PROPOSED LESSON PLAN ON BIOLOGY FOR WEEK 2, 1st TERM 2021 /2022 SESSION.
Date
Length of time 3 Periods of 40 minutes each
Class Grade 11
Age 13-15 years
Ability Range Mixed
Learning Environment Indoor
Topic The Digestive System
Aim (s) To inform learners of the human anatomy
Personal Aim (s) To show learners the digestive system of rat
Teaching objective(s) The teacher should be able to:
illustrate the different types of alimentary
tracts
demonstrate the feeding mechanisms of some
animals
discuss the processes of science
provide appropriate descriptions of how
insectivores insects feed.
Learning objective(s) By the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
define the terms assimilation, egestion, ingestion,
digestion
describe what goes on the alimentary canal
differentiate chemical and mechanical digestion
illustrate a the human digestive system
Assumption The learners are familiar with digestion
Possible solution Lesson continues
Biblical principle
Key words Ingestion, Mechanical digestion, Chemical digestion,
Absorption, Assimilation, Egestion.
Reference Essential Biology M.C. Michael. Extensive Biology;
Sunday O.
Teaching Aid A dissected rat showing its digestive system
A practical experiment of salivary amylase on
starch.
Procedure
Entry behavior; The teacher introduces the lesson by revising with the characteristics
of living things with the learners.
Step 1; Digestion system
Digestion is the breaking down of large molecules of food into simple and absorbable form
for use by the animals.
The digestive system includes the alimentary canal and all the organs associated with
digestion.
Regions of the alimentary canal and their function
The alimentary canal is a tube running through the body. The inside of the alimentary
canal is lined with layers of cells forming what is called an epithelium. New cells in the
epithelium are being produced to replace worn out cells. There are also cells in the lining
that produce mucus. Mucus is a slimy liquid that lubricates the lining of the canal and
protects it from wear and tear. It also has a great many blood vessels in its walls, close to
the lining. The five main processes associated with digestion occur in the alimentary canal.
Ingestion; is the taking of substances such as food and drink into the body through the
mouth
Mechanical digestion; is the breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical
change of food substances
Chemical digestion; is the breakdown of large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble
molecules.
Absorption; is the movement of small food molecules into the cells of the body where
they are used
Assimilation; is the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body
where they are used becoming part of the cell
Egestion; is the passing out of food that has not been digested as faeces, through the
anus.
Peristalis
The alimentary canal has layers of muscle in its walls. The fibres of one layer of muscles run
around the canal (circular muscles) and the others run along the length(longitudinal length). A
contraction in one region is followed by another one just below so that waves of contraction
passes along the canal, pushing food in front of it. The wave of contraction is called peristalsis.
Functions of main parts of the alimentary canal
Region of alimentary canal Functions
Mouth Ingestion of food, mechanical digestion by teeth, chemical
digestion of starch by amylase, formation of bolus for
swallowing
Salivary glands Contains amylase for chemical digestion, liquid to
lubricate food and make small pieces stick together.
Oesophagus Transfers food from the mouth to the stomach by
peristalsis
Stomach produces gastric juice containing pepsin, for chemical
digestion of protein, also hydrocholoric acid to kill
bacteria, peristalsis churns food up into a liquid
Duodenum First part of the small intestine, receives pancreatic juice
for chemical digestion of proteins, fats and starch as well
as neutralizing the acid from stomach; receives bile to
emulsify fats
Ileum Second part of the small intestine; enzymes in the
epithelial lining carry out chemical digestion of maltose
and peptides; its b=very long and has villi to increase
surface area for absorption of digested food molecules.
Pancrease Secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum via the
pancreatic duct.
Liver Makes bile, containing salts to emulsify fats(physical
digestion); assimilation of digested food such as glucose;
deamination of excess animo acid
Gall bladder Stores bile, made in the liver, to be secreted into the
duodenum via the bile duct
Colon Frits part of the large intestine; absorption of water
from undigested food; absorption of bile salts to pass
back to the liver.
Rectum Second part of the large intestine, stores faeces
Anus Egestion of faeces
Mechanical digestion
The process of mechanical digestion mainly occurs in the mouth by means of the teeth,
through a process called mastication. (revise dentition and structure of the tooth).
Chemical digestion
Digestion is a process that changes solid food to a solution with the help of enzymes. This
process takes place in different parts of the alimentary canal. They include;
The mouth
The act of taking food in the mouth is called ingestion. Saliva a digestive food is produced
in the mouth which helps lubricates food and make small pieces stick together. Saliva
contains salivary amylase which acts on cooked starch to maltose.
The stomach
The stomach has elastic walls, which stretch when food collects into it. The pyloric
sphincter is a circular band of muscles at the lower end of the stomach that stops solid
pieces of food from passing through. The main function of the stomach is to store food.
With the aid of physical digestion changes food into chyme. Glands in the lining of the
stomach produce gastric juice containing the enzyme protease which breaks down protein
into amino acid, it also produces hydrochloric acid which creates a degree of acidity for
the protease to work in and kills bacteria which may be take in with the food.
The small intestine
A pancreatic juice and bile are poured into the duodenum to act on the food there.
Enzymes such as protease breaks protein to amino acid, lipase digest fats to fatty acids
and glycerol. The pancreatic juice contains sodium hydrogencarbonate which neutralizes
the acid from the stomach as enzymes from the pancrease work better in an alkaline
condition.
What is bile?
Bile is a green watery fluid made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder and delivered to
the duodenum via the bile duct. It has no enzymes. Bile contains bile salts which acts on
fats to break them up for the enzyme lipase to act on it.
Principal substances produced by chemical digestion
Digestive Digestive Enzyme in Class of Substances
Region of gland juice juice/cell food acted produced
the produced upon
alimentary
canal
Mouth Salivary Saliva Salivary Starch Maltose
gland amylase/ptyali
n
Stomach Glands in Gastric Pepsin Protein Pepides
stomach juice
lining
Duodenum Pancrease Pancreatic Trypsin, Protein, Amino
juice lipase, starch and acids,
amylase fats maltose and
fatty acids
Ileum Epithelial None Maltase, Maltose, Glucose and
cells peptidase peptides amino caid
Absorption of food
The small intestine consists of the duodenum and the ileum. Nearly all the absorption of
digested food takes place in the ileum, along with most of the water. Small molecules of
the digested food such as glucose and amino acid pass into the bloodstream while fatty
acids and glycerol pass into the lacteals connected to the lymphatic syatem.
The large intestine (Colon and Rectum)
The material passing into the large intestine consists of water with undigested matter,
largely cellulose and vegetable fibres, mucus and dead cells from the lining of the
alimentary canal. The large intestine secrets no enzymes but the bacteria in the colon
digest part of fibres to fatty acids.
Use of digested food
The uptake and use of food is called assimilation.
Glucose; produces energy to drive many chemical processes in the cells
Fats; are built into cell membrane and used as energy for cell metabolism.
Amino acids; they are built up into proteins, some proteins may become blood plasma and
cell membrane.
e
On Going Assessment why is trypsin and pepsin not active in the pancrease?
Organization Group activity
Differentiation Up and coming learners would be able to describe
digestion
Middle rangers would be able to define terms associated
with digestion
High flyers would be able to illustrate the digestive
system
Evaluation define the terms assimilation, egestion, ingestion,
digestion
describe what goes on the alimentary canal
differentiate chemical and mechanical digestion
illustrate a the human digestive system
Outcome
Reflection
Summary
Conclusion By the end of the lesson the teacher gives and marks the
notes.
Homework what process in the body enables the majority of
the reducing sugar in the ileum to be absorbed by
the bloodstream?.
