Ethics

Ethics or moral philosophy is the philosophical study of moral phenomena. It investigates

normative questions about what people ought to do or which behavior is morally right. It is
usually divided into three major fields: normative ethics, applied ethics, and metaethics.

Ethics is concerned with the moral status of

entities, for example, whether an act is
obligatory or prohibited.[1]

Normative ethics discovers and justifies universal principles that govern how people should act
in any situation. According to consequentialists, an act is right if it leads to the best
consequences. Deontologists hold that morality consists in fulfilling duties, like telling the truth
and keeping promises. Virtue theorists see the manifestation of virtues, like courage and
compassion, as the fundamental principle of morality. Applied ethics examines concrete ethical
problems in real-life situations, for example, by exploring the moral implications of the universal
principles discovered in normative ethics within a specific domain. Bioethics studies moral
issues associated with living organisms including humans, animals, and plants. Business ethics
investigates how ethical principles apply to corporations, while professional ethics focuses on
what is morally required of members of different professions. Metaethics is a metatheory that
examines the underlying assumptions and concepts of ethics. It asks whether moral facts have
mind-independent existence, whether moral statements can be true, how it is possible to acquire
moral knowledge, and how moral judgments motivate people.

Ethics is closely connected to value theory, which studies what value is and what types of value
there are. Moral psychology is a related empirical field and investigates psychological processes
involved in morality, such as moral reasoning and the formation of moral character. Descriptive
ethics provides value-neutral descriptions of the dominant moral codes and beliefs in different
societies and considers their historical dimension.

The history of ethics started in the ancient period with the development of ethical principles and
theories in ancient Egypt, India, China, and Greece. This period saw the emergence of ethical
teachings associated with Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, and contributions of
philosophers like Socrates and Aristotle. During the medieval period, ethical thought was
strongly influenced by religious teachings. In the modern period, this focus shifted to a more
secular approach concerned with moral experience, practical reason, and the consequences of
actions. An influential development in the 20th century was the emergence of metaethics.

Definition

According to Aristotle, how to

lead a good life is one of the
central questions of ethics.[2]
Ethics, also referred to as moral philosophy, is the study of moral phenomena. It is one of the
main branches of philosophy and investigates the nature of morality and the principles that
govern the moral evaluation of conduct, character traits, and institutions. It examines what
obligations people have, what behavior is right and wrong, and how to lead a good life. Some of
its key questions are "How should one live?" and "What gives meaning to life?".[3]

The domain of morality is a normative field governing what people ought to do rather than what
they actually do, what they want to do, or what social conventions require. As a rational and
systematic field of inquiry, ethics studies practical reasons why people should act one way
rather than another. Most ethical theories seek universal principles that express a general
standpoint of what is objectively right and wrong.[4] In a slightly different sense, the term "ethics"
can also refer to individual ethical theories in the form of a rational system of moral principles,
such as Aristotelian ethics, and to a moral code that certain societies, social groups, or
professions follow, as in Protestant work ethic and medical ethics.[5]

The terms "ethics" and "morality" are usually used interchangeably but some philosophers draw
a distinction between the two. According to one view, morality is restricted to the question of
what moral obligations people have while ethics is a wider term that takes additional
considerations into account, such as what is good or how to lead a meaningful life. Another
difference is that codes of conduct pertaining to specific areas, such as the business and
environment, are usually termed "ethics" rather than morality, as in business ethics and
environmental ethics.[6]

As a philosophical discipline, ethics is usually divided into normative ethics, applied ethics, and
metaethics. Normative ethics tries to find and justify universal principles of moral conduct.
Applied ethics examines the consequences of those principles in specific domains of practical
life. Metaethics is a metatheory that studies underlying assumptions and concepts, such as
what the nature of morality is and whether moral judgments can be objectively true.[7]

The English word ethics has its roots in the Ancient Greek word êthos (ἦθος) meaning "character,
personal disposition". This word gave rise to the Ancient Greek word ēthikós (ἠθικός), which was
translated into Latin as ethica and entered the English language in the 15th century through the
Old French term éthique.[8]

Normative ethics
Normative ethics is the philosophical study of ethical conduct and investigates the fundamental
principles of morality. It asks questions like "How should one live?" and "How should people
act?". Its main goal is to discover and justify general answers to these questions. To do so, it
usually seeks universal or domain-independent principles that determine whether an act is right
or wrong.[9] For example, given the particular impression that it is wrong to set a child on fire for
fun, normative ethics aims to find more general principles that explain why this is the case, like
the principle that one should not cause extreme suffering to the innocent, which may itself be
explained in terms of a more general principle.[10] Many theories of normative ethics aim
additionally to guide behavior by helping people make moral decisions.[11]

Theories in normative ethics state how people should act or what kind of behavior is correct.
They do not aim to describe how people normally act, what moral beliefs ordinary people have,
how these beliefs change over time, or what ethical codes are upheld in certain social groups.
These topics belong to descriptive ethics and are studied in fields like anthropology, sociology,
and history rather than normative ethics.[12] Another contrast is with applied ethics, which
investigates right moral conduct within a specific domain rather than general moral principles
studied by normative ethics.[13]

Some systems of normative ethics arrive at a single principle that covers all possible cases
while others encompass a small set of basic rules that address all or at least the most important
moral considerations.[14] One difficulty for systems with several basic principles is that these
principles may in some cases conflict with each other and lead to ethical dilemmas.[15]

Different theories in normative ethics suggest different principles as the foundation of morality.
The three most influential schools of thought are consequentialism, deontology, and virtue
ethics.[16] These schools are usually presented as exclusive alternatives but depending on how
they are defined, they can overlap and do not necessarily exclude one another.[17] In some cases,
they differ concerning which acts they see as right or wrong. In other cases, they recommend
the same course of action but provide different justifications for why it is right.[18]

Consequentialism
Consequentialism, also referred to as teleological ethics,[19][a] holds that morality depends on
consequences. According to the most common view, an act is right if it brings about the best
future. This means that there is no alternative course of action that has better consequences.[21]
A key aspect of consequentialist theories is that they provide a characterization of what is good
and then define what is right in terms of what is good.[22]

Consequentialists usually understand the consequences of an action in a very wide sense that
includes the totality of its effects. This is based on the idea that actions make a difference to the
world by bringing about a causal chain of events that would not have existed otherwise.[23] A
core intuition behind consequentialism is that what matters is not the past but the future and
that it should be shaped to result in the best possible outcome.[24]

The act itself is usually not seen as part of the consequences. This means that if an act has
intrinsic value and disvalue, it is not included as a relevant factor. Some consequentialists try to
avoid this complication by including the act itself as part of the consequences. A related
approach is to characterize consequentialism not in terms of consequences but in terms of
outcomes with outcome being defined as the act together with its consequences.[25]

Most forms of consequentialism are agent-neutral. This means that the value of consequences
is assessed from a neutral perspective, i.e., acts should have consequences that are good in
general and not just good for the agent. It is controversial whether agent-relative moral theories,
like ethical egoism, should be considered as types of consequentialism.[26]

Types
There are many different types of consequentialism. They differ from each other based on what
type of entity they evaluate, how they determine whether a consequence is good, and what
consequences they take into consideration.[27] Most theories assess the moral value of acts.
However, consequentialism can also be used to evaluate motives, character traits, rules, and
policies.[28]

Many consequentialists assess the value of consequences based on whether they promote
happiness or suffering. But there are also alternative evaluative principles, such as desire
satisfaction, autonomy, freedom, knowledge, friendship, beauty, and self-perfection.[29] Some
forms of consequentialism hold that there is only a single source of value.[30] The most
prominent among them is utilitarianism, which states that the moral value of acts only depends
on the pleasure they cause.[31] An alternative approach is to hold that there are many different
sources of value. According to this view, all sources of value contribute to one overall value.[30]
Traditionally, consequentialists were only concerned with the sum total of value or the aggregate
good. A more recently developed view is that the distribution of value also matters. It states, for
example, that an equal distribution of goods is better than an unequal distribution even if the
aggregate good is the same.[32]

There are various disagreements about what consequences should be assessed. An important
distinction is between act and rule consequentialism. According to act consequentialism, the
consequences of an act determine the moral value of this act. This means that there is a direct
relation between the consequences of an act and its moral value. Rule consequentialism, by
contrast, holds that an act is right if it follows a certain set of rules. Rule consequentialism uses
considerations of consequences to determine which rules should be followed: people should
follow the rules that have the best consequences in a community that accepts them. This
implies that the relation between an act and its consequences is indirect. For example, if a
prohibition to lie is part of the best rules then, according to rule consequentialism, a person
should not lie even in a particular case where lying would result in the best possible
consequences.[33]

Another disagreement on the level of consequences is between actual and expected

consequentialism. According to the traditional view, only the actual consequences of an act
affect its moral value. One difficulty of this view is that many consequences cannot be known in
advance. This means that in some cases, even well-planned and intentioned acts are morally
wrong if they inadvertently lead to negative outcomes. An alternative perspective states that
what matters are not the actual consequences but the expected consequences. This view takes
into account that when deciding what to do, people have to rely on their very limited knowledge
of the total consequences of their actions. According to this view, a course of action has positive
moral value despite leading to an overall negative outcome if it had the highest expected value,
for example, because the negative outcome could not be anticipated or was very unlikely.[34]

Another difference is between maximizing and satisficing consequentialism. According to

maximizing consequentialism, only the best possible act is morally permitted. This means that
acts with positive consequences are wrong if there are alternatives with even better
consequences. One criticism of maximizing consequentialism is that it demands too much by
requiring that people do significantly more than they are socially expected to. For example, if the
best action for someone with a good salary would be to donate 70% of their income to charity, it
would be morally wrong for them to only donate 65%. Satisficing consequentialism, by contrast,
only requires that an act is "good enough" even if it is not the best possible alternative.
According to this view, it is possible to do more than one is morally required to do, a state known
as supererogation.[35]
Mohism in ancient Chinese philosophy is one of the earliest forms of consequentialism. It
argues that political action should promote justice as a means to increase the welfare of the
people.[36]

Utilitarianism
The most well-known form of consequentialism is utilitarianism. In its classical form, it is an act
consequentialism that sees happiness as the only source of intrinsic value. This means that an
act is morally right if it produces "the greatest good for the greatest number" by increasing
happiness and reducing suffering. Utilitarians do not deny that other things also have value, like
health, friendship, and knowledge. However, they deny that these things have intrinsic value.
Instead, they hold that they have extrinsic value because they affect happiness and suffering. In
this regard, they are desirable as a means but, unlike happiness, not desirable as an end.[37] The
view that pleasure is the only thing with intrinsic value is called ethical or evaluative
hedonism.[38]

Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill are the founding fathers of utilitarianism.

Utilitarianism was initially formulated by Jeremy Bentham and further developed by John Stuart
Mill. Bentham introduced the hedonic calculus to assess the value of consequences. Two key
aspects of the hedonic calculus are the intensity and the duration of pleasure. According to this
view, a pleasurable experience has a high value if it has a high intensity and lasts for a long time.
Some critics of Bentham's utilitarianism argued that it is a "philosophy of swine" whose focus on
the intensity of pleasure promotes an immoral lifestyle centered around indulgence in sensory
pleasures. Mill responded to this criticism by distinguishing between higher and lower pleasures.
He stated that higher pleasures, like the intellectual pleasure of reading a book, are more
valuable than lower pleasures, like the sensory pleasure of food and drink, even if their intensity
and duration are the same.[39] Today, there are many variations of utilitarianism, including the
difference between act and rule utilitarianism and between maximizing and satisficing
utilitarianism.[40]

Deontology
Deontology assesses the moral rightness of actions based on a set of norms or principles.
These norms describe certain requirements or duties that all actions need to follow.[41] They
may include requirements like to tell the truth, keep promises, and not intentionally harm
others.[42] Unlike consequentialists, deontologists hold that the validity of general moral
principles does not depend on their consequences. They state that these principles should be
followed in every case since they express how actions are inherently right or wrong. For
example, according to David Ross, it is wrong to break a promise even if no harm comes from
it.[43] In this regard, deontologists often allow that there is a gap between what is right and what
is good.[22] Many tend to follow a negative approach by holding that certain acts are forbidden
under any circumstances.[44]

Agent-centered and patient-centered

Agent-centered deontological theories focus on the role of moral agency and following one's
duties. They are often interested in the motives and intentions for which people act and
emphasize the importance of doing something for the right reasons. They are often agent-
relative, meaning that the reasons for which people should act depend on personal
circumstances. For example, a parent has a special obligation to their child while a stranger
does not have this kind of obligation toward a child they do not know. Patient-centered theories,
by contrast, emphasize the rights of the people affected by the action. An example is the
requirement to treat other people as ends and not merely as a means to an end.[45] This
requirement can be used to argue, for example, that it is wrong to kill a person against their will
even if this act would save the life of several others. Patient-centered deontological theories are
usually agent-neutral, meaning that they apply equally to everyone in a situation, regardless of
their specific role or position.[46]

Kantianism
Immanuel Kant is one of the most well-known deontologists.[47] He insists that moral action
should not be guided by situation-dependent means-end reasoning to achieve some kind of fixed
good, such as happiness. Instead, he argues that there are certain moral principles that apply to
every situation independent of means-end relations. Kant uses the term categorical imperative
for these principles and holds that they are non-empirical and universal laws that have their
source in the structure of practical reason and apply to all rational agents. According to Kant, to
act morally is to act in accordance with reason as expressed by these principles.[48] He sees
immoral actions as irrational by going against the fundamental principles of practical reason.[49]

Kant provided several formulations of the categorical imperative. One emphasizes the universal
nature of reason and states that people should only follow maxims that could become universal
laws applicable to everyone. This means that the person would want everyone else also to
follow this maxim. Another formulation states that one should treat other people always as ends
in themselves and never as mere means to an end. This formulation focuses on respecting and
valuing other people for their own sake rather than using them in the pursuit of personal
goals.[50]

In either case, Kant holds that what matters is to have a good will. A person has a good will if
they respect the moral law and form their intentions and motives in accordance with it.
According to Kant, actions motivated in such a way are unconditionally good, meaning that they
are good even in cases where they result in undesirable consequences.[51]

Divine command theory, contractualism,

and discourse ethics
Divine command theory sees God as the source of morality. It states that moral laws are divine
commands and that to act morally is to obey and follow God's will. While all divine command
theorists agree that morality depends on God, there are disagreements about the precise
content of the divine commands, and theorists belonging to different religions tend to propose
different moral laws.[52] For example, Christian and Jewish divine command theorists may argue
that the Ten Commandments express God's will[53] while Muslims may reserve this role for the
teachings of the Quran.[54]

Contractualists reject the reference to God as the source of morality and argue instead that
morality is based on an explicit or implicit social contract between humans. They state that
actual or hypothetical consent to this contract is the source of moral norms and duties. To
determine which duties people have, contractualists often rely on a thought experiment about
what rational people under ideal circumstances would agree on. For example, if they would
agree that people should not lie then there is a moral obligation to refrain from lying. Because of
its reliance on consent, contractualism is often understood as a patient-centered form of
deontology.[55][b]

According to discourse ethics, as

formulated by Jürgen Habermas,
moral norms are justified by a rational
discourse within society.

Discourse ethics also focuses on social agreement on moral norms but holds that this
agreement is based on communicative rationality. It aims to arrive at moral norms for pluralistic
modern societies that encompass a diversity of viewpoints. A universal moral norm is seen as
valid if all rational discourse participants do or would approve. This way, morality is not imposed
by a single moral authority but arises from the moral discourse within society. This discourse
should follow certain requirements characteristic of an ideal speech situation. One of its key
aspects is that discourse participants are free to voice their different opinions without coercion
but are at the same time required to justify them using rational argumentation.[57]
Virtue ethics
The main concern of virtue ethics is how virtues are expressed in actions. As such, it is neither
directly interested in the consequences of actions nor in universal moral duties.[58] Virtues are
positive character traits, like honesty, courage, kindness, and compassion. They are usually
understood as dispositions to feel, decide, and act in a certain manner by being wholeheartedly
committed to this manner. Virtues contrast with vices, which are their harmful counterparts.[59]

Virtue theorists usually hold that the mere possession of virtues by itself is not sufficient.
Instead, people should manifest virtues in their actions. An important factor in this regard is the
practical wisdom, also referred to as phronesis, of knowing, when, how, and which virtue to
express. For example, a lack of practical wisdom may lead courageous people to perform
morally wrong actions by taking unnecessary risks that should better be avoided.[60]

Different types of virtue ethics differ concerning how they understand virtues and their role in
practical life. Eudaimonism is the classical view and draws a close relation between virtuous
behavior and happiness. It states that people flourish by living a virtuous life. Eudaimonist
theories often hold that virtues are positive potentials residing in human nature and that
actualizing these potentials results in leading a good and happy life.[61] Agent-based theories, by
contrast, see happiness only as a side effect and focus instead on the motivational and
dispositional characteristics that are expressed while acting. This is often combined with the
idea that one can learn from exceptional individuals what those characteristics are.[61] Feminist
ethics of care are another form of virtue ethics. They emphasize the importance of interpersonal
relationships and hold that benevolence by caring for the well-being of others is one of the key
virtues.[62]
 Philippa Foot was one of the
philosophers responsible for the
revival of virtue ethics in the 20th
century.

Influential schools of virtue ethics in ancient philosophy were Aristotelianism and Stoicism.
According to Aristotle, each virtue is a golden mean between two types of vices: excess and
deficiency. For example, courage is a virtue that lies between the deficient state of cowardice
and the excessive state of recklessness. Aristotle held that virtuous action leads to happiness
and makes people flourish in life.[63] The Stoics believed that people can achieve happiness
through virtue alone. They stated that people are happy if they are in a peaceful state of mind
that is free from emotional disturbances. They advocated rationality and self-mastery to achieve
this state.[64] In the 20th century, virtue ethics experienced a resurgence thanks to philosophers
such as Elizabeth Anscombe, Philippa Foot, Alasdair MacIntyre, and Martha Nussbaum.[65]

Others
There are many other schools of normative ethics in addition to the three main traditions.
Pragmatist ethics focuses on the role of practice and holds that one of the key tasks of ethics is
to solve practical problems in concrete situations. It has certain similarities to utilitarianism and
its focus on consequences but concentrates more on how morality is embedded in and relative
to social and cultural contexts. Pragmatists tend to give more importance to habits than to
conscious deliberation and understand morality as a habit that should be shaped in the right
way.[66]

Postmodern ethics agrees with pragmatist ethics about the cultural relativity of morality. It
rejects the idea that there are objective moral principles that apply universally to all cultures and
traditions. It asserts that there is no one coherent ethical code since morality itself is irrational
and humans are morally ambivalent beings.[67]

Photo of Buddha statue

The practices of compassion and loving-kindness are key elements
of Buddhist ethics.

