HOA 4 NOTES

History of architecture and Urban planning in the

Philippines
WHAT IS PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE?
• Vernacular and improved in accordance with the different foreign influences throughout the
years: Malay, Hindu, Spanish, American, Arab, and Chinese cultures. Most are through
commerce and trade.
/According to Leandro v. Locsin (The man behind cultural center of the Philippines) a Filipino
architect
• It is a product of natural growth from various influences
/Ar. Norma Alarcon
• Architecture as an art should be immortalized:
/Rolando V. Dela Rosa
(In accordance to progress we should enrich these in order to find the true progression.)
PRINCIPLES
• Utility
o Efficiency on the use of space and other elements to make the building livable.
• Strength
o The ability to withstand such factors that may be dealt in the future.
• Beauty
o Creating a space that exudes eye-pleasing elements with functionality.
INFLUENCES
• Geographical
• physical features that answer the question of where it is located
• Geological
• Availability of building materials. It could vary from one place to another.
• Climatic
• Weather systems that vary to the location:
• Wind path
• Micro-climate
• Sun path
• etc.
• Religious
• Beliefs and traditions which may vary in certain places.
• Socio-Cultural
• hierarchy of the dwellers to the society.
• Economic
• the financial status that affects a big factor in creating the structure
• Political
• status in society through power in leadership
• Historical
• events that caused the building of the structure.
FILIPINO CONCEPTS OF SPACE
Pamahiin - influences that Filipinos consider in how we treat our spaces
• DO’s for residential houses(For luck, health and protection)
• Strength of staircases : Umbilical cord of the family’s child is inserted in the
staircase
• strength of posts : Placing of charms like coins, wine, cash or medals
underneath those.
• Doors: Placed in accordance to the rising sun/ east for good luck to enter in the
dwelling.
• ‘padugo’ Blood for eliminating evil spirits: Splattered on the foundations and
wall corners
• Father’s correlation to the solidification of the foundation of the house: The
family’s father should be present in the erection of the first post or first row of
hollow blocks.
• Roof: The longer side of the roof shall be parallel to the street for fortune. this
will help to redirect heavy rainwater away from the house
• Stairs: should not be divisible by 3 (three)
• Oro: gold
• Plata: silver
 • Mata: death
• Residential door swing: Shall swing towards the interior of the dwelling for
good luck
*shall not be applied to commercial establishments
• Coconut identification for luck: Coconut is buried and acquired after a week: If
it still has a vast amount of juice it equates to prosperity.
• stairway to the main door: Must be 5 or 7 or any odd number (but not divisible
by 3) to bring wealth and prosperity)
• Post: coins are nailed on the top for luck.
• Post: Coins, cedula and broken glass wrapped in black cloth should be buried
underneath these post for wealth and prosperity.
• Driveway: Sili/ hot peppers shall be placed underneath the driveway of the
house to repel bad spirits. (allergic si beh)
• Bamboo: Utilize bamboo that are harvested in the month of December for it is
believed to have greater strength and durability.
• Post: Erected in a clockwise direction in accordance to the withstanding of a
typhoon. (choreo daw HAHAHAHHAHAHA)
• DONT’S (Residential)
• During the construction: if any of the workers died it equates to bad luck
• Renovation: Do not cut old posts for it results in loss of wealth.
• Stairs: If it is oriented to the sun, it will result to bad luck.
• slats correlation to stairs: If slats are laid perpendicular, it causes misfortune.
*should be parallel
• stair: the last step shall not face the main door
• Gate: gates that faces the dead-end street will cause an accident to one of the
members
• Overhang: overhang over a punso would provoke the spirits there. Hint for
termites
• Re-using of materials/ antiques: especially from church or old houses bring bad
luck
• Wood: Tear like-sap is correlated to real tears. here, the moisture from fresh
wood would result to building defects and future infestations.
• Balete tree: Building near this tree causes misfortune. It is believed to be the
home of superficial entities in Philippine folklore.
• Newly- cut trees: building over these would outturn bad luck. Uprooting should
be done for reoccurring of the birthing of new trees would not occur.
• House shape: Do not create a house plan that resembles the cross. Most
churches have these shape and attract spirits
• Basement (feng shui influence): If placed on flat surface elderlies would
correlate it to the early death of a family member. We shouldn't locate
bedrooms here since it depicts death underneath the ground.
/As we Philippine architecture is truly present in our lives. It is a result improvement of influences of
various cultures in accordance with our practices and beliefs. With this, we must seek to protect and
embody these as architects. In this way, our identity would still be present for a long time through our
structures that are set to be built and withstand various factors in the future.

