ACT Math Formula Sheet

Rules of Exponents Logarithm/Exponential Sequences

𝑥𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝐿𝑂𝐺 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 Arithmetic: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑥 𝑚 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚+𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚−𝑛
𝑥𝑛 log 𝑚𝑛 = log 𝑚 + log 𝑛 Geometric: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 ∙ 𝑟 𝑛−1
(𝑥 𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚𝑛 𝑥0 = 1 𝑚 𝑛
𝑎
𝑏 1 1 log = log 𝑚 − log 𝑛 Arithmetic Sum: 𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
𝑥 𝑏 = √𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 −1 = =𝑥 𝑛 2
𝑥 𝑥 −1 Absolute value Equation
2𝑥
4 =8 𝑥+4
change to same base. Set log 𝑚𝑛 = nlog 𝑚
Imaginary Numbers |𝑥 + 5| = 3
exponents equal to each other and solve 𝑥 + 5 = 3 𝑥 + 5 = −3
𝑖 = √−1 𝑖 2 = −1
Matrices Uniform Motion Statistics
𝑠𝑢𝑚
Add/Sub: Add/Sub corresponding locations Distance = rate x time Mean =
𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
Multiply: Row of first times column of second Percent ∑ 𝑓∙𝑥
𝑎 𝑏 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝 Mean of Frequency Distribution ∑𝑓
Determinant [ ] = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑐𝑏 = p% of x = (𝑥)
𝑐 𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 100 100 Median: Least to greatest. Middle term
To multiply, number of columns of first matrix Percent Change
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 Mode: Number that appears the most
must equal number of rows of second matrix × 100% Range: Highest minus lowest
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
Standard Deviation: Measure of variation

Probability Functions Composition of Functions

𝐹𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑓(3) set x=3 and evaluate
𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑓(𝑔(2)) means to plug in 2 for x in the g(x)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑃(𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) Domain: The complete set of x values function then plug that result into the f(x)
𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) ∙ 𝑃(𝐵) Range: The complete set of y values function
Expected Value: ∑ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥) Domain Restrictions: 1) division by zero 2) 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) means to replace the x’s in the f(x)
Counting Principle: m x n to do both things. square root of negative number 3) Logarithm of with g(x)
𝑛! zero or negative number 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 0 means to find the x value that
Combination: 𝑛𝐶𝑟 =
𝑟!(𝑛−𝑟)! Vertical Asymptote makes the composite function equal to zero
𝑛!
Permutation: 𝑛𝑃𝑟 = (𝑛−𝑟)! Located at x values that cause division by zero
Sum of Probability Distribution = 1 Horizontal Asymptote
𝑥 𝑎𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑎𝑥 2
Given: Reduces total possible outcomes :𝑦 =0 :𝑦 = : none/slant
𝑥2 𝑏𝑥 2 𝑏 𝑏𝑥

Function Translations Linear Functions Parabolas/Quadratics

𝑦 −𝑦
𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐 shift up Slope = 2 1 Standard Form: 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥2 −𝑥1
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑐 shift down
Slope-Intercept Form: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 Vertex Form: 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘
𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑐) shift left Intercept Form: 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)(𝑥 − 𝑞)
𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑐) shift right Distance Formula: √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 𝑏 𝑏
𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦 +𝑦 Find vertex: ℎ = − 𝑘 = 𝑓 (− )
−𝑓(𝑥) reflection about x axis Midpoint: ( 1 2 , 1 2 ) 2𝑎 2𝑎
2 2 If a positive, it’s upward otherwise downward
𝑓(−𝑥) reflection about y axis Parallel: Same Slope 𝑏
Perpendicular: Negative Reciprocal Sum of solutions = −
𝑎

Trig Functions Trig Identities Quadratic Formula

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐵𝑥) + 𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃) = 1 −𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
A = Amplitude sin (𝜃) 𝑥=
tan (𝜃) = sin(𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (90 − 𝜃) 2𝑎
cos (𝜃)
D = Vertical Shift sin(𝜃) Discriminant Rules
Period =
2𝜋 tan(𝜃) = cos(𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (90 − 𝜃) 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 Two real roots
cos(𝜃)
𝐵 1 1
𝜋 radians = 180° sec (𝜃) = csc(𝜃) = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 One real root
cos (𝜃) sin(𝜃)
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 Two imaginary roots

Binomial Expansion Geometry Perimeter

𝑛 𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦 +𝑦
𝑛 Midpoint: ( 1 2 , 1 2 ) Circle: 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋𝑑
(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑛 = ∑ ( ) 𝑥 𝑘 𝑦 𝑛−𝑘 2 2
Area
𝑘 Isosceles Triangle: Two sides congruent and
𝑘=0 1
corresponding angles congruent Rectangle: L x W Triangle: 𝑏ℎ
Pascal’s Triangle or Combination 1
2
Circle Arc Circle Sector Pythagorean Theorem: 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 Triangle: 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 Circle: 𝜋𝑟 2
2
𝑥 𝑥 Pythagorean Triplets: 3-4-5, 6-8-10, 5-12-13 1
∙ Circumference ∙ Area Trapezoid: ℎ(𝑏1 + 𝑏2 )
360 360 Triangle: Interior angles sum is 180 2
where x = Central Angle

Parallelogram Properties SOHCAHTOA Special Right Triangles

• Opposite sides parallel 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 =
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
30-60-90: 𝑥, 𝑥√3, 2𝑥
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
• Opposite sides congruent 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 45-45-90: 𝑥, 𝑥, 𝑥√2
• 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
Opposite angles congruent 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 Circle: (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
• Consecutive angles add up to 180 System of Linear Equations
Ellipse:
(𝑥−ℎ)2
+
(𝑦−𝑘)2
=1
• Diagonals bisect one another One Solution: Difference Slopes 𝑎2
sin 𝐴
𝑏2
sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
Multiple Solutions: Same slope and y-intercept Law Of Sines: = =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
No Solutions: Same slope different y-intercepts Law of Cosines: 𝑐 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐶
2 2

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