Ethical egoism is the view that people should act in their self-interest or that an action is morally
right if the person acts for their own benefit. It differs from psychological egoism, which states
that people actually follow their self-interest without claiming that they should do so. Ethical
egoists may act in accordance with commonly accepted moral expectations and benefit other
people, for example, by keeping promises, helping friends, and cooperating with others.
However, they do so only as a means to promote their self-interest. Ethical egoism is often
criticized as an immoral and contradictory position.[68]

Normative ethics has a central place in most religions. Key aspects of Jewish ethics are to
follow the 613 commandments of God according to the Mitzvah duty found in the Torah and to
take responsibility for societal welfare.[69] Christian ethics puts less emphasis on following
precise laws and teaches instead the practice of self-less love, such as the Great
Commandment to "love your neighbor as yourself".[70] The Five Pillars of Islam constitute a basic
framework of Muslim ethics and focus on the practice of faith, prayer, charity, fasting during
Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca.[71] Buddhists emphasize the importance of compassion
and loving-kindness towards all sentient entities.[72] A similar outlook is found in Jainism, which
has non-violence as its principal virtue.[73] Duty is a central aspect of Hindu ethics and is about
fulfilling social obligations, which may vary depending on a person's social class and stage of
life.[74] Confucianism places great emphasis on harmony in society and sees benevolence as a
key virtue.[75] Taoism extends the importance of living in harmony to the whole world and
teaches that people should practice effortless action by following the natural flow of the
universe.[76]
Applied ethics
Applied ethics, also known as practical ethics,[77] is the branch of ethics and applied philosophy
that examines concrete moral problems encountered in real-life situations. Unlike normative
ethics, it is not concerned with discovering or justifying universal ethical principles. Instead, it
studies how those principles can be applied to specific domains of practical life, what
consequences they have in these fields, and whether other considerations are relevant.[78]

Photo of surgery
One of the difficulties of applied ethics is to
determine how to apply general ethical principles
to concrete practical situations, like medical
procedures.

One of the main challenges of applied ethics is to breach the gap between abstract universal
theories and their application to concrete situations. For example, an in-depth understanding of
Kantianism or utilitarianism is usually not sufficient to decide how to analyze the moral
implications of a medical procedure. One reason is that it may not be clear how the procedure
affects the Kantian requirement of respecting everyone's personhood and what the
consequences of the procedure are in terms of the greatest good for the greatest number.[79]
This difficulty is particularly relevant to applied ethicists who employ a top-down methodology
by starting from universal ethical principles and applying them to particular cases within a
specific domain.[80] A different approach is to use a bottom-up methodology, which relies on
many observations of particular cases to arrive at an understanding of the moral principles
relevant to this particular domain.[81] In either case, inquiry into applied ethics is often triggered
by ethical dilemmas to solve cases in which a person is subject to conflicting moral
requirements.[82]

Applied ethics covers issues pertaining to both the private sphere, like right conduct in the family
and close relationships, and the public sphere, like moral problems posed by new technologies
and international duties toward future generations.[83] Major branches include bioethics,
business ethics, and professional ethics. There are many other branches and their domains of
inquiry often overlap.[84]
Bioethics
Bioethics is a wide field that covers moral problems associated with living organisms and
biological disciplines.[85] A key problem in bioethics concerns the moral status of entities and to
what extent this status depends on features such as consciousness, being able to feel pleasure
and pain, rationality, and personhood. These differences concern, for example, how to treat non-
living entities like rocks and non-sentient entities like plants in contrast to animals and whether
humans have a different moral status than other animals.[86] According to anthropocentrism,
only humans have a basic moral status. This implies that all other entities only have a derivative
moral status to the extent that they affect human life. Sentientism, by contrast, extends an
inherent moral status to all sentient beings. Further positions include biocentrism, which also
covers non-sentient lifeforms, and ecocentrism, which states that all of nature has a basic moral
status.[87]

Bioethics is relevant to various aspects of life and to many professions. It covers a wide range of
moral problems associated with topics like abortion, cloning, stem cell research, euthanasia,
suicide, animal testing, intensive animal farming, nuclear waste, and air pollution.[88]

Bioethics can be divided into medical ethics, animal ethics, and environmental ethics based on
whether the ethical problems relate to humans, other animals, or nature in general.[89] Medical
ethics is the oldest branch of bioethics and has its origins in the Hippocratic Oath, which
establishes ethical guidelines for medical practitioners like a prohibition to harm the patient.[90]
A central topic in medical ethics concerns issues associated with the beginning and the end of
life. One debate focuses on the question of whether a fetus is a full-fledged person with all the
rights associated with this status. For example, some proponents of this view argue that
abortion is a form of murder.[91] In relation to the end of life, there are ethical dilemmas
concerning whether a person has a right to end their own life in cases of terminal illness and
whether a medical practitioner may assist them in doing so.[92] Other topics in medical ethics
include medical confidentiality, informed consent, research on human beings, organ
transplantation, and access to healthcare.[90]

Photo of battery hens in Brazil

Harm done to animals is a particular concern in animal ethics, for example, as a result
of intensive animal farming.
Animal ethics examines how humans should treat other animals. An influential consideration in
this field emphasizes the importance of animal welfare while arguing that humans should avoid
or minimize the harm done to animals. There is wide agreement that it is wrong to torture
animals for fun. The situation is more complicated in cases where harm is inflicted on animals
as a side effect of the pursuit of human interests. This happens, for example, during factory
farming, when using animals as food, and for research experiments on animals.[93] A key topic in
animal ethics is the formulation of animal rights. Animal rights theorists assert that animals
have a certain moral status and that humans have an obligation to respect this status when
interacting with them.[94] Examples of suggested animal rights include the right to life, the right
to be free from unnecessary suffering, and the right to natural behavior in a suitable
environment.[95]

Environmental ethics deals with moral problems relating to the natural environment including
animals, plants, natural resources, and ecosystems. In its widest sense, it also covers the whole
biosphere and the cosmos.[96] In the domain of agriculture, this concerns questions like under
what circumstances it is acceptable to clear the vegetation of an area to use it for farming and
the implications of using genetically modified crops.[97] On a wider scale, environmental ethics
addresses the problem of global warming and how people are responsible for this both on an
individual and a collective level. Environmental ethicists often promote sustainable practices
and policies directed at protecting and conserving ecosystems and biodiversity.[98]

Business and professional ethics

Business ethics examines the moral implications of business conduct and investigates how
ethical principles apply to corporations and organizations.[99] A key topic is corporate social
responsibility, which is the responsibility of corporations to act in a manner that benefits society
at large. Corporate social responsibility is a complex issue since many stakeholders are directly
and indirectly involved in corporate decisions, such as the CEO, the board of directors, and the
shareholders. A closely related topic concerns the question of whether corporations themselves,
and not just their stakeholders, have moral agency.[100] Business ethics further examines the role
of truthfulness, honesty, and fairness in business practices as well as the moral implications of
bribery, conflict of interest, protection of investors and consumers, worker's rights, ethical
leadership, and corporate philanthropy.[99]
Professional ethics is a closely related field that studies ethical principles applying to members
of a specific profession, like engineers, medical doctors, lawyers, and teachers. It is a diverse
field since different professions often have different responsibilities.[101] Principles applying to
many professions include that the professional has the required expertise for the intended work
and that they have personal integrity and are trustworthy. Further principles are to serve the
interest of their target group, follow client confidentiality, and respect and uphold the client's
rights, such as informed consent.[102] More precise requirements often vary between
professions. A cornerstone of engineering ethics is to protect the public's safety, health, and
well-being.[103] Legal ethics emphasizes the importance of respect for justice, personal integrity,
and confidentiality.[104] Key factors in journalism ethics include accuracy, truthfulness,
independence, and impartiality as well as proper attribution to avoid plagiarism.[105]

Others
Many other fields of applied ethics are discussed in the academic literature. Communication
ethics covers moral principles in relation to communicative conduct. Two key issues in it are
freedom of speech and speech responsibility. Freedom of speech concerns the ability to
articulate one's opinions and ideas without the threats of punishment and censorship. Speech
responsibility is about being accountable for the consequences of communicative action and
inaction.[106] A closely related field is information ethics, which focuses on the moral
implications of creating, controlling, disseminating, and using information.[107]

Nuclear ethics address the moral

implications of nuclear technology,
such as atom bombs.

The ethics of technology has implications for both communication ethics and information ethics
in regard to communication and information technologies. In its widest sense, it examines the
moral issues associated with any artifacts created and used for instrumental means, from
simple artifacts like spears to high-tech computers and nanotechnology.[108] Central topics in
the ethics of technology include the risks associated with creating new technologies, their
responsible use, and questions surrounding the issue of human enhancement through
technological means, such as prosthetic limbs, performance-enhancing drugs, and genetic
enhancement.[109] Important subfields include computer ethics, ethics of artificial intelligence,
machine ethics, ethics of nanotechnology, and nuclear ethics.[110]

The ethics of war investigates moral problems in relation to war and violent conflicts. According
to just war theory, waging war is morally justified if it fulfills certain conditions. They are
commonly divided into requirements concerning the cause to initiate violent activities, such as
self-defense, and the way those violent activities are conducted, such as avoiding excessive
harm to civilians in the pursuit of legitimate military targets.[111] Military ethics is a closely
related field that is interested in the conduct of military personnel. It governs questions of the
circumstances under which they are permitted to kill enemies, destroy infrastructure, and put the
lives of their own troops at risk.[112] Additional topics are recruitment, training, and discharge of
military personnel as well as the procurement of military equipment.[113]

Further fields of applied ethics include political ethics, which examines the moral dimensions of
political decisions,[114] educational ethics, which covers ethical issues related to proper teaching
practices,[115] and sexual ethics, which addresses the moral implications of sexual behavior.[116]

Metaethics
Metaethics is the branch of ethics that examines the nature, foundations, and scope of moral
judgments, concepts, and values. It is not interested in what actions are right or wrong but in
what it means for an action to be right or wrong and whether moral judgments are objective and
can be true at all. It further examines the meaning of morality and moral terms.[117] Metaethics is
a metatheory that operates on a higher level of abstraction than normative ethics by
investigating its underlying background assumptions. Metaethical theories usually do not
directly take substantive positions regarding normative ethical theories but they can influence
them nonetheless by questioning the foundational principles on which they rest.[118]

Metaethics overlaps with various branches of philosophy. On the level of ontology, it is

concerned with the metaphysical status of moral values and principles.[119] In relation to
semantics, it asks what the meaning of moral terms is and whether moral statements have a
truth value.[120] The epistemological side of metaethics discusses whether and how people can
acquire moral knowledge.[121] Metaethics further covers psychological and anthropological
considerations in regard to how moral judgments motivate people to act and how to explain
cross-cultural differences in moral assessments.[122]

Basic concepts
Metaethics examines basic ethical concepts and their relations. Ethics is concerned with
normative statements about what ought to be the case, in contrast to descriptive statements,
which are about what is the case.[123] Duties and obligations express requirements of what
people ought to do.[124] Duties are sometimes defined as counterparts of the rights that always
accompany them. According to this view, someone has a duty to benefit another person if this
other person has the right to receive that benefit.[125] Obligation and permission are contrasting
terms that can be defined through each other: to be obligated to do something means that one
is not permitted not to do it and to be permitted to do something means that one is not obligated
not to do it.[126][c] Some theorists define obligations in terms of values, such as the good. When
used in a general sense, good contrasts with bad. In relation to people and their intentions, the
term evil rather than bad is often employed.[127]

Obligations are used to assess the moral status of actions, motives, and character traits.[128] An
action is morally right if it is in tune with the obligations and morally wrong if it violates the
obligations.[129] Supererogation is a special moral status that applies to cases in which the agent
does more than is morally required of them.[130] To be morally responsible for an action usually
means that the person possessed and exercised certain capacities or some form of control.
People who are morally responsible deserve evaluative attitudes from others, such as praise or
blame.[131]

Realism, relativism, and nihilism

A key debate in metaethics concerns the ontological status of morality and encompasses the
question of whether ethical values and principles form part of reality. It examines whether moral
properties exist as objective features independent of the human mind and culture rather than as
subjective constructs or expressions of personal preferences and cultural norms.[132]

Moral realists accept the claim that there are objective moral facts. This view implies that moral
values are mind-independent aspects of reality and that there is an absolute fact about whether
a given action is right or wrong. A consequence of this view is that moral requirements have the
same ontological status as non-moral facts: it is an objective fact whether there is an obligation
to keep a promise just as there is an objective fact whether a thing has a black color.[132] Moral
realism is often associated with the claim that there are universal ethical principles that apply
equally to everyone.[133] It implies that if two people disagree about a moral evaluation then at
least one of them is wrong. This observation is sometimes taken as an argument against moral
realism since moral disagreement is widespread and concerns most fields.[134]

Moral relativists reject the idea that morality is an objective feature of reality. They argue instead
that moral principles are human inventions. This means that a behavior is not objectively right or
wrong but only subjectively right or wrong relative to a certain standpoint. Moral standpoints
may differ between persons, cultures, and historical periods.[135] For example, moral statements
like "slavery is wrong" or "suicide is permitted" may be true in one culture and false in
another.[136] This position can be understood in analogy to Einstein's theory of relativity, which
states that the magnitude of physical properties like mass, length, and duration depends on the
frame of reference of the observer.[137] Some moral relativists hold that moral systems are
constructed to serve certain goals such as social coordination. According to this view, different
societies and different social groups within a society construct different moral systems based
on their diverging purposes.[138] A different explanation states that morality arises from moral
emotions, which people project onto the external world.[139]

Moral nihilists deny the existence of moral facts. They are opposed to both objective moral facts
defended by moral realism and subjective moral facts defended by moral relativism. They
believe that the basic assumptions underlying moral claims are misguided. Some moral nihilists,
like Friedrich Nietzsche, conclude from this that anything is allowed. A slightly different view
emphasizes that moral nihilism is not itself a moral position about what is allowed and
prohibited but the rejection of any moral position.[140] Moral nihilism agrees with moral relativism
that there are different standpoints according to which people judge actions to be right or
wrong. However, it disagrees that this practice involves a form of morality and understands it
instead as one among many types of human practices.[141]
Naturalism and non-naturalism
An influential debate among moral realists is between naturalism and non-naturalism.
Naturalism states that moral properties are natural properties and are in this respect similar to
the natural properties accessible to empirical observation and investigated by the natural
sciences, like color and shape.[142] Some moral naturalists hold that moral properties are a
unique and basic type of natural property. Another view states that moral properties are real but
not a fundamental part of reality and can be reduced to other natural properties, for example,
concerning what causes pleasure and pain.[143]

Non-naturalism accepts that moral properties form part of reality and argues that moral features
are not identical or reducible to natural properties. This view is usually motivated by the idea that
moral properties are unique because they express normative features or what should be the
case.[144] Proponents of this position often emphasize this uniqueness by claiming that it is a
fallacy to define ethics in terms of natural entities or to infer prescriptive from descriptive
statements.[145]

Cognitivism and non-cognitivism

The metaethical debate between cognitivism and non-cognitivism belongs to the field of
semantics and concerns the meaning of moral statements. According to cognitivism, moral
statements like "Abortion is morally wrong" and "Going to war is never morally justified" are truth-
apt. This means that they all have a truth value: they are either true or false. Cognitivism only
claims that moral statements have a truth value but is not interested in which truth value they
have. It is often seen as the default position since moral statements resemble other statements,
like "Abortion is a medical procedure" or "Going to war is a political decision", which have a truth
value.[146]

The semantic position of cognitivism is closely related to the ontological position of moral
realism and philosophers who accept one often accept the other as well. An exception is J. L.
Mackie's error theory, which combines cognitivism with moral nihilism by claiming that all moral
statements are false because there are no moral facts.[147]
Non-cognitivism is the view that moral statements lack a truth value. According to this view, the
statement "Murder is wrong" is neither true nor false. Some non-cognitivists claim that moral
statements have no meaning at all. A different interpretation is that they express other types of
meaning contents. Emotivism holds that they articulate emotional attitudes. According to this
view, the statement "Murder is wrong" expresses that the speaker has negative moral attitudes
towards murder or dislikes it. Prescriptivism, by contrast, understands moral statements as
commands. According to this view, stating that "Murder is wrong" expresses a command like
"Do not commit murder".[148]

Moral knowledge
The epistemology of ethics studies whether or how one can know moral truths. Foundationalist
views state that some moral beliefs are basic and do not require further justification. Ethical
intuitionism is one foundationalist view that states that humans have a special cognitive faculty
through which they can know right from wrong. Intuitionists often argue that general moral
truths, like "lying is wrong", are self-evident and that it is possible to know them a priori without
relying on empirical experience. A different foundationalist view relies not on general intuitions
but on particular observations. It holds that if people are confronted with a concrete moral
situation, they can perceive whether right or wrong conduct was involved.[149]

In contrast to foundationalists, coherentists hold that there are no basic moral beliefs. They
argue that beliefs form a complex network and mutually support and justify one another.
According to this view, a moral belief can only amount to knowledge if it coheres with the rest of
the beliefs in the network.[149] Moral skeptics reject the idea that moral knowledge is possible by
arguing that people are unable to distinguish between right and wrong behavior. Moral
skepticism is often criticized based on the claim that it leads to immoral behavior.[150]
 The trolley problem is a thought experiment
about the moral difference between doing and
allowing harm.

