ABSTRACT

This research paper investigates about utilization of treated industrial

effluent water (TIEW) collected from Vanitec sewage treatment plant,

Vaniyambadi for replacement with available tap water in the university campus in

0%, 40%, 80% and 100% respectively. The TIEW is tested to satisfy the water

quality standards as per IS456:2000. The water cement ratio (w/c) is taken at 0.4,

0.5 and 0.6 in M25 grade concrete mix and left for curing for various specimen for

7, 14 and 28 days. Tests were conducted over specimens such as compressive

strength and water absorption and comparison of experimental data results were

made between them. This project concludes the best use of w/c ratio to minimize

the constructional cost and paves way for alternative use of treated sewage water in

mixing and curing of concrete. Thus, achieving the resource recovery from waste

water is also a key note.

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is the most widely used

manufactured material for construction purpose. Upcoming modern trends, the

future of concrete looks higher because for most purposes it provides more

convenient engineering properties at low cost combined with energy savings

and ecological benefits. It is desirable that engineers know about concrete than

about building and construction material. Due to the growing agriculture,

urban/rural and industrial expectation, water level need in every continent are

falling, by this the drinking water are becoming scary. So, it is suggested that

with water with practical large-scale solution is to provide the sources which

are not currently efficient. The most widely used construction material is

concrete, commonly made by mixing ordinary Portland cement with sand,

aggregate and water. Nominal concrete consists about 70% aggregate, 20%

cement and 10% mixing water approximately. Concrete industry is consuming

annually 1 billion tons of mixing water in the world. by research revealed that

water usage in cement production varies from 147 to 3,500 liters per tons of

cement.

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 Concrete production uses between 100-240 liters of water per

cubic meter of concrete approximately. Moreover, high quantity of fresh water

is used for curing of concrete. The volume of waste water in any country

61cubic kilometer (1trillion liter waste water) approximately. Over 68% of FW

on earth and over 30% is found ground water from lake, river etc. From this

survey we know that more scarce need of water, but construction purpose we

need water in building material. Future considering, we have introduced the new

one. So, we have need to study instead of fresh water for mixing, curing of the

concrete other construction building purpose.

1.2 IMPURITIES WATER

We are taking the industrial effluent waste water. Effluent means

flows out from sewer or industrial outfall. Effluent discharge is liquid waste,

other than from kitchen or toilet, domestic waste. Industrial waste water is from

site drainage (silt, sand, alkali, oil, chemical residues).in survey 2019 more than

80% water used for domestic purpose comes out waste water per year.

Impurities in both industrial and effluent water used for concrete set and setting

time, in that certain limit it may be set on chloride, sulphate, alkalis, solids in

that water test can be determine the effect that impurities can have various

range properties.

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 Instead of attempt that process to utilize the polluted water for

construction purpose by using primary treatment. We have to treat waste water

and use for domestic, building purpose without affect any illness, and without

affecting the surrounding [Link] utilizing of this water, water scarcity

can be reduced.

1.3 SCOPE

1. To make alternative use of water available from treated sewage

water in mixing and curing of concrete work.

2. To utilize the treated sewage water against the scarcity of

available tap water in the construction field.

3. To bring resource recovery and strength in concrete for gaining

the effective constructional cost.

4. To motivate recycling of waste water for using in concrete

technology and thus controlling its effects of causing pollution to

the surroundings.

5. To meet the scarcity of tap water for construction purpose by

make use of alternative water sources.

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1.4 OBJECTIVES

1. To collect normal available tap water and four stage

treated sewage water from the plant and carry out

laboratory tests to satisfy the water quality standards.

2. To procure necessary materials for casting specimen and

tests were made for that material.

3. Casting and curing are done as per the project

requirements.

4. Tests were made and the experimental data results were

compared to give the final conclusion of the project

work.

5. Identify of civil work where these water can be used

without compromising structural strength parameters.

