ROSE Introduction © Kingdom: Plantae * Class: Magnoliopsida * Family: Rosaceae * Genus: Rosa * Scientific names: Rosa domestica, Rosa centifolia L,Rosa damascena Mill. Rosa alba L. etc * Orginated in china IMPORTANT ROSE IMPORTERS AND EXPORTERS: + Germany is the highest importer followed by USA, France, Switzerland and U.K * The main exporter is the Netherland followed by Columbia Ecuador, Kenya, Israel and Zimbabwe. * In India,the major rose flower cultivating states are Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu , Karnataka & West bengal. Uses and importance * Rose perfumes are made from attar of roses or rose oil. * Rose water, made as a byproduct of rose ail production. * Rose hips are occasionally made into jam, jelly,marmalade. * Roses are also used in herbal medicine. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF ROSES * Rose belongs to family Rosaceae. * All species of this flower belongs to the genus Rosa.There are about 150 recognized and described species of roses. Fruit is called as hip. CLASSIFICATION OF ROSES Hybrid tea:- (Hybrid perpetual xTea roses) Most popular rose. Bears large & highly centered flowers, bome singly at the end of a stem. First variety:- La France created in1867.Some known varieties are Melody, Darling , Sonia , Only Love etc. Floribunda:- (Hybrid tea x Poliantha) They combined the beautiful forms of the Hybrid Teas with the perpetual flowering habit of the Polyanthas. Flowering in clusters with small size and open centre. Good for garden display. Important Varieties are:- Kiss, Florence , Mercedes, Jaguar etc. Grandifloras: Mainly obtained from crosses between Hybrid Tea and Floribunda type. Produces large number of flowers in cluster with fine form. Eg: Montezuma (1955), Queen Elizabeth (1954), Miniature / Button Roses: Popularly known as Baby roses with small leaves & flowers. They are hardy and good for pot culture. Multiplied by cuttings as well as budding on root stocks. Used as loose flowers. Climbers and Ramblers: They bears large clusters of small, single or double flowers. Used for training on arches, pergolas. Cabbage roses:The cabbage roses called such due to their numerous petals that create a large, full bloom resembling a cabbage. They belongs to species R.centifolia. Varieties: Pusa abhishek, pusa priya, Pusa pitamber, Arka parimala, first red etc. CLIMATE The temperature should be maintained between 15-18°C. High temperature in polyhouse can be managed by simple ventilation,evaporative cooling from pad and fan system, micro sprinklers. Low temperature at night is more detrimental for growth and flowering of rose. Humidity is maintained between 50-60% in poly house during hot summer months. CO, level of 1000ppm is ideal for quality bloom production of rose. In open field condition ideal temperature is 15-28°C and humidity 75%. ‘SOIL Loose soil and structurally stable with a depth of around 50cm for optimum drainage and aeration of the roots. Roses do not tolerate water logging and high water table, So, soil must have a stable water table at the active root zone. Roses can also be grown in soil less media like rock wool, peat, cocopeat, perlite. Soil pH should be slightly acidic 6.2-6.8.Land Preparation The soil should be dug to a depth of 60 cm. and incorporated with organic or inorganic additives to improve the soil structure. Soil sterilizing is an important technique to prevent the soil from soil bome diseases. Soil sterilizing techniques:- Soil solarization Chemical sterilization: To control soil borne phytopthora, fusarium and pythium + Fumigation with 2% Formeldehyde * Methyl bromide-30g/m2 * Recent chemical-Dazomate (Basaline)-30g/m2 * Covered with plastic sheet for 3 days PLANTING . Ideal method of planting of rose double row system . Plant to plant distance -25 cm. . Row to row distance-30 cm. . Short stemmed varieties are planted at 18-25 cm. . Planting time: October- November . Planting distance : hybrid tea:60cmx30cm floribunda:30cmx30cm 8. Number of plants:15000-20000 plants/ha Manures and fertilizers 100:50:50 kg of NPK Per hactare. Nitrogen applied in four splits. 