Thought experiments are a common methodological device in ethics to decide between

competing theories. They usually present an imagined situation involving an ethical dilemma
and explore how moral intuitions about what behavior is right depend on particular factors in the
imagined situation.[151] For example, in the trolley problem, a person can flip a switch to redirect
a trolley from one track to another, thereby sacrificing the life of one person in order to save five.
This scenario explores how the difference between doing and allowing harm affects moral
obligations.[152] Another thought experiment examines the moral implications of abortion by
imagining a situation in which a person gets connected without their consent to an ill violinist. It
explores whether it would be morally permissible to sever the connection within the next nine
months even if this would lead to the violinist's death.[153]

Moral motivation
On the level of psychology, metaethics is interested in how moral beliefs and experiences affect
behavior. According to motivational internalists, there is a direct link between moral judgments
and action. This means that every judgment about what is right motivates the person to act
accordingly. For example, Socrates defends a strong form of motivational internalism by holding
that a person can only perform an evil deed if they are unaware that it is evil. Weaker forms of
motivational internalism allow that people can act against moral judgments, for example,
because of weakness of the will. Motivational externalists accept that people can judge a
behavior to be morally required without feeling a reason to engage in it. This means that moral
judgments do not always provide motivational force. The debate between internalism and
externalism is relevant for explaining the behavior of psychopaths or sociopaths, who fail either
to judge that a behavior is wrong or to translate their judgment into action.[154] A closely related
question is whether moral judgments can provide motivation on their own or need to be
accompanied by other mental states, such as a desire to act morally.[155]
Related fields

Value theory
Value theory, also referred to as axiology,[d] is the philosophical study of value. It aims to
understand what value is and what types of value there are. Further questions include what
kinds of things have value and how valuable they are.[157] A central distinction is between
intrinsic and instrumental value. An entity has intrinsic value if it is good in itself or good for its
own sake. An entity has instrumental value if it is valuable as a means to something else, for
example, by causing something that has intrinsic value.[158] Another key topic is about what
entities have intrinsic value, for example, whether pleasure has intrinsic value and whether there
are other sources of intrinsic value besides pleasure.[159]

There are disagreements about the exact relation between value theory and ethics. Some
philosophers characterize value theory as a subdiscipline of ethics while others see value theory
as the broader term that encompasses other fields besides ethics, such as aesthetics and
political philosophy.[160] A different characterization sees the two disciplines as overlapping but
distinct fields.[161] The term axiological ethics is sometimes used for the discipline studying this
overlap, i.e., for the part of ethics that studies values.[162] The two disciplines are sometimes
distinguished based on their focus: ethics is about moral behavior or what is right while value
theory is about value or what is good.[163] Some ethical theories, like consequentialism, stand
very close to value theory by defining what is right in terms of what is good. But this is not true
for ethics in general and deontological theories tend to reject the idea that what is good can be
used to define what is right.[164]

Moral psychology
Moral psychology explores the psychological foundations and processes involved in moral
behavior. It is an empirical science that studies how humans think and act in moral contexts. It is
interested in how moral reasoning and judgments take place, how moral character forms, what
sensitivity people have to moral evaluations, and how people attribute and react to moral
responsibility.[165]

One of its key topics is moral development or the question of how morality develops on a
psychological level from infancy to adulthood.[166] According to Lawrence Kohlberg, for example,
children go through different stages of moral development as they understand moral principles
first as fixed rules governing reward and punishment, then as conventional social norms, and
later as abstract principles of what is objectively right across societies.[167] A closely related
question is whether and how people can be taught to act morally.[168]

Evolutionary ethics is a subfield of moral psychology and sociobiology. It explores how

evolutionary processes have shaped ethics. One of its key ideas is that natural selection is
responsible for moral behavior and moral sensitivity. It interprets morality as an adaptation to
evolutionary pressure that augments fitness by offering a selective advantage.[169] Altruism, for
example, can provide benefits to group survival by improving cooperation.[170]

Descriptive ethics
Descriptive ethics, also called comparative ethics,[171] studies actually existing moral codes,
practices, and beliefs. It investigates and compares moral phenomena in different societies and
different groups within a society. It aims to provide a value-neutral and empirical description
without judging or justifying which practices are objectively right. For instance, the question of
how nurses think about the ethical implications of abortion belongs to descriptive ethics.
Another example is descriptive business ethics, which describes ethical standards in the context
of business, including common practices, official policies, and employee opinions. Descriptive
ethics also has a historical dimension by exploring how moral practices and beliefs have
changed over time.[172]

Descriptive ethics is a multidisciplinary field that is covered by disciplines such as anthropology,

sociology, psychology, and history. Its empirical outlook contrasts with the philosophical inquiry
into normative questions, such as which ethical principles are correct and how to justify
them.[173]

History

Head of Laozi marble Tang Dynasty (618-

906 CE) Shaanxi Province China
According to Laozi's teachings of Daoism, humans should aim to live in harmony with the natural order of the universe.

The history of ethics studies how moral philosophy has developed and evolved in the course of
history.[174] It has its origin in the ancient civilizations. In ancient Egypt, the concept of Maat was
used as an ethical principle to guide behavior and maintain order by emphasizing the
importance of truth, balance, and harmony.[175] In ancient India, the Vedas and Upanishads were
written as the foundational texts of Hindu philosophy and discussed the role of duty and the
consequences of one's actions.[176] Buddhist ethics also originated in ancient India and
advocated compassion, non-violence, and the pursuit of enlightenment.[177] Ancient China saw
the emergence of Confucianism, which focuses on moral conduct and self-cultivation by acting
in accordance with virtues, and Daoism, which teaches that human behavior should be in
harmony with the natural order of the universe.[178]

In ancient Greece, Socrates emphasized the importance of inquiry into what a good life is by
critically questioning established ideas and exploring concepts like virtue, justice, courage, and
wisdom.[179] According to Plato, to lead a good life means that the different parts of the soul are
in harmony with each other.[180] For Aristotle, a good life is associated with being happy by
cultivating virtues and flourishing.[181] The close relation between right action and happiness
was also explored by Hellenistic schools of Epicureanism, which recommended a simple
lifestyle without indulging in sensory pleasures, and Stoicism, which advocated living in tune
with reason and virtue while practicing self-mastery and becoming immune to disturbing
emotions.[182]

Ethical thought in the medieval period was strongly influenced by religious teachings. Christian
philosophers interpreted moral principles as divine commands originating from God.[183]
Thomas Aquinas developed natural law ethics by claiming that ethical behavior consists in
following the laws and order of nature, which he believed were created by God.[184] In the Islamic
world, philosophers like Al-Farabi and Avicenna synthesized ancient Greek philosophy with the
ethical teachings of Islam while emphasizing the harmony between reason and faith.[185] In
medieval India, philosophers like Adi Shankara and Ramanuja saw the practice of spirituality to
attain liberation as the highest goal of human behavior.[186]

Photo of George Edward Moore

G. E. Moore's book Principia Ethica was partly responsible for the emergence of
metaethics in the 20th century.

Moral philosophy in the modern period was characterized by a shift toward a secular approach
to ethics. Thomas Hobbes identified self-interest as the primary drive of humans. He concluded
that it would lead to "a war of every man against every man" unless a social contract is
established to avoid this outcome.[187] David Hume thought that only moral sentiments, like
empathy, can motivate ethical actions while he saw reason not as a motivating factor but only
as what anticipates the consequences of possible actions.[188] Immanuel Kant, by contrast, saw
reason as the source of morality. He formulated a deontological theory, according to which the
ethical value of actions depends on their conformity with moral laws independent of their
outcome. These laws take the form of categorical imperatives, which are universal requirements
that apply to every situation.[189] Another influential development in this period was the
formulation of utilitarianism by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. According to the
utilitarian doctrine, actions should promote happiness while reducing suffering and the right
action is the one that produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people.[190]

An important development in 20th-century ethics in analytic philosophy was the emergence of

metaethics.[191] Significant early contributions to this field were made by G. E. Moore, who
argued that moral values are essentially different from other properties found in the natural
world.[192] R. M. Hare followed this idea in formulating his prescriptivism, which states that
moral statements are commands that, unlike regular judgments, are neither true nor false.[193]
An influential argument for moral realism was made by Derek Parfit, who argued that morality
concerns objective features of reality that give people reasons to act in one way or another.[194]
Bernard Williams agreed with the close relation between reasons and ethics but defended a
subjective view instead that sees reasons as internal mental states that may or may not reflect
external reality.[195] Another development in this period was the revival of ancient virtue ethics by
philosophers like Philippa Foot.[196] In the field of political philosophy, John Rawls relied on
Kantian ethics to analyze social justice as a form of fairness.[197] In continental philosophy,
phenomenologists such as Max Scheler and Nicolai Hartmann built ethical systems based on
the claim that values have objective reality that can be investigated using the phenomenological
method.[198] Existentialists like Jean-Paul Sartre, by contrast, held that values are created by
humans and explored the consequences of this view in relation to individual freedom,
responsibility, and authenticity.[199] This period also saw the emergence of feminist ethics, which
questions traditional ethical assumptions associated with a male perspective and puts
alternative concepts, like care, at the center.[200]

See also

Effective altruism
Ethical movement
Index of ethics articles
Longtermism
Master of Applied Ethics
Neuroethics
Outline of ethics
Practical philosophy
 Science of morality
Trail ethics

References

Notes

a. Some theorists define teleological ethics as

the wider term that also encompasses
certain forms of virtue ethics.[20]
b. Some ethicists state that contractualism is
not a normative ethical theory but a
metaethical theory because of its emphasis
on how moral norms are justified.[56]
c. Deontic logic provides a formal system
describing the logical relations between
these and similar concepts.[126]
 d. There are disagreements in the academic
literature about whether they are synonyms
or whether one or the other is the wider
term.[156]