Philippine Pre-Historic Architecture

Pre-historic Philippines
• Events before the actual recording of historical events which date from the
PLEISTOCENE AGE - APRIL 21, 900 (Gregorian calendar from the Laguna Copper plate inscription)
Laguna Copperplate Inscription- and evidence the present the relationship of Philippines to the other
Southeast Asian country. It is the oldest evidence of how we lived before.
PLEISTOCENE AGE
A period where the first inhabitants of the Philippines came through ‘Tulay na lupa’
THEORIES OF AUSTRONESIAN EXPANSION (How population grew)
• Nusantao (NUSA - south TAO- Human) Maritime Trading and Communication Network
(NMTCN)
• He explained a network during the neolithic age in 5000 B.C.) where South
Philippines has been the center of the Austronesian expansion since trading
or pangangakal is done for survival. People who are involved in these expansion has
 distinct cultural aspect or knowledge in such boating, fishing, paggawa ng bangga,
etc.
/Wilhelm G. Solheim II (Who proposed the theory)
• Out-of-Taiwan Hypothesis (Bellwood Theory
1. Taiwan: 5,500 BP
2. Philippines: 5, 300 BP
3. West Philippines
4. South Philippines
5- 6. to Pacific Ocean
1. Near Ocenia: 3,600 BP
2. Remote Ocenia: 3,200 BP
3. Central Polynesia: 3,200 BP
4. Hawaii & New Zealand: 1, 500 BP
• Linguistics
• repeating of words
/Peter S. Bellwood
EARLY PHILIPPINE SHELTERS
• CAVES
An early form of dwelling that protects them from sun, wind, and rain. More on excavation (Lico, 2008).
They are afraid of the lightning as it is believed to be the punishment for mocking the animals.
• CALLAO CAVE (Penablanca, Cagayan)
• Remains of primitive Filipinos (Callao Man) were found here as well as animals
like stegodon (genus of elephants)
• located in a hacienda inside a ranch
• TABON CAVE (Lipuun Point, Quezon, Palawan)
• Found the remains of Tabon man and Manunggul jars ( for living the top holder
symbolizes young pagtawid sa kabilang buhay)
• ANGONO CAVE (Binangonan, Rizal)
• 127 human and animal illustration/ engravements or petroglyphs are found
here (Human, frogs and butiki and other more)
• LEAN-TO SHELTERS
• No space and usually used by nomads for easy transfer.
• Used as a screen against the wind, sun and rain factors. It is usually
angled in the ground with the use of sticks or poles
• typically made of grass, plam leaves, bamboo anf other more.
• flooring is usually grass, nipa, kawayan, palm leaves.
Called in various names differed per place:
• Hawong- Pinatubo aeta
• Pinanahang - Agta (Pampanga & Zambales) & Casiguran Aetas from Aurora
• Dait-dait - Mamanua Aeta from Mindanao
• ARBOREAL SHELTERS / Tree Houses
• usually found sa sanga sanga (forked branches) ng 20’, 30’ to 60’
ground trees or at 15’ to 20’ na putol na mga puno/ high stumps
that serves as a foundation
• they are commonly built in an area that has a high rate of violent
intertribal conflicts or nocturnal raids. The elevation would serve
them protection
• common materials are:
• bamboo
• nipa (wall or roofing)
Different types
• Buhay na puno
• Dead trees
• Troso ng puno as stilts
Tree Dwellers in the Philippines:
• Gaddang and Kalinga of Luzon
• Manobos and Mandaya of Mindanao
• Moros of Lake Lanao
• Negritos of Bukidnon and North-Central Mindanao
• Bagobo of Davao
• Bilaan
• Ilongot
Note that the TINGUIAN OF PALAN (A Tribe found in northwest of Abra) has a distinct
arboreal shelter.
 • daytime abode
• small hut of bamboo and thatch built on the ground
• hindi sila tumatambay sa bahay, instead they hunt and farm for
food.
• nocturnal abode /alligang
• Found 18-24 meters resting on top of trees that keeps them safe at
night

