HT45F005x Frequency Jittering Applications

HT45F005x Frequency Jittering Applications

D/N：AN0563EN

Introduction
With the unceasing development of electrical and electronic technology, the electromagnetic
environment is becoming increasingly complex. Countries all over the world using electronic
products need to consider the issue of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and need to follow
international standards. Some countries have formulated their own national standards and
implementation schedules, and all electrical and electronic products must pass EMC-related
certifications before they can be sold on the market. The relevant standards for EMI testing include
GB4343.1 and EN55014-1.

When induction cookers are working at low power when the IGBT is turned on and when the IGBT
working voltage is too high when the power is high, it will cause a large current and voltage, which
will generate large amounts of EMI interference. A frequency jitter function is able to disperse the
interference energy from a narrow frequency band into a wider frequency band without increasing
the cost of the external PCB or component costs. This technique forces the original fixed operating
frequency to experience periodic changes to reduce EMI interference to pass EMC related
certification.

The series of devices, including the HT45F0058 and HT45F0059, is especially designed for
induction cookers which includes four sets of comparators, a PGA, an OVP and a 9-bit
programmable pulse generator (PPG) along with other related hardware protection circuits, among
which the PPG circuit contains a hardware jitter function. This function works alongside the OVP
function to improve the EMI performance using frequency jitter function and the original EMC
protection circuit, thereby achieving cost savings.

This application note will take the HT45F0058 as an example to introduce how to use the frequency
jitter function to improve the EMC performance using the original EMC components.

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Functional Description

EMC Introduction
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) means that systems operating in an electromagnetic
environment will not produce electromagnetic interference that will affect the performance of other
equipment operating in its surrounding environment. Therefore, EMC has two requirements. One
is that devices must have a certain degree of immunity to electromagnetic interference in their
environment, that is an electromagnetic resistance, EMS. The other is that during normal operation,
the electromagnetic interference generated by the devices will not exceed a certain limit, this is
known as EMI.

EMS test items include an electrostatic discharge test (ESD), electrical fast transient (EFT),
injection current immunity test (CS), surge (impact) immunity test (Surge), voltage drop test (DIP)
and Radio frequency electromagnetic field immunity (RS).

EMI test items include conducted disturbance (CE) (150kHz~30MHz), power disturbance (DP)
(30MHz~300MHz) and space radiated disturbance (RE) (30MHz~1GHz / 300MHz~1GHz).

Different countries adopt different EMI regulations for home appliances. If products are to be
marketed in Europe, they must pass the EN55014-1 (Electromagnetic Compatibility EMC standard
emission part for household appliances, electric tools and similar appliances) standard adopted by
the EU, while China adopts the GB4343.1 (Electromagnetic compatibility EMC standard emission
part for household appliances, electric tools and similar appliances) standard.

EMC Component Description

Generally, common types of induction cookers where the power supply is directly connected to the
rectifier circuit use the following: ferrite bead, varistor, safety capacitors and inductor EMC
components, etc. Figure 1 shows an example of an EMC circuit for induction cookers. The high
frequency noise at both ends of the load is filtered out and is explained below.

1. Ferrite Bead M1: When high frequency signals on the power lines pass through a ferrite bead,
any high frequency noise can be converted into thermal energy in the ferrite bead. Because
ferrite beads provide different resistance characteristics for different frequencies, with higher
frequencies experiencing greater resistances, this forms a low-pass filter to attenuate high-
frequency noise

2. Varistor ZNR1: When the AC power supply voltage is slightly higher than the rated voltage of
the varistor, the impedance of the varistor will reduce allowing part of the AC current to flow
through it. The voltage across the varistor will then reduce offering protection. The impedance
will afterwards return to its high impedance state to protect the circuit.

3. Safety Capacitors CX1 and CX2: In the AC circuit and rectifier circuit, these capacitors are used
to filter out the instantaneous large voltage and high-frequency interference of the power supply.
At the same time, they can also prevent any high-frequency interference of the load from being

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 HT45F005x Frequency Jittering Applications

fed back to the mains supply. The capacitive reactance of the noise is small, and the high-
frequency noise forms a loop through the capacitor to filter the high-frequency differential mode
noise. Safety capacitors cannot be replaced by general capacitors. The characteristics of safety
capacitors are that they can maintain safety and have high voltage resistance after failure.