Citations

1. McNamara & Van De Putte 2022,

Lead Section, § 1.2 The Traditional
Scheme and the Modal Analogies
Ribino & Lodato 2019, p. 3
2. Vogt 2017, pp. 42–43 (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=DXAuDwA
AQBAJ&pg=PA42)
Hollenbach 2002, p. 3 (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=QEKQxJZq-
a8C&pg=PA3)
3. Norman 2005, p. 622
Nagel 2006, Lead Section
Crisp 2011, § 1. Ethics and
Metaethics
Deigh 1999, pp. 284–285
Mulvaney 2009, pp. vii–xi
4. Nagel 2006, § What Is Morality?
Crisp 2011, § 1. Ethics and
Metaethics
Haiming 2021, pp. 1–2
Paul & Elder 2005, § Why a Mini-
Guide on Ethical Reasoning?
5. AHD staff 2022
Crisp 2011, § 1. Ethics and
Metaethics
Deigh 1999, pp. 284–285
6. Athanassoulis 2012, pp. 22–27
Downie 2005, p. 271
Blum 2006
7. Crisp 2011, § 1. Ethics and
Metaethics
Nagel 2006, Lead Section
Dittmer, § 1. Applied Ethics as
Distinct from Normative Ethics and
Metaethic
8. Hoad 1993, p. 156
Liddell & Scott 1889, p. 349 (https://
archive.org/details/intermediategre
e00lidd/page/n353/mode/2up?view
=theater)
 9. Dittmer, § 1. Applied Ethics as
Distinct from Normative Ethics and
Metaethics
Kagan 1998, pp. 1–2
Gustafson 2020, pp. 1–2 (https://lin
k.springer.com/referenceworkentry/
10.1007/978-3-319-23514-1_1222-
1)
Thomas 2022
10. Kagan 1998, pp. 1–3
11. Barsh & Lisewski 2013, p. 29 (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=tSz
dAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29)
Kagan 1998, pp. 18–19
12. Sims 2017, p. 6 (https://books.goog
le.com/books?id=J6csDwAAQBAJ&
pg=PA6)
Barsh & Lisewski 2013, p. 29 (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=tSz
dAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29)
Kagan 1998, pp. 7–10
Sulmasy & Sugarman 2010, p. 11 (ht
tps://books.google.com/books?id=
QPvoTjDn0B4C&pg=PA11)
Pera & Tonder 2005, p. 7 (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=S11Eg3K
jcOAC&pg=PA7)
13. Kagan 1998, p. 3
Dittmer, § 1. Applied Ethics as
Distinct from Normative Ethics and
Metaethics
14. Kagan 1998, p. 2
Gustafsson & Pietarinen 2016,
pp. 125–126 (https://books.google.
com/books?id=UDUPDQAAQBAJ&p
g=PA125)
15. Kagan 1998, pp. 2–3
16. Thomas 2022
Dittmer, § 1. Applied Ethics as
Distinct from Normative Ethics and
Metaethics
Kagan 1998, pp. 2, 11
17. Crisp 2005, pp. 200–201
18. Hursthouse & Pettigrove 2023, Lead
Section
Kagan 1998, p. 11
19. Bunnin & Yu 2009, p. 134 (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=M7ZFEAAAQBAJ&pg=
PA134)
20. McNaughton & Rawling 1998, § 1. Act-
consequentialism
21. Sinnott-Armstrong 2023, Lead
Section
Haines, Lead Section
Hooker 2023, § 1. Utilitarianism
22. Crisp 2005, pp. 200–201
Alexander & Moore 2021, § 1.
Deontology’s Foil: Consequentialism
23. Dorsey 2020, pp. 97–98 (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=d0D8DwAAQBAJ&pg=P
A97)
24. Sinnott-Armstrong 2023, Lead
Section
Haines, Lead Section
25. Hooker 2005, pp. 162–164
Zimmerman 2015, p. 17
26. Hooker 2005, pp. 162–164
Edmundson 2004, p. 158 (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=QYh_vN7
CqMEC&pg=PA158)
Brink 2020, p. 382 (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=U0D8DwAAQB
AJ&pg=PA382)
27. Sinnott-Armstrong 2023, Lead Section
28. Sinnott-Armstrong 2023, Lead
Section, § 5. Consequences of
What? Rights, Relativity, and Rules
Hooker 2005, pp. 162–164
29. Haines, Lead Section
Sinnott-Armstrong 2023, Lead
Section, § 3. What Is Good?
Hedonistic Vs. Pluralistic
Consequentialisms
Alexander & Moore 2021, § 1.
Deontology’s Foil: Consequentialism
Hooker 2005, pp. 162–164
30. Alexander & Moore 2021, § 1. Deontology’s
Foil: Consequentialism
31. Hooker 2005, pp. 162–164
Alexander & Moore 2021, § 1.
Deontology’s Foil: Consequentialism
32. Hooker 2005, pp. 162–164
Cummiskey 1996, pp. 157–158 (htt
ps://books.google.com/books?id=Z
YPmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157)
33. Sinnott-Armstrong 2023, 5.
Consequences of What? Rights,
Relativity, and Rules
Hooker 2023, Lead Section
Haines, § 1f. Rule Consequentialism
Hooker 2005, p. 164
Alexander & Moore 2021, § 1.
Deontology’s Foil: Consequentialism
34. Hooker 2005, pp. 162–164
Sinnott-Armstrong 2023, § 1.
Classic Utilitarianism, § 4. Which
Consequences? Actual Vs.
Expected Consequentialisms
35. Hooker 2005, p. 164
Slote 2005, pp. 938–939
Alexander & Moore 2021, § 1.
Deontology’s Foil: Consequentialism
Singer 2016, 47–48
Byron 2004, p. 9 (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=bRFFsQE2BrQC&
pg=PA9)
36. Littlejohn, § 1c. Mozi (c. 470-391
B.C.E.) and Mohism
Zhang 2023, p. 96 (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=2ka8EAAAQBA
J&pg=PA96)
37. Slote 2005, pp. 936, 938
Sinnott-Armstrong 2023, § 1.
Classic Utilitarianism
38. Moore 2019, Lead Section, § 2. Ethical
Hedonism
39. Slote 2005, pp. 936, 938
Morales 2005, p. 141 (https://books.
google.com/books?id=wYWGIpa7Qr
4C&pg=PA141)
Kivy 2011, p. 238 (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=-c7ThZc5Rv0C&
pg=PA238)
40. Slote 2005, p. 938
Hooker 2014, p. 281 (https://books.
google.com/books?id=z3zBAgAAQ
BAJ&pg=PA281)
41. Crisp 2005, pp. 200–201
Alexander & Moore 2021, § 2.
Deontological Theories
42. Simpson, § 6c. Deontological
Pluralism and Prima Facie Duties
Crisp 2005, pp. 200–201
43. Crisp 2005, pp. 200–201
Simpson, § 6c. Deontological
Pluralism and Prima Facie Duties
44. Alexander & Moore 2021, § 2.
Deontological Theories
Crisp 2005, pp. 200–201
45. Alexander & Moore 2021, § 2.
Deontological Theories
Hale 2017, p. 216 (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=CQNLDgAAQB
AJ&pg=PA216)
Kumm & Walen 2014, p. 81 (https://
books.google.com/books?id=DXs9
AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA81)
46. Alexander & Moore 2021, § 2.
Deontological Theories
47. Alexander & Moore 2021, § 2.4
Deontological Theories and Kant
48. Johnson & Cureton 2022, Lead
Section
O'Neill, § 1. Kant’s Ethics
Jankowiak, § 5. Moral Theory
49. Johnson & Cureton 2022, Lead Section
50. O'Neill, § 1. Kant’s Ethics
Jankowiak, § 5. Moral Theory
51. Jankowiak, § 5. Moral Theory
Johnson & Cureton 2022, § 2. Good
Will, Moral Worth and Duty, § 3. Duty
and Respect for Moral Law
52. Austin, Lead Section
Murphy 2019, Lead Section
53. Brown 2004, p. 13 (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=87hQ2AjcttEC&
pg=PA13)
Flynn 2012, p. 167 (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=pl3bToUqdAIC&
pg=PA167)
54. Flynn 2012, p. 167 (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=pl3bToUqdAIC&
pg=PA167)
Myers & Noebel 2015, p. 241 (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=hz
eACgAAQBAJ&pg=PA241)
55. Alexander & Moore 2021, § 2.3
Contractualist Deontological
Theories
Sullivan 2001, p. 118 (https://books.
google.com/books?id=1vkgWX7GRr
0C&pg=PA118)
Ashford & Mulgan 2018, Lead
Section
56. Alexander & Moore 2021, § 2.3
Contractualist Deontological Theories
57. Chakraborti 2023, p. 39 (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=f5jXEAAA
QBAJ&pg=PA39)
Metselaar & Widdershoven 2016,
pp. 895–896 (https://link.springer.c
om/referenceworkentry/10.1007/97
8-3-319-09483-0_145)
Finlayson & Rees 2023, § 3.3 The
Principles of Discourse Ethics and
Their Justification
58. Slote 2005a, pp. 947–948
Hursthouse & Pettigrove 2023, Lead
Section
59. Hursthouse & Pettigrove 2023, Lead
Section, § 1.1 Virtue
Slote 2005a, pp. 947–948
60. Hursthouse & Pettigrove 2023, § 1.2
Practical Wisdom
Caro, Marraffa & Vaccarezza 2021,
pp. 31–33 (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=QL4sEAAAQBAJ&pg=
PT31)
61. Hursthouse & Pettigrove 2023, § 2.
Forms of Virtue Ethics
Nafsika Athanassoulis, § 3. Virtue
Ethical Theories
62. Nafsika Athanassoulis, § 3c. The
Ethics of Care
Sander-Staudt, Lead Section
63. Oosthuizen 2002, p. 21 (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=UzDm7N
NHVGUC&pg=PA21)
Kraut 2022, Lead Section, § 5. The
Doctrine of the Mean
64. Stephens, Lead Section
Campbell 1985, pp. 327–328
65. Hursthouse 1999, p. 3 (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=EbHmCwAAQBAJ&pg=P
A3)
66. Peterson 2020, pp. 65–66 (https://a
cademic.oup.com/book/40526/cha
pter-abstract/347844589?redirected
From=fulltext)
Legg & Hookway 2021, § 6.2 Ethics
LaFollette 2007, § The Primacy of
Habits, § Morality Is a Habit
67. Bauman 1993, pp. 8–13
Kendall 2017, pp. 195–196 (https://
books.google.com/books?id=VyRIE
AAAQBAJ&pg=PA195)
68. Shaver 2023, Lead Section, § 2.
Ethical Egoism
McEwan 2001, p. 87 (https://books.
google.com/books?id=7ebzqK53ay
8C&pg=PA87)
69. Bollag 2006, pp. 15–16 (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=zMs-_Giyk
6QC&pg=PA15)
Blidstein 1995, pp. 5–6 (https://ww
w.jstor.org/stable/23260803)
70. Beach 1988, p. 36 (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=OUtss9YhnvEC
&pg=PA36)
Porter 2010, p. 73 (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=KF6MauIHGKg
C&pg=PA73)
71. Verhoeven 2013, p. 27 (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=RYpTAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA
27)
72. Chowdhury 2019, p. 494 (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=qy2bDwAAQBAJ&pg=P
A494)
73. Beaman & Strumos 2022, p. 76 (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=0OV5EAAAQBAJ
&pg=PA76)
74. Chakraborti 2023, p. 122 (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=f5jXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA
122)
75. Wu & Wokutch 2008, p. 404 (https://books.
google.com/books?id=5m9yq0Eu-vsC&pg=
PT474)
76. Ames 2013, p. 1681 (https://books.
google.com/books?id=KfeOAQAAQ
BAJ&pg=PA1685)
Brannigan 2010, p. 145 (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=axvPxswq
NLQC&pg=PA145)
77. Darwall 2003, p. 17
Chakraborti 2023, pp. 619–620 (htt
ps://books.google.com/books?id=f
5jXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA619)
78. Almond 1998, Lead Section, § 1.
Definitions
Dittmer, Lead Section, § 1. Applied
Ethics as Distinct from Normative
Ethics and Metaethics
Petersen & Ryberg 2022
Winkler 1998, pp. 174–175 (https://
www.sciencedirect.com/science/art
icle/abs/pii/B97801237393220001
68)
79. Winkler 1998, pp. 175–176 (https://www.sc
iencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9
780123739322000168)
80. Beaucham 2003, pp. 7–9
81. Beaucham 2003, pp. 7–9
Winkler 1998, pp. 176–117 (https://
www.sciencedirect.com/science/art
icle/abs/pii/B97801237393220001
68)
Almond 1998, § 2. Theory and
Practice
82. Almond 1998, § 2. Theory and Practice
83. Almond 1998, § 1. Definitions
84. Ryberg 2010, p. 3 (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=ZsCRosM367g
C&pg=PA3)
Meynell & Paron 2023, p. 11 (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=Vr
TFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11)
Chakraborti 2023, p. 620 (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=f5jXEAA
AQBAJ&pg=PA620)
Winkler 1998, pp. 174–175 (https://
www.sciencedirect.com/science/art
icle/abs/pii/B97801237393220001
68)
85. Dittmer, § 3. Bioethics
Gordon, Lead Section
Gillon 1998, pp. 267–268
86. Gordon, Lead Section, § 4. The Idea
of Moral Status in Bioethics
Dittmer, § 4a. Theories of Moral
Standing and Personhood
87. Holmes 2018, pp. 288–289
Gordon, § 3d. Environmental Ethics
88. Dittmer, § 3. Bioethics
Gordon, Lead Section, § 1.
Preliminary Distinctions
89. Gordon, Lead Section, § 3a. Introduction
90. Gordon, Lead Section, § 3b. Medical Ethics
91. Dittmer, § 3. Bioethics
Gordon, Lead Section, § 3b. Medical
Ethics
92. Dittmer, § 3. Bioethics
Delden 1998, pp. 200–201
93. Wilson, Lead Section
Gordon, Lead Section, § 3c. Animal
Ethics
Holmes 2018, pp. 317–319
94. Holmes 2018, pp. 333–334
95. Francione 2004, pp. 115–116 (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=oc
bdJD2oUW0C&pg=PA115)
Yount 2007, p. 26 (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=R4jQ_upQZroC
&pg=PA26)
96. Gordon, § 3d. Environmental Ethics
Sandler 1998, pp. 105–106
Brennan & Lo 2022, Lead Section
 97. Brennan & Lo 2022, § 1.
Introduction: The Challenge of
Environmental Ethics
Gordon, § 3d. Environmental Ethics
98. Gordon, § 3d. Environmental Ethics
Cochrane, § 2. Radical Ecology
Smith 2018, p. 36 (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=LFBVDwAAQBA
J&pg=PA36)
99. Rendtorff 1998, pp. 365–366
Dittmer, § 2. Business Ethics
100. Dueñas et al. 2018, pp. xv–xvi (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=oP
BJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR16)
Dittmer, § 2. Business Ethics
Rendtorff 1998, pp. 365–366
101. Airaksinen 1998
Dittmer, § 5. Professional Ethics
102. Airaksinen 1998, pp. 617–620
103. Catalano 2022, p. 17 (https://books.google.
com/books?id=bYhyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1
7)
104. Parker & Evans 2007, pp. 22–23 (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=-3dVoptUyrwC&
pg=PA22)
105. Medvecky & Leach 2019, p. 35 (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=Np
O7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35)
Mentan 2022, p. 280 (https://books.
google.com/books?id=OwbOEAAAQ
BAJ&pg=PA280)
Patching & Hirst 2013, p. 69 (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=FF
clAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69)
106. Kvalnes 2023, pp. 101, 105 (https://l
ink.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/
978-3-031-28971-2_12)
Christians 2005
107. ten Have & Patrão Neves 2021,
p. 633 (https://link.springer.com/ch
apter/10.1007/978-3-030-54161-3_
310)
Elrod & Smith 2005
108. Braunack-Mayer, Street & Palmer 1998,
pp. 321–322
109. Braunack-Mayer, Street & Palmer
1998, pp. 323–326
Robson & Tsou 2023, pp. 16–17 (htt
ps://books.google.com/books?id=3
gumEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16)
110. Tzafestas 2015, p. 2 (https://books.
google.com/books?id=EdpECgAAQ
BAJ&pg=PA2)
Mitcham 2022, p. 101 (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=0uF-EAAA
QBAJ&pg=PA101)
111. Frowe 2021, Lead Section
Lazar 2020, Lead Section, § 3. Jus
Ad Bellum, § 4. Jus in Bello
Sorabji & Rodin 2007, pp. 2–3
112. Wolfendale 2007, pp. 47–78 (http
s://link.springer.com/chapter/10.10
57/9780230592803_4)
Baumann 2007, pp. 34–35
113. Fotion 1998, pp. 121, 123–124, 126
114. Hall & Sabl 2022, pp. 1–2 (https://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=4bhiEA
AAQBAJ&pg=PA1)
Gay 2006, p. 189 (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=VKprw2w_IJQC&
pg=PA189)
115. Maxwell 2023, pp. 609–610 (https://link.spr
inger.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/97
8-3-030-22767-8_1323)
116. Boonin 2022, p. 1 (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=8L1dEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1)
117. Harrison 2005, pp. 588–589
DeLapp, Lead Section
Sayre-McCord 2023, Lead Section
118. DeLapp, Lead Section, § 2. The
Normative Relevance of Metaethics
Sayre-McCord 2023, Lead Section, §
1. General Observations
119. DeLapp, Lead Section, § 4.
Ontological Issues in Metaethics
Sayre-McCord 2023, Lead Section, §
3. Naturalism and Non-naturalism
120. DeLapp, Lead Section, § 3.
Semantic Issues in Metaethics
Sayre-McCord 2023, Lead Section, §
4. Is/Ought and the Open Question
Argument
121. DeLapp, Lead Section, § 6.
Epistemological Issues in
Metaethics
Sayre-McCord 2023, Lead Section, §
5. Moral Epistemology
122. DeLapp, Lead Section, § 5.
Psychology and Metaethics, 7.
Anthropological Considerations
Sayre-McCord 2023, Lead Section, §
6. Morals, Motives, and Reasons, §
7. Freedom and Responsibility
123. Miller 2023, pp. 1–4
Lloyd & Hansen 2003, p. 21 (https://
books.google.com/books?id=agwM
iPq5R1QC&pg=PA21)
124. O'Neill 2013, pp. 423–424 (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=KfeOAQAAQBAJ&pg=P
A423)
125. Stoljar 1984, pp. 36–37
Feibleman 1967, pp. 121–122
Corbin 1924, pp. 501–502
126. McNamara & Van De Putte 2022, §
1.2 The Traditional Scheme and the
Modal Analogies
Belzer, § 1. Standard Deontic Logic
(SDL)
127. Haiming 2021, pp. 75–76
Miller 2023, pp. 4–5
Calder 2022, Lead Section
128. Miller 2023, pp. 4–5
129. Pick 2004, pp. 159–160
Haiming 2021, pp. 88–89
Miller 2023, pp. 5–6
130. Heyd 2019, Lead Section
Miller 2023, pp. 5–6
131. Talbert 2019, Lead Section
Williams, Lead Section, § 1.
Introduction
132. DeLapp, Lead Section, § 4a. Moral
Realisms
Sayre-McCord 2023a, Lead Section
133. DeLapp, § 4a. Moral Realisms
134. Sayre-McCord 2023a, § 1. Moral
Disagreement
DeLapp, § 4a. Moral Realisms
135. DeLapp, § 4b. Moral Relativisms
Gowans 2021, Lead Section, § 2.
Forms and Arguments
Westacott, Lead Section
Dreier 2007, pp. 240–241
136. Westacott, § 2g. Moral Relativism
Gowans 2021, § 6. Metaethical
Moral Relativism
137. Dreier 2007, pp. 240–241
138. DeLapp, § 4b. Moral Relativisms
Gowans 2021, § 6. Metaethical
Moral Relativism
139. Dreier 2007, p. 241
140. Dreier 2007, pp. 240–241
Krellenstein 2017, pp. 75–90 (http
s://www.jstor.org/stable/4463152
9)
141. Dreier 2007, pp. 241–242
142. Lutz 2023, Lead Section, § 1. What
Is Moral Naturalism?
DeLapp, § 4a. Moral Realisms
143. Lutz 2023, § 1. What Is Moral
Naturalism?, § 2. Descriptivism and
Reductivism
DeLapp, § 4a. Moral Realisms
144. FitzPatrick 2011, pp. 7–35 (https://li
nk.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9
780230294899_2) , Ethical Non-
Naturalism and Normative
Properties
Ridge 2019, Lead Section
145. Ridge 2019, § 1. The Naturalistic
Fallacy
Shafer-Landau 2020, p. 148 (https://
books.google.com/books?id=rWjxD
wAAQBAJ&pg=PA148)
146. DeLapp, § 3a. Cognitivism Versus
Non-Cognitivism
Miller 2023, pp. 14–15
147. Miller 2023, pp. 14–15
148. Miller 2023, pp. 14–15
DeLapp, § 3a. Cognitivism Versus
Non-Cognitivism
Moreland & Craig 2017, p. 417 (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=de
DeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA417)
149. DeLapp, § 6. Epistemological Issues
in Metaethics
Sayre-McCord 2023, § 5. Moral
Epistemology
150. Sinnott-Armstrong 2019, Lead
Section, § 1. Varieties of Moral
Skepticism, § 2. A Presumption
Against Moral Skepticism?
Sayre-McCord 2023, § 5. Moral
Epistemology
151. Brun 2017, pp. 195–196
Brown & Fehige 2019, Lead Section
Baggini & Fosl 2024, p. 284 (https://
books.google.com/books?id=mZvfE
AAAQBAJ&pg=PA284)
152. Brun 2017, p. 195
Woollard & Howard-Snyder 2022, §
3. The Trolley Problem and the
Doing/Allowing Distinction
Rini, § 8. Moral Cognition and Moral
Epistemology
153. Brun 2017, p. 195
Brown & Fehige 2019, § 1.
Important Characteristics of
Thought Experiments
154. DeLapp, § 5. Psychology and
Metaethics
Sayre-McCord 2023, § 6. Morals,
Motives, and Reasons
Rosati 2016, Lead Section, § 3.
Moral Judgment and Motivation
Reilly 1977, pp. 101–102
Milevski 2017, p. 3
155. Rosati 2016, Lead Section, § 3. Moral
Judgment and Motivation
156. Schroeder 2021, Lead Section
Hirose & Olson 2015, pp. 1–2 (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=uv
zVBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1)
Grenz, Guretzki & Nordling 2010,
p. 18 (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=Iv-LCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18)
157. Smith & Thomas, Lead Section
Schroeder 2021, Lead Section
Hirose & Olson 2015, pp. 1–2 (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=uv
zVBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1)
158. Schroeder 2021, § 2.1 Intrinsic
Value
Zimmerman & Bradley 2019, Lead
Section
159. Schroeder 2021, § 2.2
Monism/Pluralism
Zimmerman & Bradley 2019, § 1.
What Has Intrinsic Value?
160. Schroeder 2021, Lead Section
Cowan 2020, pp. 17–18 (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=_2jDDwAA
QBAJ&pg=PA17)
Stecker 2010, pp. 525–526
161. Hirose & Olson 2015, pp. 1–2 (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=uvzVBgAAQBAJ&p
g=PA1)
162. Kupperman 2005, pp. 73–74
163. Calida 2022, pp. 77–79 (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=2LVrEAAA
QBAJ&pg=PA77)
Grenz, Guretzki & Nordling 2010,
p. 18 (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=Iv-LCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18)
164. Crisp 2005, pp. 200–201
Alexander & Moore 2021, § 1.
Deontology’s Foil: Consequentialism
Schroeder 2021, § 3. Relation to the
Deontic
165. Doris et al. 2020, Lead Section, §
Introduction: What Is Moral
Psychology?
Thoma 2015, pp. 230–231 (https://
books.google.com/books?id=SqBh
CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA230)
Rudy-Hiller 2022, p. 509 (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=j81kEAAA
QBAJ&pg=PA509)
166. Puka, Lead Section, § 1. What It Is
167. Linn 1994, p. 330 (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=vayVldaXP-0C&p
g=PA330)
Eysenck 2004, pp. 586–588 (https://
books.google.com/books?id=rU9M
RvYIh5YC&pg=PA586)
168. Meyer 2023, Abstract, Lead Section
Matsuba, Murzyn & Hart 2011,
pp. 181–182
169. Schroeder, Lead Section
Mesoudi & Danielson 2008,
pp. 229–230
Rice 2009, p. 153 (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=YRcAVvmE6eM
C&pg=PA153)
170. Rice 2009, p. 153 (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=YRcAVvmE6eM
C&pg=PA153)
Post 2011, p. 118 (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=PnP6yF_3gfYC
&pg=PA118)
171. Monzon 2012, p. 208 (https://books.google.
com/books?id=YKoHGueXrocC&pg=PA20
8)
172. Sims 2017, p. 6 (https://books.goog
le.com/books?id=J6csDwAAQBAJ&
pg=PA6)
Barsh & Lisewski 2013, p. 29 (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=tSz
dAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29)
Sulmasy & Sugarman 2010, p. 11 (ht
tps://books.google.com/books?id=
QPvoTjDn0B4C&pg=PA11)
Pera & Tonder 2005, p. 7 (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=S11Eg3K
jcOAC&pg=PA7)
Kagan 1998, pp. 7–10
173. Sulmasy & Sugarman 2010, p. 11 (ht
tps://books.google.com/books?id=
QPvoTjDn0B4C&pg=PA11)
Pera & Tonder 2005, p. 7 (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=S11Eg3K
jcOAC&pg=PA7)
Funk 2021, p. 175 (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=kK4SEAAAQBA
J&pg=PA475)
174. Abelson & Nielsen 2006, p. 394
Norman 2005, p. 622
175. Brandon 1975, The Idea of the
Judgment of the Dead in Ancient
Near East (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=eBy8AAAAIAAJ&pg=P
A474)
Ortiz 2020, Preface (https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=he7QDwAAQB
AJ&pg=PT7)
Karenga 2004, pp. 175–176 (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=am
s2OPbmHMUC&pg=PA175)
176. Perrett 2016, Indian Philosophy: A
Brief Historical Overview, The
Ancient Period of Indian Philosophy
Tebbit 2013, p. 400 (https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=sn-qD-gCX18C
&pg=PA400)
177. Thapar 1978, p. 48 (https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=fK3VTUrWsD0
C&pg=PA48)
Grayling 2019, Indian Philosophy
178. Littlejohn, § 1b. Confucius (551-479
B.C.E.) of the Analects, § 1e. The
Daodejing
Boyd & Timpe 2021, p. 64 (https://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=OIskEA
AAQBAJ&pg=PA64)
Slingerland 2007, p. 77 (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=gSReaja3
V3IC&pg=PA77)
179. Norman 2005, p. 623
Abelson & Nielsen 2006, pp. 394–
396, 398
180. Norman 2005, p. 623
Abelson & Nielsen 2006, pp. 396–
398
181. Norman 2005, p. 623
Abelson & Nielsen 2006, pp. 397–
398
182. Norman 2005, p. 623
Abelson & Nielsen 2006, pp. 399–
400
183. Norman 2005, p. 623
Abelson & Nielsen 2006, p. 401
184. Norman 2005, p. 623
Abelson & Nielsen 2006, pp. 403–
404
185. Mattila 2022, p. 2 (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=5rptEAAAQBAJ
&pg=PA2)
Sajoo 2008, p. 60 (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=C7aKDwAAQB
AJ&pg=PA60)
186. Dalal 2021, Lead Section
Ranganathan, Lead Section, § 4b.
Rāmānuja’s Soteriology
Grayling 2019, Indian Philosophy
187. Norman 2005, p. 624
Abelson & Nielsen 2006, pp. 404–
406
188. Norman 2005, p. 624
Abelson & Nielsen 2006, pp. 408–
409
189. Norman 2005, p. 625
Abelson & Nielsen 2006, pp. 410–
412
190. Norman 2005, pp. 624–625
Abelson & Nielsen 2006, pp. 412–
414
191. Norman 2005, p. 626
192. Norman 2005, p. 626
Abelson & Nielsen 2006, pp. 418–
419
193. Norman 2005, p. 626
Abelson & Nielsen 2006, pp. 429–
430
194. McDonald 2017, pp. 95–96 (https://
books.google.com/books?id=zCAx
DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT95)
Lazari-Radek & Singer 2017,
pp. 282–283
195. Chappell & Smyth 2023, § 5. Internal
and External Reasons
Kriegel 1999, pp. 281–282
196. Norman 2005, p. 627
197. Das 2021, pp. 118–119 (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=a4w4EAA
AQBAJ&pg=PT118)
Wenar 2021, § 4. Justice as
Fairness: Justice Within a Liberal
Society
198. Abelson & Nielsen 2006, pp. 421–422
199. Abelson & Nielsen 2006, pp. 426–428
200. Norlock 2019, Lead Section
Imafidon 2015, p. 211 (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=5_i_CQAAQ
BAJ&pg=PT211)