PRE-COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURE IN MINDANAO
SPANISH COLONOZATION
AMERICAN COLONIZATION
American Colonialism
1898 nagkarooon na ng di pagkakaunawaan ang mga Spanish at American. This resulted
to Spanish-american/USA-CUBA vs. SPAIN and Mocak ar Manila-American war in AUGUST
12, 1898.Though may mga natira pa rin na spanish individuals after
war. Naunti unti yung pag fall ng mga Spaniards dahil madami na nga ang na-colonize
at hindi na mahandle
colorcoded sa tagal ng colonization
• BLUE (1580-1640) sa portuguese due to treaties nawala sa spain yung parts ng italy, central
Europe
• PINK (1713-1714) mga teritoryo na Nawala due to treaties of Utrecht Baden
• RED (1808-1833) ay early 1800s lost due to His[anic American wars peru, parts
of chile, brazil, venzuela, columbia, honduras, peurto rico, meico.luisina, california and other
more
• ORANGE (1898-1899) nawala sue to Spanish-american war: ph puerto rico cuba
• GREEN (1956-1976) africa
• BROWN nasasako nila magpasahanggang nagyon
DATES TO REMEMBER
• DECEMBER 10, 1898- due to treaty of paris natapost yung Spanish empire in the
Philippines. wala na rin kasing pondo ang spain dahil di na nila macontrol. Dati
kasi spain and portugese yung malalakas dati na nagaagawan sa mga lupa. After the defeat
there may newly acquired teritorries ng US aty west coast, cuba, puerto rico, hawaii, PH. Ang
president the time ay si William Mckinley the Spanish prime minister naman
ay si Praxedes Mariano Mateo Segasta y Escolar.. Though di alam ng America
ang gagawin sa mga newly acquired territories dahil malayo naman sa amerika eh.

• JUNE 12, 1898 – emilio aguinaldo declared independence sa Kawit, Cavite. There ito ang First
Philippine Republc sa asia under democratic constitution.

• JANUARY 21-23, 1898 - Unang npagpupulong ng congresso ng pilipinas sa malolos Bulacan

• FEBRAURY 4, 1899 (FEBRAURY 1899 - APRIL 1902) -

uncle sam sa mga panitikan at nagdeclare or nagkaroon ng gyera ang ph at America. There the
first gunshot was heard sa sampaloc calle silencio at may isa pang kalye

AFTERMATH NG FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR

defeated yung filipino guerillas, from there nagsimula yung rebuilding ng Pilipinas in
accordance sa American model this is where:
(the real deal is that para sa kanila talaga yang improvements. nadamay lang tayo
para magaan buhay nila dito sa ph)
o infrastucture for military control
o public health
o education - private from the prailes tas introduced public schools
o Commerce - they used natural resources for commerce and dahil near
tayo sa china stepping stone nila tayo for trade.
THEORY OF STYLE (EARLY COLONIZATION)
 o Stone or cement coping
o Terracotta tiles
o Curvilinear gable
o Stuccoed walls

• COLONIAL MISSION REVIVAL

This style originated sa America in the end of 19th century that is aimed to revive the elements
from the Spanish colonial revival style. Nakkita sya mostly sa California, mission revival style
from america talaga pero may onti influence pa ng spanish style
Common characteristics:
o Low pithced gable tiled roof
o Stucco finish exterior walls
o Wide eaves
o Closely spaed exposed rafter end
o Frontispiece exposed gable wall
o Square towers with pyramidal roof
o NOTABLE BUILDING SA PH:
▪ PNU (Philippine normal university)
▪ Cebu highschool

