole scene. Unless this has been a
change of any kind of movement of character A or
camera on shot.
c. Continuity of Sound - If my action is happening at
the same place & at the same time then the sound
will continue from one shot to the next till that
sound finishes on screen or the location is changed
due to the movement of camera or character.
Elements of Video Editing
b. Continuity of Position - This is also important in the
position of the actor or performer or a subject on
screen. This shows that it is on the right side of
screen in one shot he or she should remain in the
frame in the whole scene. Unless this has been a
change of any kind of movement of character A or
camera on shot.
c. Continuity of Sound - If my action is happening at
the same place & at the same time then the sound
will continue from one shot to the next till that
sound finishes on screen or the location is changed
due to the movement of camera or character.
Shot Composition
• Composition - refers to the way
elements of a scene are arranged in a
camera frame.

• Shot Composition - refers to the

arrangement of visual elements to
convey an intended message.
Shot Composition
• Rule of Thirds
• Balance and Symmetry
• Leading Lines
• Blocking
• Eye Level Framing
Shot Composition
• Rule of Thirds - the process of dividing
an image into thirds, using two horizontal
and two vertical lines. This imaginary grid
yields nine segments with four
intersection points.
Shot Composition
• Balance and Symmetry - Shooting a
perfectly symmetrical shot, breaking the
rule of thirds, is used for very specific
reasons (e.g., emphasizing the subject).
Shot Composition
• Leading Lines - are actual lines (or
sometimes imaginary ones) in a
shot, that lead the eye to key
elements in the scene
Shot Composition
• Blocking - the way the director
moves actors in a scene. The
director's approach to blocking is
dependent on the desired outcome
(e.g., for dramatic effect, to convey
an intended message, or to visualize
a power dynamic).
Shot Composition
• Eye level framing - positions the
audience at eye-level with the
characters, which plants the idea
that we are equal with the character.
Shot Composition
• Depth of field - describes the size of
the area in your image where objects
appear acceptably sharp. That area
is called the field, and the size of that
area is the depth of that field.
• It refers to an area that is in focus.
Shot Composition
Depth of Field Variations
• Deep focus
• Shallow focus
• Soft focus
• Rack focus
• Split diopter
• Tilt shift
Shot Composition
• Deep focus is a kind of camera angle
that allows the Cinematographer to
keep everything in perspective
without favoring foreground, mid-
ground, or background. Everything is
lit and visible.
Shot Composition
Shot Composition
Shot Composition
Shot Composition
• Shallow focus - the subject is in
sharp focus while the background is
blurred, creating a shallow depth of
field.
Shot Composition
Shot Composition
• Soft focus - technique used to capture
scene that reduces the contrast of fine
detail in the image. Soft focus can also
utilize a lens flaw where the lens forms
blurred images due to spherical
aberration. Spherical aberration is an
optical issue that occurs when incoming
rays of light focus at different points after
passing through a spherical lens.
Shot Composition
• Rack focus - filmmaking is changing
the focus during a shot. The term can
refer to small or large changes of
focus. If the focus is shallow, then the
technique becomes more noticeable.
Shot Composition
• Split diopter - This makes half the
lens nearsighted while the other half
remains farsighted. This creates the
illusion of a deep focus.
Shot Composition
• Tilt shift focus – It is s a creative and
unique type of shot focus in which
the camera is manipulated so that a
life-sized location or subject looks like
a miniature-scale model.