4. Inductor Coil L1: Creates a high reactance to high-frequency noise (XL=2πfLL) and also forms
a low-pass filter circuit along with the safety capacitors to suppress high-frequency noise and
have a protective effect on EMS.

Fig. 1

Jitter Introduction

Frequency jittering techniques are a way to overcome the interference problems of energy being
concentrated within a narrow frequency band spectrum. After widening the operating frequency,
the frequency spectrum will now be distributed over a wider bandwidth, reducing the peak energy
emission as shown in Figure 2. Now the total energy contained in the signal remains constant,
however it is distributed over a wider frequency range. The purpose of the frequency jittering in
induction cookers is to adjust the IGBT switching frequency. When it is close to the peak value of
the mains at 90 degrees, the narrow band electromagnetic interference signal brought by it will
reduce the IGBT VCE voltage and disperse the electromagnetic interference signal to reduce any
EMI emissions from the induction cooker. The IGBT type can also be changed from a higher
withstand voltage to lower withstand voltage type to save costs

dBµV f0
Before frequency
jittering

After frequency
jittering

MHz

Fig. 2

Induction Cooker Jittering Methods

Induction cookers use changes in the PPG width to control the IGBT switching frequency and adjust
the induction cooker power. However, this also generates a greater voltage differential across the
IGBT VCE, known as the reverse voltage. When the induction cooker is operating at higher power

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levels, the closer it is to the envelope 90 degree phase and the more serious the EMI interference
will be and the greater this reverse voltage will be. The induction cooker uses an AC zero-crossing
detection circuit to trigger the timer which reduces the PPG width when the envelope phase
approaches 90 degrees, and will increase the PPG width when it is far away. This will reduce the
maximum reverse voltage of the envelope wave and the EMI interference created near the
maximum reverse voltage. The general outline of induction cooker frequency jittering is shown in
Figure 3. Here the envelope wave is divided into four sections. Interval 1 waits for the AC zero-
crossing signal to start timing T1. Interval 2 is when the envelope wave approaches 90 degrees in
phase, here the PPG width begins to decrease to reduce the reverse voltage. The duration of the
EMI interference is the T2 time. Interval 3 is when the envelope wave is 90 degrees away from the
phase, here the PPG width begins to increase to compensate for the power reduction of the induction
cooker. From the end of interval 3 to the next envelope wave AC zero crossing point is interval 4.
These actions are described as follows.

 t0 is the actual zero-crossing point of the envelope wave and t0’is the zero-crossing point
generated by the actual AC zero-crossing detection circuit, the timer starts timing at t0’

 t0’~t1 is the T1 time, at this time the PPG width does not change

 t1~t2 is the T2 time, at this time the PPG width will reduce, after reducing to the smallest value
it will remain at this value

 t2~t3 is the T3 time, at this time the PPG width will increase, after increasing to the largest value
it will remain at this value

 When t3 starts, if the power level changes, use software to modify the PPG width here

 From t0 to the next t0 time is an envelope period

Interval 1 Interval 2 Interval 3 Interval 4 Interval 1 Interval 2 Interval 3 Interval 4

Actual Software Actual Software

Zero Crossing Point Reduce Increase Zero Crossing Point Reduce Increase
PPG width PPG width PPG width PPG width
to to to to
Envelope Waveform Envelope Waveform
smallest value Largest value smallest value Largest value
AC Zero Crossing AC Zero Crossing
and hold and hold and hold and hold
Point Point

PPG PPG
Hold PPG Hold PPG
Assign Assign
T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3
t0 t0' t1 t2 t3 t0 t0' t1 t2 t3 t0

Fig. 3

There are two ways to implement a frequency jitterring function. One is to use the F/W to match
the relevant signals in each timing interval, to make decisions and calculations and then load the
PPG settings. The other is, after setting up the relevant registers, to use the hardware to
automatically calculate without software intervention and adjustment. Although using software will
result in good frequency jittering flexibility and can be readily developed by users, it will be subject
to the disadvantages of software execution speed and frequency jittering resolution, and will result
in large software overheads. However, by using dedicated hardware to implement frequency
jittering, these disadvantages can be resolved.