(makikita sa mga lumang bayan those are condominuim na mukhang shoebox)

o Exposed rafter tail – exposed portions ng rafter as overhangs ng walls
o Balconette – space allotted para sa lower portion ng window. Usually, enclosed ito with wood,
stone or metal with decorative railings.
o Bracketed eaves – underside ng balconette, series ito ng decoratice brackets of equal spacing.
o Smooth finish stucco – smooth faced masonry wall dahil sa limebased stucco. This lowers the
effect of erosion.
o Quartrefoil window – type of window composed of four lobes or foils.
o mission dormer – projecting aboec the tiled roof with multicurved shape design
similar sa mission parapet
o mission parapet – low wall na nageextend from the external wall and roof with multi curved
shape and design sa dulo nito.
o bracketed cornice – type of cornice supported by series of decorative brackets
o square tower with pyramidical roof – square in plan na tower covered with pyramidal roof
o tsimenea – dito inilalabas yung wate gases from buildings or mga apparatus not just on for
winter kasi wala naman tayo nun
o MGA ORNAMENTAL ELEMENTS:
▪ Guilloche – Used as molding as a border that consists of interwoven bands
around sa series of circles
▪ Rosette – circular pattern that resembles rose or could be other flower
▪ Anthemion – ornament based on palm leaf or honeysuckle foliage
▪ peston, festoon – intertwined flowers or ribbons hanging between two ponts.

• MONUMENTAL AMERICAN NEOCLASSICISM

It employs a lot of classical elements and a fusion of vernacular style
o they still use capiz shells at malalaki ito para sa ventilation at natural lighting
o no flat roof kasi maulan lagi
• ITALIANETE - originated sa western europe originated sa italian renaissance
o rustic wall – bevelled edges na wall made out of building stones na may rough
surfaces
o bintanang nkaungos sa pader/ bay window – type of window na protruding sa wall
creating an alcove sa room
o accouplement – arrangement of columns or pilasters in pairs na dikit dikit
o bullseye – small window sa exterior wall or dormer
o low-ptch roof – low slope or inclination roof
o façade:
▪ broken-bed segmetal pediment – a type of segmental
pediment na mayroong base na may opening sa center ito at commonly
found sa walla above ng door or window
▪ salomonica columns – type of column with carved spiral shaft
▪ aedicule – canopied niche or flanked by pilasters or colonnettes
▪ eskudo/ coat of arms – emble na kadalasan ay heraldic bearings
and madalas nasa ibabbaw yan ng entrance door or hip gable wall.
 • VICTORIAN STYLE - in honor of queen ivictoria - style in eeurope in great britain
o fasca gutter – type of metal gutter attached sa fascia board
o square tower with mansard roof – tower na square in plan and roofes with
double pitch or hip-roof
renaisance nga pero faithful yung mga briton sa gothic infused with italiansit style
o mansard roof
o madaming elements along with ornaments abot hanggang structural
o best example ay ang siliman univ sa dumaguete
o downspout – rain water pipe
o lattice siding – a type of exterior cladding of timber boards in lattice form
o approach stair – series of steps that lead to main entrance
o sibi/ awning – framed roof-like shading
o colonnete – thin decorative column along exterior window
o decorative eaves vent – an air vent placed along the eaves
FIRST IMPERIAL DEVELOPMENTS:
1. construction of forts and camps - maarte mga amerikano nagconstruct pa ng bagong forts and
camp kasi baduy daw youngsa Spanish
outdated na daw. Nagestablish sila nf camps putside urban centers, fountain sa Legarda,
NASA mwss urban facilities establishment of bureau of
architecture kinumpleto yung kalsada natin. Substandard na daw kasi yung from Spanish era
o Fort John Stotsnburg in Angeles, Pampanga 1902
o Camp Lew Wallace, Poro La Union, 1903
o Camp John Hay Baguio, 1904
o Camp McGrath, Batangas
o Camp Eldrige, Los Banos, Laguna
o military camp facilities
o headquartes
o officer housing
o barracks
o men’s club
o recreation
o hospitals
o chapel
o landscaping
o post exchange house
o
2. urban cleansing – they see na unhygienic daw tayo based sa standards nila kasi outdoor
bathing, cooking outdoors, sa river ginagawa lahat.
o imporovement sa urban planning and architecture serve the needs of secular education and
public services
o SEPTEMBER 12, 1900 1st act ng ph commision was 1m usd para sa construction of roads and
bridges may polo system - obliging abled men sa islands ng PH to give 5 days of
labor sa construction pag di sumunod may bayad na local cost ng labor
o naglagay ng moat for
hard prenetration ng mga kalaban sa intremuros pero dahil nagcause na ito ng Malaria and
mosquitos dahil sa stagnant yung tubig sa moat
kaya tinabunan nalang kasi nagdudulot na ng sakit
o Public bath noong 1913 this can be found calle lipa ng Sampaloc, sa emeth jocson ng NU
along sa streets
3. evolution of bahay kubo (austronesian house) and bahay na bato (casa mestiza) – mass
production under supervision ng bureau of health.
• Healthy house – 1903 philippine act no 1838 banishment of nipa roof in 1903 para
di madaling masunog and such drafter by George h. guerdam (single detached semi detached
row house and tsalet
• tsalet (original base on British-indian bungalow)
o 1.-1.5 meters yung elevation ng ceiling
height ayaw ng mga amerikano na nagaalaga tayo ng farm animals
o Extended poarch or veranda
o Diamond concrete roof shingles woven in sawali
o reinforced bamboo stirps
o may toilet and bath with pipe for sanitation
4. Urban facilities
• botacinal garden converted into mehan garden
• luneta esplanade concrete streets was extended hanggang sa dagat
 • 1904 may La electricita at La Campania Tranvias current na yun tranvias
• manila electric railroad at light com lighting became Meralco later on
• tapat ng post office may tranvilia (2nd damage na yung sa post office 1st yung WWII)
5. Establishment of bureau of architecture