Sources

Abelson, Raziel; Nielsen, Kai (2006). "Ethics,

History of". In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.).
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 3:
Determinables–Fuzzy Logic (2. ed.). Thomson
Gale, Macmillan Reference. ISBN 978-0-02-
866072-1.
AHD staff (2022). "Ethics" (https://www.ahdi
ctionary.com/word/search.html?q=ethics&su
bmit.x=58&submit.y=14) . The American
Heritage Dictionary of the English Language.
HarperCollins. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20240106132027/https://www.ahdi
ctionary.com/word/search.html?q=ethics&su
bmit.x=58&submit.y=14) from the original
on January 6, 2024. Retrieved January 6,
2024.
Airaksinen, T. (1998). "Professional Ethics". In
Chadwick, Ruth (ed.). Encyclopedia of Applied
Ethics (2 ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-
12-373932-2.
Alexander, Larry; Moore, Michael (2021).
"Deontological Ethics" (https://plato.stanford.
edu/entries/ethics-deontological/) . The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford
University. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20230620084241/https://plato.stanfor
d.edu/entries/ethics-deontological/) from
the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved
December 30, 2023.
Almond, Brenda (1998). "Applied Ethics" (http
s://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/themati
c/applied-ethics/v-1) . Routledge
Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
doi:10.4324/9780415249126-L005-1 (http
s://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-L00
5-1) . ISBN 978-0-415-25069-6. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20240201103316/
https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/the
matic/applied-ethics/v-1) from the original
on February 1, 2024. Retrieved December 23,
2023.
Ames, Roger T. (2013). "Taoist Ethics" (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=KfeOAQAA
QBAJ&pg=PA1685) . In Becker, Lawrence C.;
Becker, Charlotte B. (eds.). Encyclopedia of
Ethics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-35096-3.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2024
0101130404/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=KfeOAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1685) from
the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved
January 3, 2024.
Ashford, Elizabeth; Mulgan, Tim (2018).
"Contractualism" (https://plato.stanford.edu/
entries/contractualism/) . The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics
Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202011092159
14/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contra
ctualism/) from the original on November 9,
2020. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Athanassoulis, Nafsika (2012). Virtue Ethics
(https://books.google.com/books?id=DaFVI
DIXicQC) . Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-4411-
6287-8. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20240106132300/https://books.google.co
m/books?id=DaFVIDIXicQC) from the
original on January 6, 2024. Retrieved
January 7, 2024.
Austin, Michael W. "Divine Command Theory"
(https://iep.utm.edu/divine-command-theor
y/) . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
1231094932/https://iep.utm.edu/divine-com
mand-theory/) from the original on
December 31, 2023. Retrieved December 31,
2023.
Baggini, Julian; Fosl, Peter S. (2024). The
Ethics Toolkit: A Compendium of Ethical
Concepts and Methods (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=mZvfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28
4) . John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-
89197-0. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20240201103417/https://books.google.c
om/books?id=mZvfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA284#v
=onepage&q&f=false) from the original on
February 1, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
Barsh, Adele; Lisewski, Amy (2013). "Library
Managers and Ethical Leadership: A Survey
of Current Practices from the Perspective of
Business Ethics" (https://books.google.com/
books?id=tSzdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29) . In
Besnoy, Amy (ed.). Ethics And Integrity In
Libraries. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-99372-
8. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
231228131626/https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=tSzdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29) from
the original on December 28, 2023. Retrieved
January 3, 2024.
Bauman, Zygmunt (1993). Postmodern
Ethics. Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-18693-9.
Baumann, Dieter (2007). "Military Ethics: A
Task for Armies". Military Medicine. 172
(Supplement 2): 34–38.
doi:10.7205/MILMED.173.Supplement_2.34
(https://doi.org/10.7205%2FMILMED.173.Su
pplement_2.34) . PMID 18214134 (https://pu
bmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18214134) .
Beach, Waldo (1988). Christian Ethics in the
Protestant Tradition (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=OUtss9YhnvEC&pg=PA36) .
Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-
8042-0793-5. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20240101130230/https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=OUtss9YhnvEC&pg=PA3
6) from the original on January 1, 2024.
Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Beaman, Lori G.; Strumos, Lauren (2022).
"Smudging, Yoga, Ethical Veganism:
Exploring the Boundaries of Religious and
Spiritual Practice in Law" (https://books.goog
le.com/books?id=0OV5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7
6) . In Mossière, Géraldine (ed.). New
Spiritualities and the Cultures of Well-being.
Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-031-06263-6.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2024
0101130211/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=0OV5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA76) from the
original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved
January 3, 2024.
Beaucham, Tom L. (2003). "The Nature of
Applied Ethics". In Frey, R. G.; Wellman,
Christopher Heath (eds.). A Companion to
Applied Ethics (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=Qws8gf4f4iUC) . John Wiley & Sons.
ISBN 978-1-4051-7190-8. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20240201103314/http
s://books.google.com/books?id=Qws8gf4f4
iUC) from the original on February 1, 2024.
Retrieved December 27, 2023.
Belzer, Marvin. "Deontic Logic" (https://www.r
ep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/deontic-l
ogic/v-1) . Routledge Encyclopedia of
Philosophy. Routledge. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20240107191504/https://w
ww.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/deo
ntic-logic/v-1) from the original on January
7, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
Blidstein, Gerald J. (1995). "Tikkun Olam" (htt
ps://www.jstor.org/stable/23260803) .
Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish
Thought. 29 (2): 5–43. ISSN 0041-0608 (http
s://www.worldcat.org/issn/0041-0608) .
JSTOR 23260803 (https://www.jstor.org/stab
le/23260803) . Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20240101130208/https://www.jst
or.org/stable/23260803) from the original
on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 3,
2024.
Blum, Lawrence (2006). "Ethics and
Morality". In Borchert, Donald (ed.).
Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd
Edition (https://www.encyclopedia.com/hum
anities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-
and-maps/ethics-and-morality) . Macmillan.
ISBN 978-0-02-865790-5. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20230607022901/http
s://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/ency
clopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/et
hics-and-morality) from the original on June
7, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
Bollag, David (2006). "Jewish Religious Law"
(https://books.google.com/books?id=zMs-_G
iyk6QC&pg=PA15) . In Hurwitz, Peter Joel;
Picard, Jacques; Steinberg, Avraham (eds.).
Jewish Ethics and the Care of End-of-life
Patients: A Collection of Rabbinical, Bioethical,
Philosophical, and Juristic Opinions. KTAV
Publishing House, Inc. ISBN 978-0-88125-
921-6. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20240101130209/https://books.google.co
m/books?id=zMs-_Giyk6QC&pg=PA15) from
the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved
January 3, 2024.
Boonin, David (2022). "1. Introduction: Sex,
Ethics, and Philosophy". In Boonin, David
(ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Sexual Ethics
(https://books.google.com/books?id=8L1dE
AAAQBAJ&pg=PA1) . Springer Nature.
ISBN 978-3-030-87786-6. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20231226125659/http
s://books.google.com/books?id=8L1dEAAA
QBAJ&pg=PA1) from the original on
December 26, 2023. Retrieved December 27,
2023.
Boyd, Craig A.; Timpe, Kevin (2021). The
Virtues: A Very Short Introduction (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=OIskEAAAQBAJ&p
g=PA64) . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-
0-19-258407-6. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20240201103433/https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=OIskEAAAQBAJ&pg=P
A64#v=onepage&q&f=false) from the
original on February 1, 2024. Retrieved
December 19, 2023.
Brandon, S. G. F. (1975). "The Idea of the
Judgment of the Dead in Ancient Near East"
(https://books.google.com/books?id=eBy8A
AAAIAAJ&pg=PA474) . In Hinnells, John R.
(ed.). Mithraic Studies: Proceedings of the
First International Congress of Mithraic
Studies. Manchester University Press.
ISBN 978-0-7190-0536-7. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20231218133340/http
s://books.google.com/books?id=eBy8AAAAI
AAJ&pg=PA474) from the original on
December 18, 2023. Retrieved December 19,
2023.
Brannigan, Michael C. (2010). Striking a
Balance: A Primer in Traditional Asian Values
(https://books.google.com/books?id=axvPxs
wqNLQC&pg=PA145) . Rowman & Littlefield.
ISBN 978-0-7391-3846-5. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20240101130215/http
s://books.google.com/books?id=axvPxswqN
LQC&pg=PA145) from the original on
January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Braunack-Mayer, A. J.; Street, J. M.; Palmer,
N. (1998). "Technology, Ethics Of: Overview".
In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.). Encyclopedia of
Applied Ethics (2 ed.). Academic Press.
ISBN 978-0-12-373932-2.
Brennan, Andrew; Lo, Norva Y. S. (2022).
"Environmental Ethics" (https://plato.stanfor
d.edu/entries/ethics-environmental/) . The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford
University. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20190804112152/https://plato.stanfor
d.edu/entries/ethics-environmental/) from
the original on August 4, 2019. Retrieved
December 24, 2023.
Brink, David O. (2020). "Consequentialism,
the Separateness of Persons, and
Aggregation" (https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=U0D8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA382) . In
Portmore, Douglas W. (ed.). The Oxford
Handbook of Consequentialism. Oxford
University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-090533-0.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2024
0102135842/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=U0D8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA382) from
the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved
January 3, 2024.
Brown, William P. (2004). The Ten
Commandments: The Reciprocity of
Faithfulness (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=87hQ2AjcttEC&pg=PA13) . Westminster
John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22323-6.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
1231094935/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=87hQ2AjcttEC&pg=PA13) from the
original on December 31, 2023. Retrieved
January 3, 2024.
Brown, James Robert; Fehige, Yiftach (2019).
"Thought Experiments" (https://plato.stanfor
d.edu/entries/thought-experiment/) .
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford
University. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20171121022040/https://plato.stanfor
d.edu/entries/thought-experiment/) from
the original on November 21, 2017. Retrieved
October 29, 2021.
Brun, Georg (2017). "Thought Experiments in
Ethics". The Routledge Companion to Thought
Experiments (https://www.taylorfrancis.com/
chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315175027-12/t
hought-experiments-ethics-georg-brun) .
Routledge. pp. 195–210.
doi:10.4324/9781315175027-12 (https://doi.
org/10.4324%2F9781315175027-12) .
ISBN 978-1-315-17502-7. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20220707210145/http
s://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.
4324/9781315175027-12/thought-experime
nts-ethics-georg-brun) from the original on
July 7, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
Bunnin, Nicholas; Yu, Jiyuan (2009). The
Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy (ht
tps://books.google.com/books?id=M7ZFEAA
AQBAJ&pg=PA134) . John Wiley & Sons.
ISBN 978-1-4051-9112-8. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20231227184306/http
s://books.google.com/books?id=M7ZFEAAA
QBAJ&pg=PA134) from the original on
December 27, 2023. Retrieved January 3,
2024.
Byron, Michael (2004). Satisficing and
Maximizing: Moral Theorists on Practical
Reason (https://books.google.com/books?id
=bRFFsQE2BrQC&pg=PA9) . Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-01005-4.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2024
0102181457/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=bRFFsQE2BrQC&pg=PA9) from the
original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved
January 3, 2024.
Calder, Todd (2022). "The Concept of Evil" (ht
tps://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concept-evi
l/) . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford
University. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
Calida, Behnido Y. (2022). "System
Governance" (https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=2LVrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA77) . In
Keating, Charles B.; Katina, Polinpapilinho F.;
Jr, Charles W. Chesterman; Pyne, James C.
(eds.). Complex System Governance: Theory
and Practice. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-
030-93852-9. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20240103175853/https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=2LVrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7
7) from the original on January 3, 2024.
Retrieved January 4, 2024.
Campbell, Keith (1985). "Self-mastery and
Stoic Ethics". Philosophy. 60 (233): 327–340.
doi:10.1017/S0031819100070170 (https://d
oi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819100070170) .
S2CID 144863967 (https://api.semanticschol
ar.org/CorpusID:144863967) .
Caro, Mario De; Marraffa, Massimo;
Vaccarezza, Maria Silvia (2021). "The Priority
of Phronesis: How to Rescue Virtue Theory
From Its Critics" (https://books.google.com/
books?id=QL4sEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT31) . In
Caro, Mario De; Vaccarezza, Maria Silvia
(eds.). Practical Wisdom: Philosophical and
Psychological Perspectives. Routledge.
ISBN 978-1-000-40605-4. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20240103094927/http
s://books.google.com/books?id=QL4sEAAA
QBAJ&pg=PT31) from the original on
January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Catalano, George D. (2022). Engineering
Ethics: Peace, Justice, and the Earth, Second
Edition (https://books.google.com/books?id=
bYhyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17) . Springer
Nature. ISBN 978-3-031-02115-2. Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/2023122417590
0/https://books.google.com/books?id=bYhy
EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17) from the original on
December 24, 2023. Retrieved December 27,
2023.
Chakraborti, Chhanda (2023). Introduction to
Ethics: Concepts, Theories, and Contemporary
Issues (https://books.google.com/books?id=
f5jXEAAAQBAJ) . Springer Nature. ISBN 978-
981-99-0707-6. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20240103121411/https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=f5jXEAAAQBAJ) from
the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved
December 27, 2023.
Chappell, Sophie-Grace; Smyth, Nicholas
(2023). "Bernard Williams" (https://plato.stan
ford.edu/entries/williams-bernard/) . The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford
University. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20220710193743/https://plato.stanfor
d.edu/entries/williams-bernard/) from the
original on July 10, 2022. Retrieved
January 8, 2024.
Chowdhury, Sanjoy Barua (2019). "28. Ethical
Challenges for Global Education: A Buddhist
Perspective" (https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=qy2bDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA494) . In
Thien, Thich Duc; Tu, Thich Nhat (eds.).
Buddhist Approach to Global Education in
Ethics. Vietnam Buddhist University
Publications. ISBN 978-604-89-7928-7.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2024
0101130215/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=qy2bDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA494) from
the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved
January 3, 2024.
Christians, Clifford G. (2005).
"Communication Ethics". In Mitcham, Carl
(ed.). Encyclopedia of Science, Technology
and Ethics. 3: L - R (https://www.encyclopedi
a.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-tran
scripts-and-maps/communication-ethics) .
Thomson Gale. ISBN 978-0-02-865834-6.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
0218223753/https://www.encyclopedia.co
m/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcri
pts-and-maps/communication-ethics) from
the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved
December 27, 2023.
Cochrane, Alasdair. "Environmental Ethics" (h
ttps://iep.utm.edu/envi-eth/) . Internet
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20190627012029/http
s://www.iep.utm.edu/envi-eth/) from the
original on June 27, 2019. Retrieved
December 24, 2023.
Corbin, Arthur L. (1924). "Rights and Duties".
The Yale Law Journal. 33 (5): 501–527.
doi:10.2307/788021 (https://doi.org/10.230
7%2F788021) . JSTOR 788021 (https://www.
jstor.org/stable/788021) .
Cowan, Steven B. (2020). "Introduction to
Part One" (https://books.google.com/books?
id=_2jDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17) . In Cowan,
Steven B. (ed.). Problems in Value Theory: An
Introduction to Contemporary Debates.
Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-350-
14741-6. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20240103175859/https://books.google.c
om/books?id=_2jDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17)
from the original on January 3, 2024.
Retrieved January 4, 2024.
Crisp, Roger (2005). "Deontological Ethics".
In Honderich, Ted (ed.). The Oxford
Companion to Philosophy (https://philpapers.
org/rec/HONTOC-2) . Oxford University
Press. ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20210129082636/
https://philpapers.org/rec/HONTOC-2) from
the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved
December 19, 2023.
Crisp, Roger (2011). "Ethics". Routledge
Encyclopedia of Philosophy (https://www.rep.
routledge.com/articles/overview/ethics/v-
2) . Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780415249126-
L132-2 (https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415
249126-L132-2) . ISBN 978-0-415-25069-6.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
0801214524/https://www.rep.routledge.co
m/articles/overview/ethics/v-2) from the
original on August 1, 2023. Retrieved
January 7, 2024.
Cummiskey, David (1996). Kantian
Consequentialism (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=ZYPmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157) .
Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-
509453-4. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20240103095431/https://books.google.
com/books?id=ZYPmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15
7) from the original on January 3, 2024.
Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Dalal, Neil (2021). "Śaṅkara" (https://plato.sta
nford.edu/entries/shankara/) . The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics
Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202201271117
36/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shank
ara/) from the original on January 27, 2022.
Retrieved December 18, 2023.
Darwall, Stephen L. (2003). "Theories of
Ethics". In Frey, R. G.; Wellman, Christopher
Heath (eds.). A Companion to Applied Ethics
(https://books.google.com/books?id=Qws8g
f4f4iUC) . John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-
4051-7190-8. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20240201103314/https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=Qws8gf4f4iUC) from the
original on February 1, 2024. Retrieved
December 27, 2023.
Das, Kantilal (2021). The Paradigm of Justice:
A Contemporary Debate Between John Rawls
and Amartya Sen (https://books.google.com/
books?id=a4w4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT118) .
Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-43681-5.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
1226092202/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=a4w4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT118) from
the original on December 26, 2023. Retrieved
December 26, 2023.
Deigh, John (1999). "Ethics". In Audi, Robert
(ed.). The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
(https://philpapers.org/rec/AUDTCD-2) .
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-
64379-6. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20210414132344/https://philpapers.org/
rec/AUDTCD-2) from the original on April 14,
2021. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
DeLapp, Kevin M. "Metaethics" (https://iep.ut
m.edu/metaethi/) . Internet Encyclopedia of
