When the Sun moves off the main sequence, it will next become a _______________.

-red giant

The number of _______________ on the Sun varies over an 11-year cycle.

sunspots

True or False: The Earth's core is is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and about 1%
argon.
False

The apparent brightness of stars is ranked according to magnitude. The brightest stars were
originally ranked as what magnitude?

First

True or False: If the covalent bonds are polar, then the covalent compound as a whole can
be nonpolar.

False

Thomson's revision of the model of the atom into what became known as

Plum pudding

Aluminum is an example of

an element.
This was one of Rutherford's famous experiements where he used a radioactive source to
direct alpha particles toward a very thin sheet of gold foil.

-gold foil experiment

The heaviest elements are created in _______, the fantastic death of supergiant stars.

supernovae
True or False: Diamond does not melt at all.

-True

Electrons at the outermost energy level of an atom are called

Valence electrons

What was the nationality of the first persons who we know speculated about “elements”?

Greek
True or False: Dalton thought individual atoms were solid, hard spheres so he modeled
them with wooden balls.

-True
True or False: Carbon dioxide is nonpolar.

-True

are fixed distances from the nucleus.

Energy levels
The fusion process that explains how hydrogen is fused in hotter stars.

triple alpha process

In 1869, a major event in the history of chemistry occurred; it was the

development of the periodic table.

The vertical columns of elements in the periodic table are called

Groups

When electrons are not shared equally between two atoms, it is called ____

-polar covalent

About 75% of the mass of the visible universe is composed of which element?

Hydrogen
The Sun is

-Star

What is the visible surface of the Sun called?

Photosphere
The Sun's photosphere is, by mass, about 75%

Hydrogen

This consists of fundamental particles called leptons.

electrons
Who discovered the electron in 1897?

Thomson
True or False: Melting a covalent network solid is accomplished by overcoming the relatively
weak intermolecular forces.

-False

This fusion process details how helium is made in our sun.

-proton-proton chain

Thomson referred to negatively charged particles as

Corpuscles
Who discovered the nucleus of the atom in 1911?
Rutherford

The periodic table is most easily understood in terms of the ______________ configurations of the
elements.
electron

Who coined the term, "radioactivity"?

Marie Curie

True or False: The human body is composed of 65% oxygen & 18% carbon.

-True

Niels Bohr focused his attention on the element hydrogen because it

had the simplest atom.

Diamon
is a form of carbon that is extremely hard and is one of the few materials that can scratch
glass.

-Diamond

What is element 61 called?

Promethium
True or False: Molecular compounds' melting and boiling temperatures are generally low.

True

The second most abundant element in the Earth's atmosphere is

Oxygen

Which of the following did not occur after the Big Bang?
-the universe is compacted into a very small volume

Which of these is not a basic idea of Dalton’s atomic theory?

There are atoms gained/lost/changed in identity during a chemical reaction.

Electrons at the outermost energy level of an atom are called

-Valence electrons

The water solubility of molecular compounds is

-Variable

True or False: New stars are born in the Orion nebula.

True
The planetary model of the atom is associated with

-Bohr.
The most modern definition of element is

a substance in which all the atoms have the same number of protons.
What is the temperature in kelvins of the visible surface of the Sun?

6000 K
True or False: The Earth's core is is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and about 1%
argon.

-false

What is the name given to all matter, energy, and space?

-Universe
True or False: High-mass stars eventually evolve into white-dwarves.

False
74% of the mass of the Earth's crus is composed of only two elements. What are these?

oxygen and silicon

The remaining core of a planetary nebula is called a _______________.

white dwarf
Atomic
of an element is the average mass of all its naturally occurring isotopes.

Atomic mass
True or False: When a gas is compressed, its temperature decreases.

False
Molecu
refers to an electrically neutral particle composed of two or more atoms chemically
combined.

Molecule
The ancient Greek who is known for championing the concept of atom was named
______________.

Democritus
According to the Big Bang theory, when did the universe begin?