THE MASTER BUILDERS – AMERICAN ARCHITECTS SA PHILIPPINES

• Montgomery Schuyler
o The first american architectural historian to survey PH
o ph architecture daw ay naging climate responsive na nung nagdeveloop sila dito
• Edgar K. Bourne
mas econmical daw ynug mga teja from spanish era
• responsible for 1901 bureau of science – mission revival stye with two flanking mirador towers,
extended pediments and precast ornaments but sadly it is no longer existing.
• 1902 insular ice platn and storage siya nag design brickcladedd facade malpit sa metropolitan
theatre
o ice plant daw ay may chismis na yun daw naging unang aircon ng metropolitan
theatre
o connected sa ice
plant usally tayo pag sa school eleme and highschool pag uwian bell na 4
o'clock uwian nila para diresto uwi AHHHH “mabilis ka pa sa alas kwatro”
o on near grounds the puente colgante can be found - quezon bridge
- puente espana/ jones bridge mabaho mapanghi
• nirenovate ni bourne yung san lazaro hospital pati morque at cholera buildings
• hospital ng bilibib - radial talaga dati yung bilibid tas dahil sa urban sprawl nasira na
• orig manila city hall imported yung materials di mo kaya
o red wod wall shingles
o oregon pine wooden flooe
o concrete footing
• customs house 1903
o red wod wall shingles
o oregon pine wooden flooe
o concrete footing
• Episcopal Cathedral of Saint Mary and John 1905 - first church in concrete and steel
truss sa kalaw ng taft avenue obscure na daw eme protestant church pala siya
• si edward kbourne ay madaming nagawa kaya naupo sia sa bureau