Philosophy. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20240123102700/https://iep.utm.ed
u/metaethi/) from the original on January
23, 2024. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
Delden, J. J. M. van (1998). "Euthanasia
(Physician-Assisted Suicide)". In Chadwick,
Ruth (ed.). Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics
(2 ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-
373932-2.
Dittmer, Joel. "Ethics, Applied" (https://iep.ut
m.edu/applied-ethics/) . Internet
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20230601064729/http
s://iep.utm.edu/applied-ethics/) from the
original on June 1, 2023. Retrieved
December 23, 2023.
Doris, John; Stich, Stephen; Phillips,
Jonathan; Walmsley, Lachlan (2020). "Moral
Psychology: Empirical Approaches" (https://p
lato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-psych-em
p/) . The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab,
Stanford University. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20191107224335/https://plat
o.stanford.edu/entries/moral-psych-emp/)
from the original on November 7, 2019.
Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Dorsey, Dale (2020). "Consequences" (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=d0D8DwAA
QBAJ&pg=PA95) . In Portmore, Douglas W.
(ed.). The Oxford Handbook of
Consequentialism. Oxford University Press.
ISBN 978-0-19-090534-7. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20240102101944/http
s://books.google.com/books?id=d0D8DwAA
QBAJ&pg=PA95) from the original on
January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Downie, R. S. (2005). "Ethics and Morality". In
Honderich, Ted (ed.). The Oxford Companion
to Philosophy (https://philpapers.org/rec/HO
NTOC-2) . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-
0-19-926479-7. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20210129082636/https://philpap
ers.org/rec/HONTOC-2) from the original on
January 29, 2021. Retrieved December 19,
2023.
Dreier, James (2007). "Moral Relativism and
Moral Nihilism". In Copp, David (ed.). The
Oxford Handbook of Ethical Theory. Oxford
University Press.
doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195325911.003.
0010 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%
2F9780195325911.003.0010) . ISBN 978-0-
19-989207-5.
Dueñas, María del Pilar Muñoz; Lucia, Aiello;
Rosario, Cabrita; Mauro, Gatti (2018).
Corporate Social Responsibility for
Valorization of Cultural Organizations (https://
books.google.com/books?id=oPBJDwAAQB
AJ&pg=PR16) . IGI Global. ISBN 978-1-5225-
3552-2. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20231225170047/https://books.google.co
m/books?id=oPBJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR16)
from the original on December 25, 2023.
Retrieved December 27, 2023.
Edmundson, William A. (2004). An
Introduction to Rights (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=QYh_vN7CqMEC&pg=PA158) .
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-
00870-9. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20240102135928/https://books.google.c
om/books?id=QYh_vN7CqMEC&pg=PA158)
from the original on January 2, 2024.
Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Elrod, Edwin M.; Smith, Martha M. (2005).
"Information Ethics". In Mitcham, Carl (ed.).
Encyclopedia of Science, Technology and
Ethics. 3: L - R (https://www.encyclopedia.co
m/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcri
pts-and-maps/information-ethics) .
Thomson Gale. ISBN 978-0-02-865834-6.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
1226173210/https://www.encyclopedia.co
m/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcri
pts-and-maps/information-ethics) from the
original on December 26, 2023. Retrieved
December 27, 2023.
Eysenck, Michael W. (2004). Psychology: An
International Perspective (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=rU9MRvYIh5YC&pg=PA58
6) . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-84169-361-
3. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
240103175849/https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=rU9MRvYIh5YC&pg=PA586) from
the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved
January 4, 2024.
Feibleman, James K. (1967). "Rights and
Duties" (https://link.springer.com/chapter/1
0.1007/978-94-011-9321-4_10) . Moral
Strategy: An Introduction to the Ethics of
Confrontation. Springer Netherlands.
pp. 121–126. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-9321-
4_10 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-011
-9321-4_10) . ISBN 978-94-011-8559-2.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2024
0107141808/https://link.springer.com/chapt
er/10.1007/978-94-011-9321-4_10) from the
original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved
January 7, 2024.
Finlayson, James Gordon; Rees, Dafydd Huw
(2023). "Jürgen Habermas" (https://plato.sta
nford.edu/entries/habermas/) . The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics
Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202307081832
15/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/haber
mas/) from the original on July 8, 2023.
Retrieved December 31, 2023.
FitzPatrick, William J. (2011). "Ethical Non-
Naturalism and Normative Properties" (http
s://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780
230294899_2) . In Brady, Michael (ed.). New
Waves in Metaethics. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
pp. 7–35. doi:10.1057/9780230294899_2 (ht
tps://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230294899_
2) . ISBN 978-0-230-29489-9. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20240201103435/h
ttps://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/97
80230294899_2) from the original on
February 1, 2024. Retrieved December 22,
2023.
Flynn, Eileen P. (2012). Ethical Lessons of the
Financial Crisis (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=pl3bToUqdAIC&pg=PA167) .
Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-34312-4.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
1231095702/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=pl3bToUqdAIC&pg=PA167) from the
original on December 31, 2023. Retrieved
January 3, 2024.
Fotion, N. (1998). "Military Ethics". In
Chadwick, Ruth (ed.). Encyclopedia of Applied
Ethics (2 ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-
12-373932-2.
Francione, Gary L. (2004). "Animals - Property
or Persons?" (https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=ocbdJD2oUW0C&pg=PA115) . In
Sunstein, Cass R.; Nussbaum, Martha C.
(eds.). Animal Rights: Current Debates and
New Directions. Oxford University Press.
ISBN 978-0-19-803473-5. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20231226165518/http
s://books.google.com/books?id=ocbdJD2oU
W0C&pg=PA115) from the original on
December 26, 2023. Retrieved December 27,
2023.
Frowe, Helen (2021). "The Ethics of War" (htt
ps://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/themat
ic/the-ethics-of-war/v-1) . Routledge
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20230608180948/http
s://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/themati
c/the-ethics-of-war/v-1) from the original on
June 8, 2023. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
Funk, Michael (2021). "What Is Robot Ethics?
... And Can It Be Standardized?" (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=kK4SEAAAQBAJ&pg
=PA475) . In Nørskov, M.; Seibt, J.; Quick, O.
S. (eds.). Culturally Sustainable Social
Robotics: Proceedings of Robophilosophy
2020. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1-64368-155-9.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2024
0104100634/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=kK4SEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475) from
the original on January 4, 2024. Retrieved
January 4, 2024.
Gay, William C. (2006). "A Normative
Framework for Addressing Peace and
Related Global Issues" (https://books.google.
com/books?id=VKprw2w_IJQC&pg=PA189) .
In Boersema, David; Brown, Katy Gray (eds.).
Spiritual and Political Dimensions of
Nonviolence and Peace. Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-
420-2061-0. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20231226141335/https://books.goog
le.com/books?id=VKprw2w_IJQC&pg=PA18
9) from the original on December 26, 2023.
Retrieved December 27, 2023.
Gillon, R. (1998). "Bioethics, Overview". In
Chadwick, Ruth (ed.). Encyclopedia of Applied
Ethics (2 ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-
12-373932-2.
Gordon, John-Stewart. "Bioethics" (https://ie
p.utm.edu/bioethics/) . Internet Encyclopedia
of Philosophy. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20231027011137/https://iep.utm.e
du/bioethics/) from the original on October
27, 2023. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
Gowans, Chris (2021). "Moral Relativism" (htt
ps://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-relativ
ism/) . The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab,
Stanford University. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20240201103420/https://plat
o.stanford.edu/entries/moral-relativism/)
from the original on February 1, 2024.
Retrieved December 19, 2023.
Grayling, A. C. (2019). The History of
Philosophy (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=bDJwDwAAQBAJ) . Penguin UK.
ISBN 978-0-241-98086-6. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20230703150052/http
s://books.google.com/books?id=bDJwDwAA
QBAJ) from the original on July 3, 2023.
Retrieved May 24, 2023.
Grenz, Stanley J.; Guretzki, David; Nordling,
Cherith Fee (2010). Pocket Dictionary of
Theological Terms (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=Iv-LCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18) .
InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-6707-3.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2024
0103175859/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=Iv-LCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18) from the
original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved
January 4, 2024.
Gustafson, Andrew B. (2020). "Normative
Ethics". Encyclopedia of Business and
Professional Ethics (https://link.springer.co
m/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-2
3514-1_1222-1) . Springer International
Publishing. pp. 1–5. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-
23514-1_1222-1 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F
978-3-319-23514-1_1222-1) . ISBN 978-3-
319-23514-1. S2CID 243173997 (https://api.
semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243173997) .
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
1228131638/https://link.springer.com/refere
nceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-23514-1_1
222-1) from the original on December 28,
2023. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Gustafsson, Juuso-Ville; Pietarinen, Ahti-
Veikko (2016). "8. Is Ethical Normativity
Similar to Logical Normativity?" (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=UDUPDQAAQBAJ&p
g=PA125) . In West, Donna E.; Anderson,
Myrdene (eds.). Consensus on Peirce's
Concept of Habit: Before and Beyond
Consciousness. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-
45920-2. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20240103094938/https://books.google.c
om/books?id=UDUPDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA125)
from the original on January 3, 2024.
Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Haiming, Wang (2021). The Principles of New
Ethics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-33161-7.
Haines, William. "Consequentialism and
Utilitarianism" (https://iep.utm.edu/conseque
ntialism-utilitarianism/) . Internet
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20231224224334/http
s://iep.utm.edu/consequentialism-utilitariani
sm/) from the original on December 24,
2023. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
Hale, Benjamin (2017). "Duty & Obligation:
Rights, Rules, and Respect for Nature" (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=CQNLDgAA
QBAJ&pg=PA216) . In Gardiner, Stephen
Mark; Thompson, Allen (eds.). The Oxford
Handbook of Environmental Ethics. Oxford
University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-994133-9.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2024
0103094917/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=CQNLDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA216) from
the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved
January 3, 2024.
Hall, Edward; Sabl, Andrew (2022). Hall,
Edward; Sabl, Andrew (eds.). Political Ethics:
A Handbook (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=4bhiEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1) . Princeton
University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-23131-0.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
1226125658/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=4bhiEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1) from the
original on December 26, 2023. Retrieved
December 27, 2023.
Harrison, Ross (2005). "Meta-ethics". In
Honderich, Ted (ed.). The Oxford Companion
to Philosophy (https://philpapers.org/rec/HO
NTOC-2) . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-
0-19-926479-7. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20210129082636/https://philpap
ers.org/rec/HONTOC-2) from the original on
January 29, 2021. Retrieved December 19,
2023.
Heyd, David (2019). "Supererogation" (https://
plato.stanford.edu/entries/supererogation/)
. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford
University. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (2015).
"Introduction to Value Theory". In Hirose,
Iwao; Olson, Jonas (eds.). The Oxford
Handbook of Value Theory (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=uvzVBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA
1) . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-
022143-0. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20240103175855/https://books.google.
com/books?id=uvzVBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1)
from the original on January 3, 2024.
Retrieved January 4, 2024.
Hoad, T. F. (1993). The Concise Oxford
Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford
University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-283098-2.
Hollenbach, David (2002). The Common Good
and Christian Ethics (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=QEKQxJZq-a8C&pg=PA3) .
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-
89451-7. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20240110102505/https://books.google.c
om/books?id=QEKQxJZq-a8C&pg=PA3)
from the original on January 10, 2024.
Retrieved January 10, 2024.
Holmes, Robert L. (2018). Introduction to
Applied Ethics. Bloomsbury Academic.
ISBN 978-1-3500-2980-4.
Hooker, Brad (2023). "Rule
Consequentialism" (https://plato.stanford.ed
u/entries/consequentialism-rule/) . The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford
University. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20240201103315/https://plato.stanfor
d.edu/entries/consequentialism-rule/) from
the original on February 1, 2024. Retrieved
December 29, 2023.
Hooker, Brad (2005). "Consequentialism". In
Honderich, Ted (ed.). The Oxford Companion
to Philosophy (https://philpapers.org/rec/HO
NTOC-2) . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-
0-19-926479-7. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20210129082636/https://philpap
ers.org/rec/HONTOC-2) from the original on
January 29, 2021. Retrieved December 19,
2023.
Hooker, Brad (2014). "Utilitarianism and
Fairness" (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=z3zBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA281) . In
Eggleston, Ben; Miller, Dale E. (eds.). The
Cambridge Companion to Utilitarianism.
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-
86748-1. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20240103094952/https://books.google.c
om/books?id=z3zBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA281)
from the original on January 3, 2024.
Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Hursthouse, Rosalind (1999). On Virtue Ethics
(https://books.google.com/books?id=EbHm
CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3) . Oxford University
Press. ISBN 978-0-19-823818-8. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20240101181900/
https://books.google.com/books?id=EbHmC
wAAQBAJ&pg=PA3) from the original on
January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Hursthouse, Rosalind; Pettigrove, Glen
(2023). "Virtue Ethics" (https://plato.stanford.
edu/entries/ethics-virtue/) . The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics
Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/201905142028
14/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-
virtue/) from the original on May 14, 2019.
Retrieved December 31, 2023.
Imafidon, E. (2015). The Ethics of Subjectivity:
Perspectives Since the Dawn of Modernity (htt
ps://books.google.com/books?id=5_i_CQAA
QBAJ&pg=PT211) . Springer. ISBN 978-1-
137-47242-7. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20231218133357/https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=5_i_CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT2
11) from the original on December 18, 2023.
Retrieved December 19, 2023.
Jankowiak, Tim. "Kant, Immanuel" (https://ie
p.utm.edu/kantview/) . Internet Encyclopedia
of Philosophy. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20231219121801/https://iep.utm.e
du/kantview/) from the original on
December 19, 2023. Retrieved December 30,
2023.
Johnson, Robert; Cureton, Adam (2022).
"Kant's Moral Philosophy" (https://plato.stanf
ord.edu/entries/kant-moral/) . The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics
Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202402011034
37/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-
moral/) from the original on February 1,
2024. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
Kagan, Shelly (1998). Normative Ethics.
Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-0846-3.
Karenga, Maulana (2004). Maat, the Moral
Ideal in Ancient Egypt: A Study in Classical
African Ethics (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=ams2OPbmHMUC&pg=PA175) .
Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-94753-4.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
1218133342/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=ams2OPbmHMUC&pg=PA175) from
the original on December 18, 2023. Retrieved
December 19, 2023.
Kendall, Sacha (2017). "13. Postmodern
Ethics for Practice" (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=VyRIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA195) .
In Hugman, Richard; Carter, Jan (eds.).
Rethinking Values and Ethics in Social Work.
Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-137-
45503-1. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20231231183731/https://books.google.c
om/books?id=VyRIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA195)
from the original on December 31, 2023.
Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Kivy, Peter (2011). Antithetical Arts: On the
Ancient Quarrel Between Literature and Music
(https://books.google.com/books?id=-c7ThZ
c5Rv0C&pg=PA238) . OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-
0-19-161575-7. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20231230095916/https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=-c7ThZc5Rv0C&pg=PA
238) from the original on December 30,
2023. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Kraut, Richard (2022). "Aristotle's Ethics" (htt
ps://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-ethi
cs/) . The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab,
Stanford University. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20221110125320/https://plat
o.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-ethics/)
from the original on November 10, 2022.
Retrieved January 1, 2024.
Krellenstein, Marc (2017). "Moral Nihilism
and Its Implications" (https://www.jstor.org/s
table/44631529) . The Journal of Mind and
Behavior. 38 (1): 75–90. ISSN 0271-0137 (htt
ps://www.worldcat.org/issn/0271-0137) .
JSTOR 44631529 (https://www.jstor.org/stab
le/44631529) . Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20231220094748/https://www.jst
or.org/stable/44631529) from the original
on December 20, 2023. Retrieved
December 22, 2023.
Kriegel, Uri (1999). "Normativity and
Rationality: Bernard Williams on Reasons for
Action". Iyyun: The Jerusalem Philosophical
Quarterly / 292–281 :48 .‫ רבעון פילוסופי‬:‫עיון‬.
ISSN 0021-3306 (https://www.worldcat.org/i
ssn/0021-3306) . JSTOR 23352588 (https://
www.jstor.org/stable/23352588) .
Kumm, Mattias; Walen, Alec D. (2014).
"Human Dignity and Proportionality: Deontic
Pluralism in Balancing" (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=DXs9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8
1) . In Huscroft, Grant; Miller, Bradley W.;
Webber, Grégoire (eds.). Proportionality and
the Rule of Law: Rights, Justification,
Reasoning. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 978-1-139-95287-3. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20240103095008/http
s://books.google.com/books?id=DXs9AwAA
QBAJ&pg=PA81) from the original on
January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Kupperman, Joel J. (2005). "Axiological
Ethics". In Honderich, Ted (ed.). The Oxford
Companion to Philosophy (https://philpapers.
org/rec/HONTOC-2) . Oxford University
Press. ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20210129082636/
https://philpapers.org/rec/HONTOC-2) from
the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved
December 19, 2023.
Kvalnes, Øyvind (2023). "Communication
Ethics" (https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.
1007/978-3-031-28971-2_12) .
Communication Climate at Work: Fostering
Friendly Friction in Organisations. Springer
International Publishing. pp. 101–110.
doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28971-2_12 (https://d