13.7 billion years ago

True or False: Oxygen has two polar bonds.

False
True or False: Diamond vaporizes to gas at temperatures above 3500 degrees Celsius.

True

The majority of stars are small, cool, type-M stars called

-red dwarfs.
The Sun's energy is generated from the fusion of

-hydrogen nuclei to form helium nuclei.

The "plum pudding model" of the atom is associated with
-Thomson.
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered

X-rays.
The Sun's photosphere is, by mass, about 25%

-helium.

The two types of bright nebulae are emission nebulae and _______________ nebulae.

Reflection

True or False: Ionic compounds are for both metals and nonmetals.

True
Intermo
force refers to forces between molecules.

Intermolecular

In 1661, who developed a definition of element that made the concept subject to laboratory
investigation?
Boyle

This was one of Rutherford's famous experiements where he used a radioactive source to direct
alpha particles toward a very thin sheet of gold foil.

-gold foil experiment

True or False: The matter in the early universe was not smoothly distributed across space.

-True

Nearly 100% of mass of Earth's core is composed of the two elements

iron and nickel

Who discovered the atomic nucleus in 1911?

Ernest Rutherford
True or False: The alchemists have been successful in changing lead to gold.

False
Sodium is an example of

An element
True or False: Dalton was the first to introduce the idea of the atom.

False

The nuclear model of the atom is associated with

Rutherford

The various isotopes of an element all have

the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

When the absolute magnitudes, or brightnesses, of stars are plotted against their surface When

the absolute magnitudes, or brightnesses, of stars are plotted against their surface temperatures

or color temperatures or colors, we obtain a

Hertzsprung-Russell (or H-R) diagram.

The number of _______________ on the Sun varies over an 11-year cycle.

sunspots
True or False: Neutrons are found in all atoms except for most atoms of nitrogen.

False
The region where an electron is most likely to be is called an

Orbital
The greater the mass of a star, the _______________ it moves through its life cycle.

Faster

True or False: Dalton thought individual atoms were solid, hard spheres so he modeled them
with wooden balls.

True
The horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table are called

Periods

He invented the neutron.

James Chadwick
By 1985, a total___

118
The temperature of the Sun's interior is estimated to be about how many kelvins?

15 million
When fast electrons strike a metal target, what are produced?

X-rays
Who discovered the electron in 1897?

J. J. Thomson
The "billiard ball model" of the atom is associated with

Dalton

True or False: Formaldehyde is a nonpolar compound.

False

What kind of chemical bond involves the sharing of electrons between two atoms?

-Covalent bond

True or False: The catalyst is a reactant in the chemical reaction it speeds up.

False

What type of covalent compound is there a slight difference in the electric charge between the
opposite sides of the molecule?

-polar covalent compound

Identification: What kind of change results to the production of a material that is entirely
different from the reactants?

-chemical change

True or False: Noble gases almost never react to other substances.

-True

What type of covalent bonding is characterized by the incongruent sharing of electrons between
the atoms?

-polar
Catalysts in living things are called

-Enzymes
True or False: Salt can conduct electricity in any form.

False
What type of compound is formed by the sharing of electrons?

Covalent compound
What is the term for the property that makes it capable of being hammered into thin sheets?

Malleability

What kind of change results to the production of a material that is entirely different from the
reactants?

chemical change
type of covalent bonding, there is equal sharing of electrons between the atoms.

-nonpolar

True or False: Chemical reactions occur inside living things.

True

What is the component of a chemical reaction that is present at its start?

Reactant
True or False: The rate of reaction is faster if the temperature of reactants is higher.

True
What is the proper term for catalysts involved in biological processes?

Enzymes
Activatio
energy is the energy needed to start a reaction.

Activation
True or False: In determining the limiting reactant, mass quantities must be converted to moles.

True
covalent bonding exists between two identical atoms.

Nonpolar
Identification: What is the proper term for catalysts involved in biological processes?

Enzymes