• Daniel Hudson Burnham

o Responsible for the city beautiful movement: civc core na andyan lahat ng civic
buildings radial avenue, landscape promenades and visually arresting na panorama
1901
o This philosophy on the urbanist aesthetics is first found in columbian world fair in
Chicago in 1893
o MASTERPLAN IN MANILA:
▪ waterfront development fro transportations
▪ monumental avenue dewy boulevard / roxas boulevard he proposed
▪ it resembles chicago and san francisco
o national museaum na datin g legislative house
o ibis na seat of congress ay naigng qurino grandstand
o the master plan manila are based on burnham’s city beautiful movement that lies
on neoclassical or Palladianism
o MASTER PLAN NG URBAN PLANNING NG BAGUIO - sabi to daw yung pinaka perfect
para sa kanila perfect daw kasi yung klima for americans
o health resort ng Americans ang baguiomahiilig siila sa forests kasi
healthy daw sa elevated areas sta mesa, overlooking and city ay
healthy tas di ila babahain.with this baguio is the summer capital ng
Philippines dahil sa kaganapang ito at the first recreation hub ng PH
o THREE OBJECTIVEs:
▪ adaptive to contours fro easier communication avoiding east
west and north south orientation
para ramdam na ramdam yung hangin and yung araw
▪ suitable location bpara sa public and
semipublic institutins session hall
 3. provide recreational area in the shape of playgrounds,
parks and open esplanades and parkways
parang stampad regardless kung saaan maalpit inaos ynug city
plotted yung bagiuo
o William Edward Parsons
▪ Nickname as “Caminero” or “Roadbuilder”
▪ kanang kamay ni burnham and nag recommend
kay burnham na ituloy and city beautiful movement
▪ introduced “the kahn system” this is a structural system with the use of
the following:
▪ Terrazzo stones
▪ Veneer fro floor
▪ Steel
▪ Galvanized iron roof
▪ Prefabrication
▪ Reinforced concrete
▪ Concrete hollow blocks
*problem nga lamang ay walang skilled workers sa pilipinas noon
*maraming nagsulputan na companies that produces portland cements
o Parsons was responsible for public buildings like civil services ,health services,
education and transportation
▪ manila club - manila hotel
▪ philippine genral hospital
▪ paco rail station
▪ provicial capitols (laguna)
o usual formula ni parson sa designing ay ang appying the blend of neoclassical to
vernacular
▪ archades colonnade
▪ arche
▪ capiz windows na responsive pa rin sa climate ng ph
o PARSON”S PROJECTS:
▪ Albay provincial capitol
▪ Laguna provincial capitol
▪ Capiz provincial capitol
▪ Iloilo provincial capitol (added canpy in 1960)
▪ Marinduque provincial capitol
▪ Pampanga provincial capitol
▪ Paco rail station (based on York penn station)
▪ Paco public market
▪ Philippine Normal University
▪ Philipine general hospital
▪ University of the Philippines – university Hall
▪ University of the Philippines – manila
▪ Gabaldon type of schools – named after the senator isauro Gabaldon
who authored a bill for building modern public schools sa pilipinas. One
level structure that also enabled educational development for women,
sports,
• Pangunahing hagfan/ main stair
• Halway/ hallway
• Opisina/ office
• Portico/ portico
• Bulwagang pasukan/ entrance hall
• Palaruan/ playground
• Loobang bakuran/ courtyard
• Silid gawaan/ workshop room
• Silid-aralan
▪ elk’s clb ay museong pambata
▪ armu navy club rizal park hotel na siya
▪ manila club
▪ manila hotel – 1912 may telephone air conditioning at lifts/ elevators
o bureau of architecture and constructions became bureau of public works
o william parsons ay nastop sa pamamayagpag sa pilipinas dahil sa issues in politcal
• George Fenhagen
o was rememebered for the unbuilt capitol building manila
 o siya unang natayo ng multi storey building na siyang masonic temple

• Ralph Doane
o Known building capitol buildings that is composed of:
▪ Court house
▪ Jail
▪ Garage
▪ Storeroom
▪ Hospital
▪ Residence of provincial governor and provincial treasurer
• Pediment
• Entablature
• Classical column
• Base block
• Capital
• Shaft
• Classical base
• Raised floor
• Bantayog/ monument
• Kalye/ street
• Hayway/ highway
• Parke/park
o Doanes’s projects:
▪ Pangasinan Provincial Capitol
• Central bay
• Frontispiece
• Palapag/ storey
▪ Pangasinan Provincial Jail
▪ Leyte Provincial Capitol
▪ Legislative building intended for national library of the Philippines
▪ Malacanang executive houses (Now the quezon executive)
• complex kasi ean
• airconditioning unit unang tumira ay si manuel l quezon 193
5