4
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

K. NIRMALIKUMAR and V. SIVAKUMAR (2008) investigated that,

durability impact of concrete by using recycled waste water. They used the

recycled waste water from the tannery industry for the construction purpose, so

that the shortage in water can be greatly reduced by making some primary

treatment. The specimens were tested for durability properties for 28 days, 90 days

and 365 days.

R.A. TAHA (2010) investigated that, the feasibility of using ground

water and production water in construction compared with tap water. Non-fresh

water samples were obtained from four PDO asset areas. Nine water samples

including controlled potable water, were analyzed for ph, total solids, chloride,

hardness. Mixtures were tested for initial setting times, compressive strength and

flexural strength.

M. SILVA and T.R. NAIK (2010) investigated that, sustainable use of

resources, such as reclaimed water in concrete. An initial laboratory investigation

was conducted samples were collected from the MMSD and analyzed. The

compressive strength, mortar cubes with sewage treatment plant water has shown

5
improvement in strength during 3 to 28 days and increased by the 91 days.

6
 K.S. AL JABRI et al (2011) investigated that, the effect of waste water on

properties of high strength concrete. In that water samples were collected from

three car washing station in Muscat area. The collected water samples were mixed

together and chemical analysis were carried out. Four water samples including tap

water were analyzed for laboratory tests. The percentage of water replaced is 25 to

100 of tap water. Slump, compressive strength and flexural strength were

determined at 28 days.

[Link] (2014) investigated that, compressive strength of concrete

by using treated domestic waste water as mixing and curing of concrete. By using

of treated domestic waste water utilized in concrete meets scarcity of fresh water.

Similarly, average compressive strength results of M40 grade concrete cast by

using fresh water as mixing and curing for mix M3 and curing water for mix M4.

N. REDDY (2015) investigated that, the treated domestic waste water as a

mixing water in cement mortar. It has been affected on properties of cement

blended with 20% fly ash such as compressive strength, setting times and

soundness. Water used for mortar includes potable water, treated domestic water.

RAMKAR A P (2017) they made a study on effect of treated waste water

on strength of concrete. Ordinary Portland cement 53 grade, 20mm size coarse

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 aggregate and natural sand were used. Waste quantity of used waste is

analyzed for ph, TSS, hardness, BOD and COD is done and compared with

standards consistency of cement paste was found by VECAT apparatus was

obtained by 7, 14 and 28 days with water cement ratio 0.45 and 1:3 cement and

sand proportion.

M. MANJUNATHA (2018), presented results of experimental study on

reuse of treated waste water in concrete production. Potable water and treated

waste water were used to prepare concrete mixing and curing. The results showed

that the treated waste water is suitable and could be used in concrete production at

permissible limits

A. RAKESH et al (2019) conducted a research on utilizing waste water in

concrete production by the compressive strength of concrete was 5% less

compared to reference concrete specimen. It is done as cement ratio of 0.5 was

about 20% less to 7 days compressive strength compared to reference specimen.

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 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Methodology is a systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a

field of study. It comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of knowledge.

Typically, it comprises concepts such as paradigm, theoretical model, phases.

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 CHAPTER 4

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

4.1 CONSTITUENT MATERIAL USED

Materials that are used for making concrete for this study were tested before

casting of specimens. The preliminary tests were conducted for the following

materials.

1. CEMENT - Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Grade 53

2. FINE AGGREGATE - M-Sand (< 4mm)

3. COARSE AGGREGATE – Crushed stones (< 20mm)

4. TAP WATER (TW)

5. TREATED INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT WATER (TIEW)

4.1.1 ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is bonding material having cohesive and

adhesive properties which makes it capable to unite the different construction

materials and form the compacted assembly. The grade 53 cement were used.

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 Fig 4.1 collection of materials

4.1.2 FINE AGGREGATE

M sand of size less than 4mm were used as fine aggregate for preparing

samples. The sand particles should also pack to give minimum void ratio, higher

void content leads to requirement of more mixing water.

4.1.3 COARSE AGGREGATE

Crushed stones of less than 20mm size were used for preparing specimens. The

maximum size of aggregate is fixed based on sieve analysis.