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The HT45F0058 has an OVP circuit, which can be used as an AC zero-crossing detection circuit, a
PPG frequency modulation circuit, a PPG timer, a PPG counter and a control circuit, etc., forming
a dedicated hardware jittering function. The PPG width can be adjusted according to the frequency.
Change the cycle to increase or decrease the PPG width. In addition, in order to make the frequency
jittering process more flexible, the hardware can be set to automatically adjust the number of PPG
triggers after changing the PPG width several times before changing the PPG width and also
adjusting the PPG width adjustment range each time

The dedicated hardware frequency jittering function of the HT45F0058 not only reduces software
execution overheads, but also has better flexibility in adjusting the PPG width. In this application, the
HT45F0058 can use hardware or software to implement a frequency jittering function, and can also
choose a partial hardware method to implement frequency jittering. For example, when the OVP
detects an AC zero-crossing signal, the PPG Timer can be triggered by software or use other timers
as the jitter reference clock source, while the PPG width adjustment is implemented by hardware.
Users must use software to determine the current timing to request the hardware to increase or decrease
the PPG width. However, for hardware frequency jittering implementation, after the hardware has
completed the jittering settings, when the OVP detects a AC zero-crossing signal, the PPG timer is
triggered to start timing, and to determine whether the PPG width is to increase or decrease according
to the current timer time. The modulation width is automatically adjusted by the hardware according
to the settings, thereby reducing the burden on the software.

Operating Principles

Software Setup

Registers

To use the HT45F0058 PPG dedicated hardware frequency jitter function, in addition to setting the
PPG related registers, the OVP and CMP registers must also be setup along with the related I/O pin
sharing functions. For the related register setting instructions, the CMP register and other basic
PPG-related registers, details will not be described here. For details, refer to the datasheet.
Regarding the PPG dedicated hardware frequency jitter function, including the automatic
adjustment of the PPG width register and envelope wave jitter timing and other related register
functions, these are shown in the following table.

Register Function
OVPC0 OVP enable, output polarity and output debounce time control
OVPC1 OVP input offset calibration register
OVP OVPC2 OVP hysteresis voltage and OVP positive input selection control
OVP negative terminal reference voltage selection (0V~5V)
OVPDA
(V- = (5/256)×OVPDA)
PPGATC0 Approach mode control and approach status register
PPGATC1 PPG Timer Trigger source and PPG trigger approach value selection
PPG
PPGATC2 PPG Automatic adjustment of trigger times and approach value
PPGTMC PPG Timer Setup

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Register Function
PPGTMR1 Envelope waveform jitter T1 timing register
PPGTMR2 Envelope waveform jitter T2 timing register
PPGTMR3 Envelope waveform jitter T3 timing register
PPGTMRD PPG timing register
PPGTA PPG counter preload register A
PPGTC PPG counter approach register C
PPGTD PPG counter approach register D
I/O PxSn I/O pin-share function setting

Setup Process Description

Start

Set PPGTA. Set PPG

PPGTC.D. 1 other register 6

Set OVP
Set PPGATC1
2 register 7

Set CMP
Set PPGATC2
3 other register 8

Set PPGTMR1.2.3. Set PPGSAMD

4 9

Set PPGTMC End

5

Fig. 4

Step 1: Initialise the PPGTA, PPGTC and PPGTD registers

(Note: it is necessary to first write the high byte, then write the low byte, to ensure the data
is accurately loaded)

Step 2: Setup the PPGATC1 internal PPGCNT and PPGSA, determine whether the PPG width will
automatically adjust after several PPG triggers

Step 3: Setup PPGATC2, after deciding to automatically adjust the PPG width several times,
automatically adjust the width value of each adjustment of PPGTA and the number of PPG
triggers required for each width adjustment

Step 4: The time from the OVP zero-crossing interrupt trigger to t1 is set to PPGTMR1; the time
width from t1 to t2 is set to PPGTMR2; the time width from t2 to t3 is set to PPGTMR3.
(The time relationship between t1, t2 and t3 is shown in Figure 5)

Step 5: Setup PPGTMC to select the required frequency division ratio for fH to be the PPGTIMER
timing clock source

Step 6: Setup the other PPG related registers (Consult the Datasheet PPG chapter)

Step 7: Setup the OVP related registers (Consult the Datasheet OVP chapter)

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Step 8: Setup the CMP related registers (Consult the Datasheet CMP chapter)

Step 9: Set PPGSAMD=1 (H/W approach mode). When PPGSAMD changes from 0 to 1, PPGTON
will be cleared to 0, before this bit is 1, ensure that other related settings have been
completed to avoid unexpected errors.