American schools and professional organization in the Philippines

• 1890 the Escuella Practica y Profesional y Oficios de Manila was established for school
• 1900 liceo de manila was the first one
• 1902 the Academia de Arquiteqtura Y Agrimensura de Filipinas was the first professional
organization for architects, engineers and surveyors in PH and it was founded by Carlos
Alejandro Barretto
• 1921 the first engineering and architecture act no. 2895 was passed kasi need na ng licensure
exam for engineering and architecture
• tomas mapua and numbawan 1 sa license sa prc he founded the first architecture school
• 1930 Padre Roque Roano opene UST college of architecture and fine artrs and designed the
1st earthquake resistant building sa asia
• 1933 first president ng Philippine Architects Society ay si juan Nakpil. PAS the first architectural
organization in the PH na responsible for drafting constitutions and By Laws for professional
fees, and canon of ethics of the society.
• 1945 PAS was responsible for rehabilitation ng war-stricken philippiness
• Philippine Institute of Architects and Planners (PIAP) to Philippine Institute of Architects (PIA)
PENSIONADOS
It is an act that was legislated para ipadala ang mga pinoy na scholars sa US
para sa education nila and training so that when they come
back maibabahagi nila yung learnings sa ibang pilipino.
First generation ng mga pensionados. Mga classicist and bureau of public works servicemen for
in the 19th century, French architectural school Ecole de Beaux Arts dominated architectural
education elements of Beaux Arts Influence
• CARLOS A. BARRETO
o Unang recipient ng scholarship sa Drexel Institute of Philadelphia
o Siya ang pinaka unang Filipino Architect with formal academic degree
• TOMAS FERNANDEZ ARGUELLES
o An advocate for building code of manila
o Naging manila city counselor
 ohe designed the first department store sa pilipinas and Heacock
Building sa may escolta the central business district ng manila
• ACARDIO DE GUZMAN ARELLANO
o first to establish surveying office
o first filipino to be employed by the american adviser
o ARELLANO’S PROJECTS:
▪ He designed Gota de Leche that envailes neo renaissance style
(originated in Italy characterized by low hip tyle tiled roof, eaves with
supporting brackets etc.)
• Roundel – small circular panel or window
• Spandrel – a roughly triangular area of wall between
adjacent arches
• Medya-gawa/ canopy – a protective covering a projecting
wall to provide temporary shelter.
▪ Mausoleum of the Veterans found in Manila North Cementery
▪ Bahay Nakpil- Bautistsa
• bahaynakpil bahy ng nakaimbento ng gamot sa cholera
• temporary home ng black nazarene nun g ww2
• vernacular anf foriegn style clcassical art deco eme

• JUAN DE GUZMAN ARELLANO

o brother ni arcardio arellano
o vernacular classist & modernist
o Also graduated in Drexel Institute, University of Pennysylvania, and beaux arts
school lof new york
o JDG ARELLANO’S PROJECTS:
▪ Banco espanol de filipinas de reyna Isabela or Bank of the Philippine
Islands
▪ national museum- legislative building
• upper house senate
• lower house congress
▪ jones bridge or puente de esapna
• nawala ynug sculptures dahil sa ww2
• la madre filipina (The Philippine Mermaid)
▪ central post office neoclassical style ( an architectural style that revives
the combination of Greek and roman classical architecture/ also called
as Classical revival and Beaux Arts Classicism)
• greek and roman classical elements symmetrical
compositions collonaded chuchuc
• jone bridge metro trinity consists of Metropolotan Theatre,
Manila city hall, central post office
▪ Metropolita Theater Manila – encompass art deco – from western
Europe ans united states reviving traditional or
historical avant garde stylistic elements
• Steeped gables
• Sculptures panesl
• Curved corners and edges
• Chevron and zigzag decorations
• Rounf porthole windows
▪ rizal memorial stadium – naging venue for sea games and is named as
the first stadium in asia
▪ university library ng up – naging supreme hall na
• Villamor hall
• college of conservatory of music and fine arts
• Benitez hall college of edcation that was
affected nung WW2
• Malcolm hall college of Law
• UPD
▪ Negros Provincial Capitol
• ANTONIO MANALAC TOLEDO
o Manila City Hall
o Agrifina Circle (the previous old department
of agriculture&finance – na ngayon ay National museum of Natural
History
 ▪ regine velasquez nagconcert siya sa agrifina circle -finance
o Manila bureau customs office
▪ imported yung materials
o UP manila college of medicine, calderon hall
o Cebu provincial capitol
o
• TOMAS BAUTISTA MAPUA
o From cornell university
o 1st registered architect
o MAPUA’S PROJECTS:
▪ Philippine general hospital – nurses home
▪ Saint La Salle Hall
▪ Centro Escolar University Manila
▪ Manila Pier Harbor
2ND BATCH NG PENSIONADOS – MODERNIST, ARTS AND CRAFT
MOVEMENT, ART NOUVEAU, AND ART DECO
• ANDRES LUNA DE SAN PEDRO
o Revivalist
o Son of Juan Luna
o Luna’s projects:
▪ Regina Building
▪ Perez-Samanilo
▪ Crystal Arcade (1st airconditioned Mall in the PH)
▪ St. Vincent de Paul Parish – adamson university main chapel
▪ Sampaloc Elementary School now legarda elem school

