Anlenna Bouic
a tronsi ha0 device between
guided wGve and ree sp@ce wGre vice vers a,
Priotiple
Under kime vgrying ood:
co ndi ioo4, Moxw ell equotto pre dict he
tod: akun of EM ener9y fom Curet sOurce. Anlenna Convert
electro0s Iot phooos Gr vice vers@, the radiGn of
Power
is in the om of eleckomagnetic wQves Produced by
accelera tng o dece lra tng of charge Carriers. he baC ege
tadiahoo s giren by
TL 9v
where
I = Time charghg Curent (Al)
L: tength of Current elemeot Cm)
V= Tine Change cf velocty. Cmls)
COnneced to s au
gererator one end. Along the lin e energy i guide d as
Qs
plane EM 0Gves. A the Ine is Gpened) dut separaon betwee
become Connparable to A, it act ike an tenna
launches a Ree space,
As shoun in fo at the rereiving kero inol fee space wave
Ore again COOverled io4o quided TEM wQve by re ceiving antenna
and receiver stores the ener99
uided TEM
wave
sOurce Delec
9enerartt
Tansh0 receve,
free spae Rreelsp ace regiCo Rh
wave
parGmeles Gre
The BqsiC anenn &
3. Power densty Ce). 1.Beom effrcienty
2. Pattern. CRpeckue herght
3. Be Gm area (na).
4. Effe ckive aperture (Ae)
S. Direchviy.(D)
G Radiakuo inlentty
1. Power densiy (e)
i3 the power flow theouh unit Grea, where
perpen diculo 4o 4the de choo of pOwer flow.
Gre ele ctic n0gne5C freld con poner
exishog io the pl @n e Con4aiging Ahe Qrea, then
Power Given by
(Cros product).
wkt
n-Iotnaic impedonce
Conider P=E H.
P: ExE
130%
2. Palterns:The radiatioo patter) s Qre 3-, dimen sional quantie,
invglvio g the vari ai00 Of pouer
Of spheicol CoCrdioolea
A chouo in the fig Pattero will hqve
Or mojor (obe (obe fm@k radiaten ). he lbe oppas; ke to
nato lobe 4 aled back (obe. Any olher Iobe in betus Qen
Awo oulls is(e coled eqstde lobe.
2
To Completely pecify the field ioleoy
three atterns
i.e
Q Comp Cnent of elecr'c Reld a
ie Cy (9.¢)
he phaue of there field
NOTE: Diding a feld component by it m0ximum
vglue, we
obtain a normoli zed vatue
A m a iln
obe
Mainlobe
)idelobe
HPB
b acle 1obe
Io spherit alo
Io spherical
3. Beamn Area C2) Kbeam width).
I: the sol:d aogle through shich maxim um power is
radraBed by he antenn0. P9, d is maint Gine d to ite
mge value.
oeo, 0) s09 do do
-lpi mneasure d 10
©Hp ’ Hae pocue Beam wiclth clonog 9
Hp 40lp Poue Be am oidth along
Hol powe Beom wiclth
wiclth CHPe w)
Anguldr se pQr atiGo bewees two poits Over moin obe
where pOwer 1 for refoive patlern.
Benm widih betuceo frct Null (owfv )
Angular sepOration betweeo tuo first
firsk nulls
nulls iss colled Bw FN.
t steradia0 - (1radj
icr = 3282, sq degree
b Effechve aperture Ratio of effect ve power to the power density
Apertue Cf 0a Qotenna is the Qre throuh which the power
radi Qled eceive d.
for eg
tw =PA
Consde On aolenna with efecive Gperure Ae ohth radials
POwer io Conical pattern
Assuning unifoxm Red Ea Over the
aperture, power radiale d is P- Ea Ae -()
Assunin g uniforo foeld fr io for fel d at a distante r
radraled s given by -(2)
tue hove
(w.k.t D= 4K 4
Ae DA Ae - 0. 034 6A
4n
3
Radiaion Inlensty (u):
he power pasiog through unit s
Ihe
t0 the dore cio0 of old angle, Coosidered n 0ron Ql
power flow is called rodinto0 ío4e01ity Cu')
Cxpresed Luatssq,r ad
unit solid Gngle.
9-0
(or ull sohere)
for Half sphere
(9-0
Uradioo inteo sity
W Toal pouer adiated
Total solid angle i 4R
W U. 4R
47
NÛit Rad.aion ioteos ity ot an 0ntenna is meqsured wrt ii otropie
Gotenna
GBeam Efcien cy 14 i the rato of moin lobe beom a-e afto the tot al
beom Gee a j Called beom effcknly EH
Beom eficiency &M = M where Np t lin
The ratio of ininor lobe beam Qrea to the total DyMalo lobe be Qon
begm Qrea is colle d strQy facte 2m mio 0r (obe beam
OreQ
stray factor Cm n
Dire civiby of an GnBenna D is equal to the rato 9 0*ím un
power denshy Po.6) mox to its Overage value 0ver @ sphere
D= P9,) max Or D MOxim um radiak on iofenstU
P(9.Doy. Ave-age
Pver Gge vGlue q P0ue- denty Ouer a sphere is
P(9,6)v = eCo,o) sioo do d¢
9-0 -0
4n
eqn becomes
D= P(9, ) mox 4n
4
4n J 45 p(9.)nQa
D 4R
N e ) cmoler the beam area lorger the direchvis
0) for Go anlenn a thot adiotw 0al9 Guer hole a sphere ib
then
.!.fdeal volue of D=1.
effecive apertie sht dipole onlenn a
short shoon io
Rr paraneler
Rrradia reuilnte
LCuseat
Rr Teminatiog eistGnte
resttante
Voltoge
that plone w ve inc deot on
4he dipole i Iineorly polored
dy
y.