oi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-28971-2_12) .
ISBN 978-3-031-28971-2. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20231225095457/http
s://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3
-031-28971-2_12) from the original on
December 25, 2023. Retrieved December 27,
2023.
LaFollette, Hugh (2007). "Pragmatic Ethics".
In LaFollette, Hugh (ed.). The Blackwell Guide
to Ethical Theory (https://www.hughlafollette.
com/papers/pragmati.htm) . Blackwell.
ISBN 978-0-631-20119-9. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20230516141134/http
s://www.hughlafollette.com/papers/pragmat
i.htm) from the original on May 16, 2023.
Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Lazar, Seth (2020). "War" (https://plato.stanf
ord.edu/entries/war/) . The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics
Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202308090722
07/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/war/)
from the original on August 9, 2023.
Retrieved December 25, 2023.
Lazari-Radek, Katarzyna de; Singer, Peter
(2017). "Parfit on Objectivity and 'The
Profoundest Problem of Ethics' ". In Singer,
Peter (ed.). Does Anything Really Matter?:
Essays on Parfit on Objectivity (https://books.
google.com/books?id=8jTjDQAAQBAJ) .
Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-
108439-3. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20231226094919/https://books.google.
com/books?id=8jTjDQAAQBAJ) from the
original on December 26, 2023. Retrieved
December 26, 2023.
Legg, Catherine; Hookway, Christopher
(2021). "Pragmatism" (https://plato.stanford.
edu/entries/pragmatism/) . The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics
Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202010081304
34/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pragm
atism/) from the original on October 8,
2020. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1889).
An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon (http
s://archive.org/details/intermediategree00lid
d/page/n353/mode/2up?view=theater) .
New York, Harper & Brothers.
OCLC 1146511662 (https://www.worldcat.or
g/oclc/1146511662) .
Linn, Ruth (1994). "Moral Disobedience
During the Lebanon War: What Can the
Cognitive-Developmental Approach Learn
from the Experience of Israeli Soldiers?" (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=vayVldaXP-
0C&pg=PA330) . In Puka, Bill (ed.). Moral
Development: New Research in Moral
Development. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-
8153-1552-0. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20240103185943/https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=vayVldaXP-0C&pg=PA33
0) from the original on January 3, 2024.
Retrieved January 4, 2024.
Littlejohn, Ronnie. "Chinese Philosophy:
Overview of History" (https://iep.utm.edu/chi
nese-philosophy-overview-of-history/) .
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202306011855
54/https://iep.utm.edu/chinese-philosophy-o
verview-of-history/) from the original on
June 1, 2023. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
Lloyd, Andrew; Hansen, John (2003).
"Philosophical Foundations of Professional
Ethics" (https://books.google.com/books?id=
agwMiPq5R1QC&pg=PA21) . In O'Donohue,
William; Ferguson, Kyle E. (eds.). Handbook
of Professional Ethics for Psychologists:
Issues, Questions, and Controversies. Sage.
ISBN 978-0-7619-1189-0. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20240201103817/http
s://books.google.com/books?id=agwMiPq5R
1QC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false) from
the original on February 1, 2024. Retrieved
January 7, 2024.
Lutz, Matthew (2023). "Moral Naturalism" (htt
ps://plato.stanford.edu/entries/naturalism-
moral/) . The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab,
Stanford University. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20191002234858/https://plat
o.stanford.edu/entries/naturalism-moral/)
from the original on October 2, 2019.
Retrieved December 20, 2023.
Matsuba, M. Kyle; Murzyn, Theresa; Hart,
Daniel (2011). "A Model of Moral Identity".
Advances in Child Development and Behavior.
40: 181–207. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-
386491-8.00005-0 (https://doi.org/10.1016%
2Fb978-0-12-386491-8.00005-0) . ISBN 978-
0-12-386491-8. PMID 21887962 (https://pub
med.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21887962) .
Mattila, Janne (2022). The Eudaimonist
Ethics of al-Fārābī and Avicenna (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=5rptEAAAQBAJ&pg
=PA2) . Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-50691-6.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
1218101041/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=5rptEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2) from the
original on December 18, 2023. Retrieved
December 19, 2023.
Maxwell, Bruce (2023). "Educational Ethics".
In Poff, Deborah C.; Michalos, Alex C. (eds.).
Encyclopedia of Business and Professional
Ethics (https://link.springer.com/referencewo
rkentry/10.1007/978-3-030-22767-8_1323) .
Springer International Publishing. pp. 609–
614. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22767-8_1323
(https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-2276
7-8_1323) . ISBN 978-3-030-22767-8.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
1226125702/https://link.springer.com/refere
nceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-030-22767-8_
1323) from the original on December 26,
2023. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
McDonald, Fritz J. (2017). "4. Beyond
Objectivism and Subjectivism" (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=zCAxDwAAQBAJ&p
g=PT95) . In Makowski, Piotr (ed.).
Praxiology and the Reasons for Action.
Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-49716-9.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
1226094858/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=zCAxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT95) from the
original on December 26, 2023. Retrieved
December 26, 2023.
McEwan, Tom (2001). Managing Values and
Beliefs in Organisations (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=7ebzqK53ay8C&pg=PA87) .
Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-273-64340-1.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
1231183728/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=7ebzqK53ay8C&pg=PA87) from the
original on December 31, 2023. Retrieved
January 3, 2024.
McNamara, Paul; Van De Putte, Frederik
(2022). "Deontic Logic" (https://plato.stanfor
d.edu/entries/logic-deontic/) . The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics
Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202402011039
30/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-d
eontic/) from the original on February 1,
2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
McNaughton, David; Rawling, Piers (1998).
Consequentialism (https://www.rep.routledg
e.com/articles/thematic/consequentialism/v
-1) . Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2024
0102135840/https://www.rep.routledge.co
m/articles/thematic/consequentialism/v-1)
from the original on January 2, 2024.
Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Medvecky, Fabien; Leach, Joan (2019). An
Ethics of Science Communication (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=NpO7DwAAQBAJ&
pg=PA35) . Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-
32116-1. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20231227000113/https://books.google.c
om/books?id=NpO7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35)
from the original on December 27, 2023.
Retrieved December 27, 2023.
Mentan, Tatah (2022). Understanding
Contemporary Journalism: A Handbook of
Principles and Practice (https://books.google.
com/books?id=OwbOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28
0) . African Books Collective. ISBN 978-9956-
552-91-7. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20231226023427/https://books.google.
com/books?id=OwbOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28
0) from the original on December 26, 2023.
Retrieved December 27, 2023.
Mesoudi, Alex; Danielson, Peter (2008).
"Ethics, Evolution and Culture". Theory in
Biosciences. 127 (3): 229–240.
doi:10.1007/s12064-008-0027-y (https://doi.
org/10.1007%2Fs12064-008-0027-y) .
PMID 18357481 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.ni
h.gov/18357481) . S2CID 18643499 (https://
api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1864349
9) .
Metselaar, Suzanne; Widdershoven, Guy
(2016). "Discourse Ethics". Encyclopedia of
Global Bioethics (https://link.springer.com/ref
erenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-09483-
0_145) . Springer International Publishing.
doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09483-0_145 (https://
doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-09483-0_14
5) . ISBN 978-3-319-09483-0. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20231231094932/h
ttps://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/
10.1007/978-3-319-09483-0_145) from the
original on December 31, 2023. Retrieved
January 3, 2024.
Meyer, Kirsten (2023). "Moral Education
Through the Fostering of Reasoning Skills" (h
ttps://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10677-023-10367
-3) . Ethical Theory and Moral Practice.
doi:10.1007/s10677-023-10367-3 (https://do
i.org/10.1007%2Fs10677-023-10367-3) .
Meynell, Letitia; Paron, Clarisse (2023).
Applied Ethics Primer (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=VrTFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11) .
Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1-77048-899-1.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
1223142206/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=VrTFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11) from the
original on December 23, 2023. Retrieved
December 27, 2023.
Milevski, Voin (February 17, 2017).
"Weakness of will and motivational
internalism". Philosophical Psychology. 30
(1–2). doi:10.1080/09515089.2016.1255317
(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09515089.2016.
1255317) .
Miller, Christian B. (2023). "Overview of
Contemporary Metaethics and Normative
Ethical Theory". In Miller, Christian B. (ed.).
The Bloomsbury Handbook of Ethics (https://
books.google.com/books?id=iarPEAAAQBA
J) . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-350-
21790-4. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20231220191419/https://books.google.c
om/books?id=iarPEAAAQBAJ) from the
original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved
December 22, 2023.
Mitcham, Carl (2022). Thinking Through
Technology: The Path Between Engineering
and Philosophy (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=0uF-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA101) .
University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-
82539-7. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20231225235705/https://books.google.c
om/books?id=0uF-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA101)
from the original on December 25, 2023.
Retrieved December 27, 2023.
Monzon, Jorge E. (2012). "Bioethics" (https://
books.google.com/books?id=YKoHGueXroc
C&pg=PA208) . In Abu-Faraj, Ziad O. (ed.).
Handbook of Research on Biomedical
Engineering Education and Advanced
Bioengineering Learning: Interdisciplinary
Concepts: Interdisciplinary Concepts. IGI
Global. ISBN 978-1-4666-0123-9. Archived (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/2024010410063
5/https://books.google.com/books?id=YKoH
GueXrocC&pg=PA208) from the original on
January 4, 2024. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
Moore, Andrew (2019). "Hedonism" (https://p
lato.stanford.edu/entries/hedonism/) . The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford
University. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20180918065934/https://plato.stanfor
d.edu/entries/hedonism/) from the original
on September 18, 2018. Retrieved
December 31, 2023.
Morales, Maria H. (2005). Mill's The
Subjection of Women (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=wYWGIpa7Qr4C&pg=PA141) .
Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-3518-
3. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
231230095915/https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=wYWGIpa7Qr4C&pg=PA141) from
the original on December 30, 2023. Retrieved
January 3, 2024.
Moreland, J. P.; Craig, William Lane (2017).
Philosophical Foundations for a Christian
Worldview (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=deDeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA417) .
InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-8917-4.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
1222175748/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=deDeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA417) from
the original on December 22, 2023. Retrieved
December 22, 2023.
Mulvaney, Robert J. (2009). Classical
Philosophical Questions (13 ed.). Prentice
Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-600652-7.
Murphy, Mark (2019). "Theological
Voluntarism" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entri
es/voluntarism-theological/) . The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics
Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/201908032146
19/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/volunta
rism-theological/) from the original on
August 3, 2019. Retrieved December 31,
2023.
Myers, Jeff; Noebel, David A. (2015).
Understanding the Times: A Survey of
Competing Worldviews (https://books.google.
com/books?id=hzeACgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24
1) . David C. Cook. ISBN 978-0-7814-1378-7.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
1231095623/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=hzeACgAAQBAJ&pg=PA241) from the
original on December 31, 2023. Retrieved
January 3, 2024.
Nafsika Athanassoulis. "Virtue Ethics" (http
s://iep.utm.edu/virtue/) . Internet
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20230427063347/http
s://iep.utm.edu/virtue/) from the original on
April 27, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
Nagel, Thomas (2006). "Ethics". In Borchert,
Donald (ed.). Macmillan Encyclopedia of
Philosophy, 2nd Edition (https://www.encyclo
pedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosop
hy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/ethics) .
Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-865790-5.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2018
0824071808/https://www.encyclopedia.co
m/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philos
ophy-terms-and-concepts/ethics) from the
original on August 24, 2018. Retrieved
January 7, 2024.
Norlock, Kathryn (2019). "Feminist Ethics" (ht
tps://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-et
hics/) . The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab,
Stanford University. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20180911065001/https://plat
o.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-ethics/)
from the original on September 11, 2018.
Retrieved December 18, 2023.
Norman, Richard (2005). "Moral Philosophy,
History of". In Honderich, Ted (ed.). The
Oxford Companion to Philosophy (https://phil
papers.org/rec/HONTOC-2) . Oxford
University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021
0129082636/https://philpapers.org/rec/HON
TOC-2) from the original on January 29,
2021. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
O'Neill, Onora. "Kantian Ethics" (https://www.r
ep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/kantian-
ethics/v-1) . Routledge Encyclopedia of
Philosophy. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20231230180032/https://www.rep.ro
utledge.com/articles/thematic/kantian-ethic
s/v-1) from the original on December 30,
2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
O'Neill, Onora (2013). "Duty and Obligation" (h
ttps://books.google.com/books?id=KfeOAQA
AQBAJ&pg=PA423) . In Becker, Lawrence C.;
Becker, Charlotte B. (eds.). Encyclopedia of
Ethics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-35096-3.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2024
0201103944/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=KfeOAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA423#v=onepa
ge&q&f=false) from the original on February
1, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
Oosthuizen, Lucas M. (2002). Media Ethics in
the South African Context: An Introduction and
Overview (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=UzDm7NNHVGUC&pg=PA21) . Juta and
Company Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7021-5657-1.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2024
0101181323/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=UzDm7NNHVGUC&pg=PA21) from
the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved
January 3, 2024.
Ortiz, Melba Vélez (2020). "Preface" (https://
books.google.com/books?id=he7QDwAAQB
AJ&pg=PT7) . Maatian Ethics in a
Communication Context. Routledge.
ISBN 978-1-000-04831-5. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20231218133338/http
s://books.google.com/books?id=he7QDwAA
QBAJ&pg=PT7) from the original on
December 18, 2023. Retrieved December 19,
2023.
Parker, Christine; Evans, Adrian (2007). Inside
Lawyers' Ethics (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=-3dVoptUyrwC&pg=PA22) .
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-
46128-3. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20240201103939/https://books.google.c
om/books?id=-3dVoptUyrwC&pg=PA22#v=o
nepage&q&f=false) from the original on
February 1, 2024. Retrieved December 27,
2023.
Patching, Roger; Hirst, Martin (2013).
Journalism Ethics: Arguments and Cases for
the Twenty-first Century (https://books.googl
e.com/books?
id=FFclAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69) . Routledge.
ISBN 978-1-317-96374-5. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20231226235949/http
s://books.google.com/books?id=FFclAgAAQ
BAJ&pg=PA69) from the original on
December 26, 2023. Retrieved December 27,
2023.
Paul, Richard W.; Elder, Linda (2005). The
Miniature Guide to Understanding the
Foundations of Ethical Reasoning: Based on
"Critical Thinking Concepts & Principles"
(3. ed.). Foundation for Critical Thinking.
ISBN 978-0-944583-17-3.
Pera, Silvia Angelina; Tonder, Susara Van
(2005). Ethics in Health Care (https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=S11Eg3KjcOAC&pg=P
A7) . Juta and Company Ltd. ISBN 978-0-
7021-6679-2. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20240101181326/https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=S11Eg3KjcOAC&pg=PA
7) from the original on January 1, 2024.
Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Perrett, Roy W. (2016). An Introduction to
Indian Philosophy (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=q7wwCwAAQBAJ) . Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85356-9.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
0622154203/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=q7wwCwAAQBAJ) from the original
on June 22, 2023. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
Petersen, Thomas Søbirk; Ryberg, Jesper
(2022). "Applied Ethics" (https://www.oxfordb
ibliographies.com/display/document/obo-97
80195396577/obo-9780195396577-0006.x
ml) . Oxford Bibliographies. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20231228154631/http
s://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/d
ocument/obo-9780195396577/obo-9780195
396577-0006.xml) from the original on
December 28, 2023. Retrieved December 23,
2023.
Peterson, Anna L. (2020). "4. Pragmatism
and Ethics: The Path of Inquiry". Works
Righteousness: Material Practice in Ethical
Theory (https://academic.oup.com/book/405
26/chapter-abstract/347844589?redirectedF
rom=fulltext) . Oxford University Press.
ISBN 978-0-19-753225-6. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20231231125224/http
s://academic.oup.com/book/40526/chapter-
abstract/347844589?redirectedFrom=fulltex
t) from the original on December 31, 2023.
Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Pick, Thomas (2004). "Moral Obligation".
Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement. 54:
159–185. doi:10.1017/S1358246100008493
(https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS135824610000
8493) . S2CID 1105915 (https://api.semantic
scholar.org/CorpusID:1105915) .
Porter, Burton (2010). What the Tortoise
Taught Us: The Story of Philosophy (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=KF6MauIHGKgC&
pg=PA73) . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
ISBN 978-1-4422-0553-6. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20240101130345/http
s://books.google.com/books?id=KF6MauIHG
KgC&pg=PA73) from the original on January
1, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Post, Stephen G. (2011). "Sorokin and the
Therapeutic of Love: A Critical Assessment"
(https://books.google.com/books?id=PnP6y
F_3gfYC&pg=PA118) . In Aviñó, Elvira del
Pozo (ed.). Integralism, Altruism and
Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of Pitirim A.
Sorokin. Universitat de València. ISBN 978-
84-370-8362-9. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20240104100637/https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=PnP6yF_3gfYC&pg=P
A118) from the original on January 4, 2024.
Retrieved January 4, 2024.
Puka, William. "Moral Development" (https://i
ep.utm.edu/moraldev/) . Internet
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20240103175822/http
s://iep.utm.edu/moraldev/) from the original
on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 3,
2024.
Ranganathan, Shyam. "Ramanuja" (https://ie
p.utm.edu/ramanuja/) . Internet Encyclopedia
of Philosophy. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20200212154759/https://www.iep.
utm.edu/ramanuja/) from the original on
February 12, 2020. Retrieved December 18,
2023.
Reilly, R. (1977). "Socrates' Moral Paradox".
The Southwestern Journal of Philosophy. 8