1* split: transplanting 1 2 3 4. Long stemmed varieties are planted at 25-26 cm. 5 6 72"4 split: plant estblishment 3% split: after pruning [mar-june] 4" split: after pruning [oct] Where phosphorous and potash applied as basal dose. Rose mix Rose mix powder is manufactured through various organic nutrients extracted from different Ayurvedic plants and oil cakes such as neem cake, castor cake which supplies all essential nutrients for rose plants & other flower plants. Advantages: Improves soil structure, Uptake of nutrients and water by the plants. Activates soil, improves capacity to hold water. by loosening the soil. Provides better aeration. It works as a pest repellent since it contains neem cake to produce healthy & excellent flowers. Irrigation Roses do not like water logging condition but need plenty of water for their growth and development. Frequency of irrigation depends on the water requirement of particular varieties. Ideal method-Drip irrigation system Another method of irrigation -Sub surface ,in which water is directly delivered at the root zone without any losses. Regular soil moisture is very essential for rose. INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT PARAMETERSIncrease in temperature resulted in reduction in juvenile period. At low temperature , growth and flower production become slow but the quality of flowers are better. The stem and flower buds in some roses do not elongate or expand until there has been an exposure to cool temperature. Winter chilling was found to be necessary for flower bud formation. Very high humidity results in condensation of low temperature encourage the diseases. Plant growth regulators Gibberellic Acid:- Regulate the growth and flowering Increases the length of shoots Increases the number of nodes Prolonged the period of flowering and enhanced the yield. CCC{3%) solution caused dwarfing and improve flowering Mulching It conserve soil moisture. Supply humus. Suppress weeds. Itis done with paddy straw, dried leaves. Also promotes growth and flowering. It promotes physical properties of the soil. BENDING OF ROSEBending helps in maintaining enough leaf area on the plants. The maximum leaf area is required to build up a strong root system. Leaves are important for producing carbohydrates Bud Capping Regulate the shape of the buds. Some varieties should be covered with bud nets. Pruning For cut flower production:- First week of October (North Indian condition) Last week of June and again last week of November (Bangalore condition) The height of pruning varies from 30-45 cm. from ground. For hybrid tea roses:- A sharp cut should be given at an angle of about 452 above eye bud. FLORIBUNDA:- Pruned lightly POLYANTHAS:-Need thinning of over crowd branches. CLIMBERS:-Removal of unwanted wood to control size and shape. Disbudding pinching Stenting Rapid method of propagation in rose. Here separate mother block of rootstock and scion bank is maintained Select the pencil thick rootstock and plant in sand beds.Select the pencil thick scion and graft them. Rooting and graft union takes place simultanous. Within one month seedlings is ready for transplanting. Blind shoots No flower bud initiation Shoots do not initiates of pistils and stamens primordial. causes Low temperature Boron deficiency Control : ccc@500ppm and GA@100ppm Boron @30 to 60 ppm Colour fading: L.off coloured flowers present in that petals may green ora dirty white instead of a clear yellow. 2. Pink and red varieties are develop into bluish colour. Control: raising the night temperature reduces the off flavoured flowers. Limp neck: the area of stem just below the flower wilts and will not support the head control: cutoff off the flower 1 to 2 inches and placed in water at27°c revive the flower. Blackening of rose petals: caused by low temperature and low anthocyanin content. Control: application of GA3 causes accumulation of anthocyaninHarvesting after 4 months after planting YIELD CUT FLOWER Under protected cultivation; 150-300 quality flower stems per m2 per year. Under open field condition; 10- 20 flower stems (Hybrid Teas ) LOOSE FLOWER 10-50 quintals/hactare (R. damascena) Postharvest handling Roses must be placed in a bucket of water immediately after harvesting and transported to cold storage (2-4°C). The length of time depends upon the variety and quality of the roses . The flowers are graded according to the length. It varies from 40-70 cm depending on the variety and packed in 10/12 per bunch. Rose oil: It is also obtained from rose petals, sweet fragrance; medicinal properties. Gulkand: Rose petals are also preserved for direct consumption prepared by beating equal proportion of petals and sugar considered as tonic and laxative. Rose water: Important commercial product obtained from rose petals, used as perfume, medicine and confectionary. Its important uses are, cools the body,used in eye lotions, eye drops for its soothing qualities.Pankhuri: Dried rose petals are known as pankhuri,they are occasionally used for preparing sweetened cold drinks.