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4.1.4 TAP WATER

Tap water under PH level 7.5 (measured the digital PH meter) available from

our university campus is taken as conventional type of water for mixing and curing

of concentrated specimen physical characteristics of tap water like color turbidity

test temperature, PH are calculated from chemical laboratory. Chemical

characteristic of water such as solid matters chloride, sup hate, led, zinc,

magnesium, calcium, aluminum, acidity, alkalify are tested and tabulated. (Which

are within permissible units only)

4.1.5 TREATED INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT WATER

In TIEW process have Four stage treated industrial effluent water is brought

from vanitech common effluent treatment plant vaniyambadi as a replacement by

40%,80% and 100% for tap water in mixing and curing of concrete specimens. The

physical and chemical characteristics of TIEW including BOD, COD values are

taken from the treatment plant laboratory itself which are within the permissible

limits of usable water for concrete work as per IS 456:2000.

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 Fig 4.2 vanitec water treatment plant, vaniyambadi

4.2 TESTING OF MATERIALS

4.2.1 INITIAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

The time at which cement starts hardens and completely loses its plasticity is

known as initial setting of cement. Initial setting time of grade 53 Ordinary Portland

cement at various mix proportions with TW and TIEW were tested as per IS 456

using Vicat apparatus test. The results are tabulated below.

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 Table 4.1 initial setting time of cement

W/C TW TIEW 40 TIEW 80 TIEW 100

0.4 29 30 32 36

0.5 30 32 33 35

0.6 31 33 34 37

Unit = min

specific gravity (IS 12269) = 3.15g/cm3

fineness (IS 12269) =3%

4.2.2 AGGREGATE TEST

Various important tests like specific gravity, fineness modulus, zone, moisture

content, water absorption, bulk density and flakiness index of both fine aggregate

(m-sand of 2.36mm sieve retained ) and coarse aggregate( crushed stones of 20mm

sieve retained ) were done as per Indian standards to select suitable materials for

mix design. The average concluded outcome results have been enlisted in the

following table from the various aggregates tests as a whole.

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 Table 4.2 aggregate properties

Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate

[Link] Properties (M sand 2.36mm (crushed stones
size) 20mm size)
1 Specific gravity 2.65 2.67
2 Fineness modulus 2.80 6.2
3 Zone Zone 2 Zone 2
4 Moisture content 1.8% 1.7%
5 Water absorption 2.5% 0.5%
6 Bulk density 1.752kg/mm3 1.545kg/mm3
7 Flakiness index - 12.84%

4.2.3 LABORATORY TEST OF WATER SAMPLES

The following table shows the characteristics of both tap water and treated

industrial effluent water, which satisfy within the permissible limits of standard

rule of usable water for construction technology as per IS 456 and other standards.

The various parameters of selected alternative water sample (TIEW) are

within the specified range of use.

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 Table 4.3 properties of water samples

[Link] Parameters TW TIEW Limit Reference

1 Total solids 150 1000 50000 ASTMC 1602 [27]
2 Suspended matters - 60 2000 IS 456 [28]
3 Organic solids 50 180 200 IS 456
4 Inorganic solids 100 700 3000 IS 456
5 pH 7.5 8.2 >6 IS 456
6 Chloride 175 180 500 IS 456
7 Sulphate 45 60 400 IS 456
8 Lead 0 0 100 BSEN 1008
9 Zinc 0.48 0 100 BSEN 1008
10 Manganese 0 0 500 MINDESS 1981
11 Temperature 20-25 20.3 8-20 c WHO
12 Turbidity - 15 <5 WHO
13 Magnesium 15 16.65 30 WHO
14 Calcium 60 80 75 WHO
15 Aluminum 0.04 0.06 0.2 WHO
16 BOD 20 28 - WHO
17 COD 250 280 - WHO
18 Total alkalinity* 288 340 250 IS 456
19 Total acidity* - 10 50 IS 456

* Expressed asCaCO3 equivalent

Concentrations are in mg/l except for pH

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Fig 4.3 testing of water samples
 CHAPTER 5

MIX DESIGN

5.1 OBJECTIVES OF MIX DESIGN

The objectives of concrete mix design as follows,

1. The first objective is to achieve the stipulated minimum strength.

2. The second objective is to make the concrete in the most

economical manner. Cost wise all concrete depends primarily on

material cost and cost of labor.