(1). doi:10.5840/swjphil19778110 (https://do
i.org/10.5840%2Fswjphil19778110) .
ISSN 0038-481X (https://www.worldcat.org/i
ssn/0038-481X) .
Rendtorff, J. D. (1998). "Business Ethics,
Overview". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.).
Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics (2 ed.).
Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-373932-2.
Ribino, Patrizia; Lodato, Carmelo (2019). "A
Norm Compliance Approach for Open and
Goal-Directed Intelligent Systems" (https://do
i.org/10.1155%2F2019%2F7895875) .
Complexity. 2019: 1–20.
doi:10.1155/2019/7895875 (https://doi.org/
10.1155%2F2019%2F7895875) .
Rice, Stanley A. (2009). Encyclopedia of
Evolution (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=YRcAVvmE6eMC&pg=PA153) . Infobase
Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-1005-9.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2024
0104100635/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=YRcAVvmE6eMC&pg=PA153) from
the original on January 4, 2024. Retrieved
January 4, 2024.
Ridge, Michael (2019). "Moral Non-
Naturalism" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entrie
s/moral-non-naturalism/) . The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics
Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved
December 20, 2023.
Rini, Regina A. "Morality and Cognitive
Science" (https://iep.utm.edu/m-cog-sc/) .
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202309071736
28/https://iep.utm.edu/m-cog-sc/) from the
original on September 7, 2023. Retrieved
September 7, 2023.
Robson, Gregory J.; Tsou, Jonathan Y.
(2023). Technology Ethics: A Philosophical
Introduction and Readings (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=3gumEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT
16) . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-
83023-1. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20231226185116/https://books.google.c
om/books?id=3gumEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16)
from the original on December 26, 2023.
Retrieved December 27, 2023.
Rosati, Connie S. (2016). "Moral Motivation"
(https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-mo
tivation/) . The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab,
Stanford University. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20230716015931/https://plat
o.stanford.edu/entries/moral-motivation/)
from the original on July 16, 2023. Retrieved
December 21, 2023.
Rudy-Hiller, Fernando (2022). "27. The Moral
Psychology of Moral Responsibility" (https://
books.google.com/books?id=j81kEAAAQBA
J&pg=PA509) . In Vargas, Manuel; Doris,
John (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Moral
Psychology. Oxford University Press.
ISBN 978-0-19-887171-2. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20240103185225/http
s://books.google.com/books?id=j81kEAAAQ
BAJ&pg=PA509) from the original on
January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
Ryberg, Jesper (2010). Applied Ethics: Oxford
Bibliographies Online Research Guide (https://
books.google.com/books?id=ZsCRosM367g
C&pg=PA3) . Oxford University Press, USA.
ISBN 978-0-19-980865-6. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20231225052559/http
s://books.google.com/books?id=ZsCRosM3
67gC&pg=PA3) from the original on
December 25, 2023. Retrieved December 27,
2023.
Sajoo, Amyn (2008). Muslim Ethics: Emerging
Vistas (https://books.google.com/books?id=
C7aKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60) . Bloomsbury
Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85771-495-4.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
1218101027/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=C7aKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60) from the
original on December 18, 2023. Retrieved
December 19, 2023.
Sander-Staudt, Maureen. "Care Ethics" (http
s://iep.utm.edu/care-ethics/) . Internet
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20220604150028/http
s://iep.utm.edu/care-ethics/) from the
original on June 4, 2022. Retrieved
December 31, 2023.
Sandler, R. (1998). "Environmental Ethics,
Overview". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.).
Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics (2 ed.).
Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-373932-2.
Sayre-McCord, Geoff (2023). "Metaethics" (ht
tps://plato.stanford.edu/entries/metaethic
s/) . The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab,
Stanford University. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20230712062506/https://plat
o.stanford.edu/entries/metaethics/) from
the original on July 12, 2023. Retrieved
December 19, 2023.
Sayre-McCord, Geoff (2023a). "Moral
Realism" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/
moral-realism/) . The Stanford Encyclopedia
of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab,
Stanford University. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20200423021516/https://plat
o.stanford.edu/entries/moral-realism/) from
the original on April 23, 2020. Retrieved
December 19, 2023.
Schroeder, Mark (2021). "Value Theory" (http
s://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-
theory/) . The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab,
Stanford University. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20240201103939/https://plat
o.stanford.edu/entries/value-theory/) from
the original on February 1, 2024. Retrieved
January 3, 2024.
Schroeder, Doris. "Evolutionary Ethics" (http
s://iep.utm.edu/evol-eth/) . Internet
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20230928042720/http
s://iep.utm.edu/evol-eth/) from the original
on September 28, 2023. Retrieved January 4,
2024.
Shafer-Landau, Russ (2020). Oxford Studies
in Metaethics Volume 15 (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=rWjxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14
8) . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-
260331-9. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20231220182412/https://books.google.
com/books?id=rWjxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148)
from the original on December 20, 2023.
Retrieved December 22, 2023.
Shaver, Robert (2023). "Egoism" (https://plat
o.stanford.edu/entries/egoism/) . The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford
University. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20220324001213/https://plato.stanfor
d.edu/entries/egoism/) from the original on
March 24, 2022. Retrieved December 31,
2023.
Simpson, David L. "Ross, William David" (http
s://iep.utm.edu/ross-wd/) . Internet
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20190620123622/http
s://www.iep.utm.edu/ross-wd/) from the
original on June 20, 2019. Retrieved
January 3, 2024.
Sims, Ronald R. (2017). A Contemporary Look
at Business Ethics (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=J6csDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6) .
IAP. ISBN 978-1-68123-956-9. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20231228131627/h
ttps://books.google.com/books?id=J6csDw
AAQBAJ&pg=PA6) from the original on
December 28, 2023. Retrieved January 3,
2024.
Singer, Peter (2016). Famine, Affluence, and
Morality. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-
0-19-021920-8.
Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter (2019). "Moral
Skepticism" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entrie
s/skepticism-moral/) . The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics
Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/201908061351
29/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skeptic
ism-moral/) from the original on August 6,
2019. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter (2023).
"Consequentialism" (https://plato.stanford.ed
u/entries/consequentialism/) . The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics
Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202306181714
02/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/conseq
uentialism/) from the original on June 18,
2023. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
Slingerland, Edward (2007). Effortless Action:
Wu-wei As Conceptual Metaphor and Spiritual
Ideal in Early China (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=gSReaja3V3IC&pg=PA77) .
Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-
987457-6. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20230613071400/https://books.google.
com/books?id=gSReaja3V3IC&pg=PA77)
from the original on June 13, 2023. Retrieved
December 19, 2023.
Slote, Michael (2005). "Utilitarianism". In
Honderich, Ted (ed.). The Oxford Companion
to Philosophy (https://philpapers.org/rec/HO
NTOC-2) . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-
0-19-926479-7. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20210129082636/https://philpap
ers.org/rec/HONTOC-2) from the original on
January 29, 2021. Retrieved December 19,
2023.
Slote, Michael (2005a). "Virtues". In
Honderich, Ted (ed.). The Oxford Companion
to Philosophy (https://philpapers.org/rec/HO
NTOC-2) . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-
0-19-926479-7. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20210129082636/https://philpap
ers.org/rec/HONTOC-2) from the original on
January 29, 2021. Retrieved December 19,
2023.
Smith, Kimberly K. (2018). Exploring
Environmental Ethics: An Introduction (https://
books.google.com/books?id=LFBVDwAAQB
AJ&pg=PA36) . Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-
77395-7. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20231224142103/https://books.google.c
om/books?id=LFBVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36)
from the original on December 24, 2023.
Retrieved December 27, 2023.
Smith, Barry; Thomas, Alan. "Axiology" (http
s://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/themati
c/axiology/v-1) . Routledge Encyclopedia of
Philosophy. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20231130132059/https://www.rep.ro
utledge.com/articles/thematic/axiology/v-
1) from the original on November 30, 2023.
Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Sorabji, Richard; Rodin, David (2007).
"Introduction". In Sorabji, Richard; Rodin,
David (eds.). The Ethics of War: Shared
Problems in Different Traditions (Repr ed.).
Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-5448-
3.
Stecker, Robert (2010). "Ethics and
Aesthetics". In Skorupski, John (ed.). The
Routledge Companion to Ethics (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=wYHFBQAAQBAJ) .
Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-96421-3.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2024
0103175842/https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=wYHFBQAAQBAJ) from the original
on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 4,
2024.
Stephens, William O. "Stoic Ethics" (https://ie
p.utm.edu/stoiceth/) . Internet Encyclopedia
of Philosophy.
Stoljar, Samuel (1984). "Rights and Duties" (h
ttps://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/97
8-1-349-17607-6_4) . An Analysis of Rights.
Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 36–50.
doi:10.1007/978-1-349-17607-6_4 (https://do
i.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-17607-6_4) .
ISBN 978-1-349-17607-6. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20180617220103/http
s://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F97
8-1-349-17607-6_4) from the original on
June 17, 2018. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
Sullivan, Barbara (2001). " 'It's All in the
Contract': Rethinking Feminist Critiques of
Contract" (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=1vkgWX7GRr0C&pg=PA118) . In Carney,
Terry; Ramia, Gaby; Yeatman, Anna (eds.).
Contractualism and Citizenship. Federation
Press. ISBN 978-1-86287-366-7. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20240103094915/
https://books.google.com/books?id=1vkgWX
7GRr0C&pg=PA118) from the original on
January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Sulmasy, Daniel P.; Sugarman, Jeremy
(2010). "The Many Methods of Medical
Ethics (Or, Thirteen Ways of Looking at a
Blackbird)" (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=QPvoTjDn0B4C&pg=PA11) . In
Sugarman, Jeremy; Sulmasy, Daniel P. (eds.).
Methods in Medical Ethics: Second Edition.
Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-1-
58901-623-1. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20240101181330/https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=QPvoTjDn0B4C&pg=PA1
1) from the original on January 1, 2024.
Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Talbert, Matthew (2019). "Moral
Responsibility" (https://plato.stanford.edu/en
tries/moral-responsibility/) . The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics
Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202402011038
19/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-r
esponsibility/) from the original on February
1, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
Tebbit, Mark (2013). The Philosophy of Law:
An Encyclopedia (https://books.google.com/
books?id=sn-qD-gCX18C) . Routledge.
ISBN 978-1-135-58277-7. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20230622154201/http
s://books.google.com/books?id=sn-qD-gCX
18C) from the original on June 22, 2023.
Retrieved June 10, 2023.
ten Have, Henk; Patrão Neves, Maria do Céu
(2021). "Information Ethics" (https://link.sprin
ger.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-54161-
3_310) . Dictionary of Global Bioethics.
Springer International Publishing.
doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54161-3_310 (https://
doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-54161-3_31
0) . ISBN 978-3-030-54161-3.
S2CID 241302927 (https://api.semanticschol
ar.org/CorpusID:241302927) . Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20231225095501/h
ttps://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/97
8-3-030-54161-3_310) from the original on
December 25, 2023. Retrieved December 27,
2023.
Thapar, Romila (1978). Ancient Indian Social
History: Some Interpretations (https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=fK3VTUrWsD0C&pg=P
A48) . Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-250-
0808-8. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20231218133338/https://books.google.co
m/books?id=fK3VTUrWsD0C&pg=PA48)
from the original on December 18, 2023.
Retrieved December 19, 2023.
Thoma, Stephen J. (2015). "13 A Neo-
Kohlbergian Tale of Two Sensitivities" (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=SqBhCQAA
QBAJ&pg=PA230) . In Mower, Deborah;
Robison, Wade L.; Vandenberg, Phyllis (eds.).
Developing Moral Sensitivity. Routledge.
ISBN 978-1-317-49841-4. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20240103175823/http
s://books.google.com/books?id=SqBhCQAA
QBAJ&pg=PA230) from the original on
January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
Thomas, Alan (2022). "Normative Ethics" (htt
ps://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/
document/obo-9780195396577/obo-978019
5396577-0082.xml) . Oxford Bibliographies.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2024
0201103939/https://www.oxfordbibliographi
es.com/display/document/obo-9780195396
577/obo-9780195396577-0082.xml) from
the original on February 1, 2024. Retrieved
December 28, 2023.
Tzafestas, Spyros G. (2015). Roboethics: A
Navigating Overview (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=EdpECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2) .
Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-21714-7. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202312252357
01/https://books.google.com/books?id=Edp
ECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2) from the original on
December 25, 2023. Retrieved December 27,
2023.
Verhoeven, F. R. J. (2013). Islam: Its Origin
and Spread in Words, Maps and Pictures (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=RYpTAQAA
QBAJ&pg=PA27) . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-
134-54091-4. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20240101130210/https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=RYpTAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA
27) from the original on January 1, 2024.
Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Vogt, Katja Maria (2017). Desiring the Good:
Ancient Proposals and Contemporary Theory
(https://books.google.com/books?id=DXAuD
wAAQBAJ&pg=PA42) . Oxford University
Press. ISBN 978-0-19-069248-3. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20240201104445/
https://books.google.com/books?id=DXAuD
wAAQBAJ&pg=PA42#v=onepage&q&f=fals
e) from the original on February 1, 2024.
Retrieved January 10, 2024.
Wenar, Leif (2021). "John Rawls" (https://plat
o.stanford.edu/entries/rawls/) . The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics
Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/201809230835
31/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rawl
s/) from the original on September 23, 2018.
Retrieved December 26, 2023.
Westacott, Emrys. "Moral Relativism" (http
s://iep.utm.edu/moral-re/) . Internet
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20231216115535/http
s://iep.utm.edu/moral-re/) from the original
on December 16, 2023. Retrieved
December 19, 2023.
Williams, Garrath. "Praise and Blame" (http
s://iep.utm.edu/blame-and-praise/) . Internet
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20231130065131/http
s://iep.utm.edu/blame-and-praise/) from the
original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved
January 7, 2024.
Wilson, Scott D. "Animals and Ethics" (https://
iep.utm.edu/animals-and-ethics/) . Internet
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20230715062727/http
s://iep.utm.edu/animals-and-ethics/) from
the original on July 15, 2023. Retrieved
December 24, 2023.
Winkler, E. R. (1998). "Applied Ethics,
Overview" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/s
cience/article/abs/pii/B9780123739322000
168) . In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.). Encyclopedia
of Applied Ethics (2 ed.). Academic Press.
ISBN 978-0-12-373932-2. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20231223101553/http
s://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/a
bs/pii/B9780123739322000168) from the
original on December 23, 2023. Retrieved
December 27, 2023.
Wolfendale, Jessica (2007). "Professional
Ethics and the Military" (https://link.springer.
com/chapter/10.1057/9780230592803_4) .
Torture and the Military Profession. Palgrave
Macmillan UK. pp. 47–76.
doi:10.1057/9780230592803_4 (https://doi.o
rg/10.1057%2F9780230592803_4) .
ISBN 978-0-230-59280-3. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20231225141202/http
s://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780
230592803_4) from the original on
December 25, 2023. Retrieved December 27,
2023.
Woollard, Fiona; Howard-Snyder, Frances
(2022). "Doing Vs. Allowing Harm" (https://pl
ato.stanford.edu/entries/doing-allowing/#Tr
olProb) . Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab,
Stanford University. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20231005193642/https://plat
o.stanford.edu/entries/doing-allowing/#Trol
Prob) from the original on October 5, 2023.
Retrieved September 7, 2023.
Wu, Jiyun; Wokutch, Richard E. (2008).
"Confucianism" (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=5m9yq0Eu-vsC&pg=PT474) . In
Kolb, Robert W. (ed.). Encyclopedia of
Business Ethics and Society. Sage. ISBN 978-
1-4129-1652-3. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20240101130216/https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=5m9yq0Eu-vsC&pg=P
T474) from the original on January 1, 2024.
Retrieved January 3, 2024.
Yount, Lisa (2007). Animal Rights (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=R4jQ_upQZroC&pg
=PA26) . Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-
4381-3063-7. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20231224142106/https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=R4jQ_upQZroC&pg=PA2
6) from the original on December 24, 2023.
Retrieved December 27, 2023.
Zhang, Feng (2023). "The Conception of
Morality in Moral Realism" (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=2ka8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA
96) . In Xuetong, Yan; Yuanyuan, Fang (eds.).
The Essence of Interstate Leadership:
Debating Moral Realism. Policy Press.
ISBN 978-1-5292-3263-9. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20231230095920/http
s://books.google.com/books?id=2ka8EAAAQ
BAJ&pg=PA96) from the original on
December 30, 2023. Retrieved January 3,
2024.
Zimmerman, Michael J. (2015). "Value and
Normativity". In Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas
(eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory.
Oxford university press. ISBN 978-0-19-
995930-3.
 Zimmerman, Michael J.; Bradley, Ben (2019).
"Intrinsic Vs. Extrinsic Value" (https://plato.st
anford.edu/entries/value-intrinsic-
extrinsic/) . The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab,
Stanford University. Retrieved January 3,
2024.

External links

Ethics
at Wikipedia's sister projects

Definitions
from
Wiktionary
Media from
Commons
 Quotations
from
Wikiquote
Texts from
Wikisource
Textbooks
from
Wikibooks
Resources
from
Wikiversity
Data from
Wikidata

Library resources about

Ethics

Resources in your library (https://ftl.toolforg

e.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ethics)
Resources in other libraries (https://ftl.toolfo
rge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ethics&library
=0CHOOSE0)
 Meta-Ethics (https://philpapers.org/bro
wse/meta-ethics) at PhilPapers
Normative Ethics (https://philpapers.or
g/browse/normative-ethics) at
PhilPapers
Applied Ethics (https://philpapers.org/br
owse/applied-ethics) at PhilPapers
Ethics (https://www.inphoproject.org/ta
xonomy/2243) at the Indiana
Philosophy Ontology Project

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Ethics&oldid=1216237438"
This page was last edited on 29 March 2024, at
21:55 (UTC). •
Content is available under CC BY-SA 4.0 unless
otherwise noted.