OPERATORS AND EXPRESSIONS
MODULE 2
Expressions
Combination of operators and operands which reduces to a single value.
An operation is performed on a data item which is called an operand.
An operator indicates an operation to be performed on data.
z = 3+2*1
z=5
C Operators
C programming language supports a rich set of operators that are classified as
follows.
► Arithmetic Operators
► Relational Operators
► Logical Operators
► Assignment Operators
► Increment & Decrement Operators
► Bitwise Operators
► Conditional Operator
► Special Operators
Arithmetic Operators(+,-,*,/,%)
Types of Arithmetic Operators
Integer Arithmetic
a + b = 18
Real Arithmetic
x = 1.0/3.0
= 0.33333333
Mixed mode Arithmetic
15/10.0 = 1.5
15/10 = 1
Relational Operators (<,>,<=,>=,!=,==)
ae-1 relational operator ae-2
Logical Operators (&&,||,!)
Assignment Operator(=)
v op = exp ;
Short Hand Assignment Operators
Increment and Decrement Operators (++ , --)
increment ++ and decrement -- to change the value of an operand
(constant or variable) by 1.
Increment ++ increases the value by 1 whereas decrement -- decreases
the value by 1.
These two operators are unary operators, meaning they only operate
on a single operand.
Pre-increment and Post-increment
Pre-increment operator: Increment the value of a variable before using it in a
expression.
In the Pre-Increment, value is first incremented and then used inside the
expression.
a = ++x;
x = 11
x = 10 a = ++x ; a = 11
Post-increment operator
Post-increment operator : Increment the value of variable after executing
expression completely in which post increment is used.
In the Post-Increment, value is first used in a expression and then
incremented. ► Syntax: ► Here, suppose the value of ‘x’ is 10 then value of
variable ‘b’ will be 10 because old value of ‘x’ is used.
a = x++;
x = 11
x = 10 a = x++; a = 10
Bitwise Operators
Bitwise AND Operator(&)
The output of bitwise AND is 1 if the corresponding bits of two
operands is 1.
If either bit of an operand is 0, the result of corresponding bit is
evaluated to 0.
Let us suppose the bitwise AND operation of two integers 12 and 25.
Bitwise OR Operator(|)
The output of bitwise OR is 1 if atleast one of the corresponding bit
of two operands is 1.
Let us suppose the bitwise OR operation of two integers 12 and 25.
Bitwise XOR Operator(^)
The result of bitwise exclusive operator is 1 if the corresponding bits
of two operands are opposite.
.Let us suppose the bitwise XOR operation of two integers 12 and 25.
Shift Operators
There are two shift operators in C programming:
► Right shift operator
► Left shift operator.
Right shift operator shifts all bits towards right by certain number of
specified bits. It is denoted by >>.
Left shift operator shifts all bits towards left by a certain number of
specified bits.
The bit positions that have been vacated by the left shift operator are
filled with 0. The symbol of the left shift operator is <<
Conditional Operator(? :)
Decision-making statements that depend upon the output of the expression.
As a conditional operator works on three operands, so it is also known as
the ternary operator.
It starts with a condition, hence it is called a conditional operator.
Conditional operators return one value if condition is true and returns
another value is condition is false.
expression1 ? expression2 : expression3;
a = 10;
b = 15;
x = (a > b) ? a : b ;
Special Operators
1) Comma Operator :
Comma operators are used to link related expressions together.
2) The sizeof operator :
Returns the size of data (constants, variables, array, structure, etc).
Dot and Arrow operator
(Type) operator
• The type conversion performed by the programmer by posing the data type of the
expression of specific type is known as explicit type conversion.
• The explicit type conversion is also known as type casting.
Example:
Operator precedence
Determines the grouping of terms in an expression and decides
how an expression is evaluated.
Certain operators have higher precedence than others
x = 34 + 12 / 4 - 45