Conider eao le p ohe nkal d¢rerente
dv = ey du
e ffe ctiuÇ Gpertur Aem: V
4PRr.
for short dipole (30
2
t= i0tinic imped an (e
3,
Aem = 0. 192|
8A
effectue qpee for A/2 dipole
O=C0J0t
polenbiol dteen ce
Total polen i al dffeence V=dv.
MOn eRRecve aperture Aem =
4PRr.
X 3.
30.
Aem 30x2 0.134
E{fectve height (he)
Ahe rakO of indu Ceol volloge to the inc:dent feld
he= induced v olHG ge N m.
E.
Incrdlent feld
Fox on ontenno wth radioi on relst 00te er, Puuwer delxeed to
Ahe Ioad is P= v -(Ehe)
4Rr
oE he
Same pouer in ergs of effe ctive apertu re
P: Ele.
equotng
Ehes Ae
4Rr
he =4e erAe
he = R Ae = he zo
4Rr.
Radto Commvoicatoo \iok or
Aet Aer
Consider O radio commuoicoioo lok Qu sh Ouw in fo. The trQ0:nier
feed a pouer P to the trooniting Golenna. Let P be pquser
e Ceved by he rereiving antenna.
Ae ’ eReckre Gperture of ron mitkng antenna
receiving Ontenn0.
dutance betwees tannittn g e teceiving ant
AJuming traomitkng onlenna is otropiC, Power per unit Qrec,
Qraloble Ot Hhe re ceiving antenna is.
Sr = PE
4A
ith antenna gain &t.
Sr = Pt t
47r2
puer received by the Pr= Sr. Aer
Pr. P&Aer
&t = Aet
Pr PEAer, 4ret
Pr Aeret Friss bao/mbsito focmula
Aet G
4T
PGtGrAb
PL
tn lerm f gain& r .
1. Pind Dive chv y of un diectonal coine potlero
9>0
Un COrO cing do d.
for s0topi c Gotenno
FUm 4KUb.
D=Ug =4
Cosine patlero (9 =0,
Un Cos ino de dp
9=0
-COrRg
4
3. UbjdireChional COsine SQu0e pa tern
(Um coo cino de do Um.( cosoin0 do )( do)
put c039= shen 9-0
de
- Siogd9= d COs
cd-) (ja)
tuy
for bidirect on al Pateo.
. The normalise d feld pat tero
O<<
(0) EGct mettod. cb Apprgimake method
method 4N
ha( sioe do)( sido d¢),
Consider
(sioe do. - (4[3xin6-sio o] do
9-0
4
(3sin9 de - si03s do]
CGnsi de.
D= 4 4 = 4Ry 3
Approxin ate meth
D= i53 4N (130)
OHp. QHp. 9Hp.+p
siog0.A04
-3.le
0elemine the diecAuily op Ahe iyslen
giren by apprtum Qle meHhod diect
method
ExOCt method
Um in9 sioo cio0 do d
Cr
[-o) - (iogg. sno)
Um
D
ot.
nocon olised power
ExGCt mneth od
=(sino tio0 ios do do
soe do st6 d
eract direciviheh Of the antenna havoy
pouer patler 0 po.
p(9.o):
o)= Pm fin9sido
Pm
Cxoct die ctivi
Sin9 sio sio9 do do
previou Jolut'oo
bovi09 ferd eu ation E(9,6)= cosi9 vlan
deleroine Gpproim Gte method.
drechivity
()
Cos9 = G.404
9= Cos o.a04
COs9
9- 90
FNDUS=9- x 90= 10
=GS.S x GS, s =
appr 0ximete method
9.6O6
Daectui ty sing ez act method
9=0 =0
Aacoso 09 do db.
put Cos9-x wheo 9- 0
= 10
P.T dicectivit Sou-ce tuith uniditecttnal palerg
iotensity Can he
having radia4to
Um
9:0 20
sinO
put
-si09 d9-1,
D 4
* Estin ate the die ctiuiy
fiod qaio cf the if eRfr cien Cy is 0.5
D= l5
mGimum effectue aper ture of
diectuity of Q00
Aem DA
olculale dire ckuity with patten
usioa à Ea0ct method Approxi Qt% methd
( siote d9 sio d
Ch
9-0
-cos30 -Cosa0 +COs2 0 do
bpusdwr
Lg
lorinag
cin3 =3sin -usisd
4
jaot d)- sint d)
-(-- 1)t-- 1l
b Apor Dxicn aHe met od
l3s.96xS.9G
side.sot
sis9-a01
sin9-(0.aoa
Sin9= 0.8902
9 si 0.890
forol ae.
i Power deoiy P=E.H = E
P E Ae. P ee.
4er
d cin9 do d
Directiity
Ex0ct metho
Dpproxim ate
D 4|2S3
D 4 Aem.
Aem = V
4Per
for short dipole
for e dip ole Qr=t32
8i Erfe ckrve height Che) = Y
Pr Aet.Ger
for Celol eceives pouser of IsMuw ploted a
distance of km from 4he troomi4tler
the qaio value Qre 35d&
tron:oitkog
teceiving 0ntennG repectely wrt
a0tena. Cclculoate
keld powet.
r: kmn
(4nr)
(35x Q5 xJo')
Ix109
Aslenn a hed
fields ound
9.Neor field or feeJ nel cone
divaded into tuo
region.
. neGr the
2. Par feld Galeno a
Gotenna dit ence fom
for fe ld.
Ne ar
ield
regiuo