During frequency jittering, PPGACF and PPGADF can be read to determine whether PPGTA is
equal to PPGTC or PPGTD and PPGTMMD[1:0] can be read to determine the PPGTIMER current
working mode. In addition, in the dedicated hardware jitter frequency setting, in addition to
Comparator 0 (synchronous circuit comparator) and the OVP zero-crossing detection comparator,
the setting must be completed first as well as the Comparator 1 (LC parallel resonant reverse-
voltage protection comparator) setting. It is necessary to ensure that C1VOD is 1 and RLBF is 0,
otherwise the PPG frequency jitter change cannot be seen in the PPG output width. When C1VOD
is 0, this means that the IGBT VCE has exceeded the set value and PPGDEB[3:0]≠0. At this time,
the system does not perform frequency jittering but reduces the PPG width. If RLBF is 1, the PPG
output width is loaded by PPGTB instead of PPGTA.

After the dedicated hardware frequency jittering, the other comparators and PPG functions have
been setup, when PPGSAMD=1 and PPGHTMD=0 as shown in Figure 5, then when the OVP
detects an AC zero signal, the PPGTIMER will be triggered to start the T1 timing. At this time the
PPG output remains unchanged . The PPGTA will approach PPGTC during the T2 time. During
the T3 timing, PPGTA will approach PPGTD. After the T3 timing has completed, PPGTA can be
reassigned by software until the next OVP trigger signal has completed a cycle. It should be noted
that PPGTA, PPGCNT and PPGSA cannot be assigned by software during the period from t1 to t3.

OVP Interrupt OVP Interrupt

Zero Crossing Point Zero Crossing Point
Reduce Increase Reduce Increase
PPG width PPG width PPG width PPG width
to to to to
Smallest Largest Smallest Largest
value value value value
and Hold and hold and Hold and hold
PPG PPG PPG PPG
Assig
Hold Hold Assign
n

t0 t0' t1 t2 t3 t0 t0' t1 t2 t3 t0

圖5

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Application Example
The following table shows an application example for setting up the frequency jittering registers
for an induction cooker.

Register Value Description

PPGTC PPGTA+50 PPG initial width - (50/fSYS) µs (fPPGDCK=fSYS)
PPGTD PPGTA PPG initial width
PPGATC0 0x40 PPGTA approach mode →H/W approach mode
PPG Timer trigger source select OVP interrupt signal (OVPINT), each PPG
PPGATC1 0x00
trigger, PPGTA ± 1
PPG trigger number and PPGTA approach value does not change with the
PPGATC2 0x00
PPGTA number of changes.
PPGTMR1 255 Operating interval T1 = (256-255)×32µs = 0.032ms
PPGTMR2 166 Operating interval T2 = (256-166)×32µs = 2.880ms
PPGTMR3 181 Operating interval T3 = (256-181)×32µs = 2.400ms
PPGTIMER OVPINT triggers source select rising source;
PPGTMC 0x02
PPGTimer CLK = fH/512 = 32µs (fH=16MHz)

Example Code (C Source)

void PPG Shake Frequency_init( )
{
if(_ppgta8==1)
{
_ppgtc8 = 1;
_ppgtc = _ppgta+50;
_ppgtd8 = 1;
_ppgtd = _ppgta;
}
else
{
_ppgtc8 = 0;
_ppgtc = _ppgta+50;
_ppgtd8 = 0;
_ppgtd= _ppgta;
}
_ppgatc1 = 0x00;
_ppgatc2 = 0x00;
_ppgtmr1 = 256-1;
_ppgtmr2 = 256-90;
_ppgtmr3 = 256-75;
_ppgtmc = 0x02;
_ppgatc0 = 0x40;
}

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Test Waveforms
No Jittering With Jittering

IGBT VCE Voltage (Max.) =1300V IGBT VCE Voltage (Max.) =1250V

Yellow Waveform (CH1)  IGBT VGE Waveform

Green Waveform (CH4)  IGBT VCE Waveform (Induction Cooker LC parallel resonance reverse voltage)
Red Waveform (CH M)  IGBT VGE (Positive pulse width line (PPG output width line)

Test results: The IGBT voltage when using frequency jittering can be reduced by about 50V when
compared with the IGBT voltage without frequency jittering.