• FERNANDO HIZON OCAMPO

o From university of Pennsylvania
o Master degree got in Rome
o Revivalist
o Ocampo’s projects:
▪ UST central seminary
▪ Minor Basilica of Immaculate Conception – metropolitan Cathedral of
Manila
▪ Angela apartments – first high rise uilding in Manila
▪ Admiral Hotel
• PABLO ANTONIO
o From niversity of London where he finished within 3 yearsof 5 years program
o Art deco vanguard
o He is the first national artist for architecture
o ANTONIO’s PROJECTS
▪ Ideal theater
▪ White cross/ Boy’s Town in San Juan City
▪ Far Eastern University – grandest art deco complex in the Philippines
and the Orient
• JUAN NAKPIL
o Master’s degree sa Harvard university
o Art deco vanguard
o Engineer and architect
o He was 2nd national artist for architecture
o NAKPIL’S PROJECTS:
▪ Caloocan monumento – Bonifacio monument
▪ Renovation of saint john the Baptist church quiapo
▪ University of the Philippines Diliman- Quezon hall (administration)
TIMELINE
• 1934 – commonwealth of the Philippines
• 1941 – Imperial Japan Occupation
• 1945 – February 5 the imperial Japanese forces ordered the residents of Intramuros to vacate
their houses
• End of pacific war
THIRD GENEREATION ARCHITECTS
• OTILLIO ARELLANO
o Son of arcardio arellano and nephew of juan arellano
o Represented Philippines sa mga international expositions
 o Appointed by Imelda marcos to restore metropolitan theatre
• CARLOS ARGUELLES
o Professor in UST for design subject
o He designed Philam Life building and International rice research institute
• CERAS CONCIO SR.
o First architect from University of the Philippines
o Appointed by president roxas in 1947 na aralin yung trends sa architecture and
engineering to the design the buildings sa capital city.
• CRESENCIANO DE CASTRO
o From university of Santo Tomas and Cornell University
o He was known for designing suburban houses in highlands outside of manila
o He designed the department of foreign affairs (ADB) and SM Makati
• GABRIEL FORMOSO
o Had career in 1950-60s and is known for posh makati villages
o He was also selected in 1963 as part of the planning and writing committee for the
future of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Manila.
o He designed the Central bank of the Philippines – has postwar styles/ brutalism
• LEANDRO LOCSIN
o Known for use of concrete, floating volume and simplistic design in his designs
o A national artist in 1990 proclaimed by president corazon c. aquino
o He designed the cultural center of the Philippines – that has essence
of filipino design but mostly international style brutalist
• ALFREDO LUZ
o Designed Menzi building, Amon trading building, L&S building. Fil-oil refinery service
building
o Ramon Magsaysay center the first structure in the country to sport column free
structural concept. They used pre-cast and pre-stressed beams like tree rooted on
the ground.
• FELIPE MENDOZA
o Architect and a physical planner
o Has his own architectural firm ut had partnership
with Gabimo de leon and homero ingles
o He is known for designing the Philippine veterans Bank
• ANGEL NAKPIL
o Nephew of Juan Nakpil
o Charter member of United architects of the Philippines
o He designed National Press club
• FREDIRICO ILUSTRE
o Consulting architect in the Bureau of public works in 1954-1970
o From MAPUA Institute technology and got his license in 1937
o He was a draftsman for Juan Nakpil in 1935. He was also a furniture designer
o He designed the Quezon Memorial Shrine Monument, Former GSIS headquarter
building , independence grandstand/ quirino grandstand, Manila International
Airport, Nicholas Field, Department of agriculture building, National Housing
authority, and planetarium.