Test Data
The following EMI test data is based on the test results when the induction cooker is operating with
a power level of 2000W. The EMC components have a higher specifications but without frequency
jitter, they are compared with lower specififcation EMC components but with frequency jitter.

Reference Circuit – Power Supply

Fig 6

Test Data
 CE Data

 The test results without frequency jittering for CX1=8µF and CX1=5µF: When CX1 is
8µF there is a minimum average margin of 5.98dB. With 5µF there is a minimum
average margin of 5.20dB. The larger capacitance safety capacitor has a better EMI
margin, about 0.78 dB.

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CX1=8µF (No Jittering) CX1=5µF (No Jittering)

 The test results for CX1=8µF without frequency jittering and CX1=5µF with frequency
jitter show that using frequency jitter is better. The minimum margin is increased by
0.89dB compared with the condition without frequency jitter and where a larger
capacitance value is used.

CX1=8µF-CE (No Jittering) – Power 2000W CX1=5µF-CE (With Jittering) – Power 2000W

 DP Data

Whether CX1=8µF or CX1=5µF without frequency jittering or CX1=5µF with frequency

jittering, the DP test results are not much different, and the average margin is above 10dB.

CX1=8µF (No jittering) CX1=5µF (No jittering)

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CX1=8µF (No jittering) CX1=5µF (With jittering)

The following table shows the difference in frequency jitter to EMI and component cost comparison
and also shows the CE and DP test results. If there is no frequency jitter, larger safety capacitors
have better results for EMI CE, but when using a lower cost 5µF safety capacitor with frequency
jitter, the CE margin is higher.

Frequency Jitter to EMI difference and component cost comparison

Condition
CX1=8µF/No Jittering CX1=5µF/No Jittering CX1=5µF/With Jittering
Component
CX1 8µF/275VAC-(1.8RMB) 5µF/275VAC-(0.8RMB) 5µF/275VAC-(0.8RMB)
C1 NC NC NC
CX2 5µF/275VAC-(0.8RMB) 5µF/275VAC-(0.8RMB) 5µF/275VAC-(0.8RMB)
L1 300µH-(3.0RMB) 300µH-(3.0RMB) 300µH-(3.0RMB)
Conducted Interference
PASS(+5.98dB) PASS(+5.20dB) PASS(+6.87dB)
CE(2000W)
Power Interference
PASS(>10dB) PASS(>10dB) PASS(>10dB)
DP(2000W)
EMC Component Cost (RMB) 5.6 4.6 4.6
Note 1:The conducted interference margin +x db represents the minimum margin x db, -x db represents the limit exceeding the
maximum x db; power disturbance> 10db, means the minimum margin is greater than 10db, the test software does not
detect important points, and the margin is large with no calibration
Note 2: These results originate from the Holtek laboratory. The test regulations adopted are the EU certification EN55014-1. There
may be 1~2dB difference in test results between different laboratories and the test result margin is greater than 3dB to reach the
EMI test safety range
Note 3: The above costs are for reference only.

Conclusion
This application note has shown how the HT45F0058 frequency jittering function can reduce the
cost of additional EMC components. In addition to explaining the function and usage of the
dedicated hardware frequency jittering function, in the test experiment the voltage across the IGBT
VCE can be reduced to 50V by using frequency jittering, allowing EMC components with lower
voltage ratings to be used. Frequency jittering makes a better difference to EMI when compared
with EMC higher specified components.

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Reference Material
Consult the HT45F0058 and HT45F0059 Datasheets.

For more information see the Holtek website: [Link].

Revision Information
Date Author Issue Description
2021.08.18 曾增祥 V1.10 The HT45F0059 device is added.
2020.06.08 陳世諭 Rekkles V1.00 The first version

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