5.2 MIX PROPORTION FOR M25

A suitable mix proportion details have been derived from the outcomes

of mix design ratio and given below in the table for reference purpose for 1m3

concrete mix with different water cement ratio for both tap water and TIEW at

various replacements.
 Table 5.1 mix proportion details

Treated Coarse
OPC 53 Fine
Water type Tap water industrial aggregate
aggregate
replacement (TW) effluent water (crushed
grade (M sand)
% (w/c ratio) (kg/m3) (TIEW) stones)
(kg/m3) (kg/m3)
(kg/m3) (kg/m3)

TW (0.4) 554 229 0 593 1170

TW (0.5) 554 285 0 593 1170

TW (0.6) 554 342 0 593 1170

TIEW 40 (0.4) 554 137 92 593 1170

TIEW 40 (0.5) 554 171 114 593 1170

TIEW 40 (0.6) 554 205 137 593 1170

TIEW 80 (0.4) 554 46 183 593 1170

TIEW 80 (0.5) 554 57 228 593 1170

TIEW 80 (0.6) 554 68 274 593 1170

TIEW 100 (0.4) 554 0 229 593 1170

TIEW 100 (0.5) 554 0 285 593 1170

TIEW 100 (0.6) 554 0 342 593 1170

 CHAPTER 6

CASTING AND CURING

6.1 CASTING OF SPECIMEN

Casting cube of about 150mm size. Before casting Workability of

each mix proportion is tested by using SLUMP CONE (12 SAMPLES). For 0.4

w/c ratio at 7, 14, 28 days 12 molds are casted at 0%, 40%, 80% and 100%

respectively

for 24 hours. For 0.5 w/c ratio at 7, 14, 28 days 12 molds are casted at 0%, 40%,

80% and 100% respectively for 24 hours. For 0.6 w/c ratio at 7, 14, 28 days 12 molds

are casted at 0%, 40%, 80% and 100% respectively for 24 hours. Therefore, totally

36 specimen molds are casted.

6.2 CURING PROCESS

Water Curing is done with same replacement of water with its

respective molds specimen at a regular interval of 7, 14 and 28 days.

Fig 6.1 concrete samples
 CHAPTER 7

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

7.1 TESTING OF SPECIMEN

After curing of concrete, all the specimens are undergone for the following

two tests,

1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

2. WATER ABSORPTION TEST

3. SLUMP TEST

7.1.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

A mechanical test is done to measure the maximum amount of

compressive load that a material can bear before fracturing is called compressive

strength test. Here, the test pieces usually in the form of a cube is compressed

between the platens of a compression testing machine by a gradually applied load.

According to IS 516, the 36 specimens, after curing were tested by using

compression testing machine and values obtained after calculation have been

enlisted.
7.1.2 WATER ABSORPTION TEST

A test to determine the moisture content of concrete as a percentage of its

dry weight is called water absorption test. According to IS 1124, the 12 specimens

of 28 days cured molds of various w/c ratios were taken for water absorption test,

in which each specimen was dried oven and weighed and it was immersed in water

for 24 hours and removed, dried its surface by using absorbent cloth and again

weighed. A calculation was made from the respective formula for water absorption

test and the values were expressed in terms of percentage.

7.1.3 SLUMP TEST

The slump test is done to assess the consistency of fresh concrete

prepared at various w/c ratios of 0.4,0.5 and 0.6 at different replacements of TW

and TIEW. Before, casting concrete in 150mm 3 mold, the slump test was made

from fresh concrete using slump cone and tamping rod. As per IS 1199, the slump

test was done and the results were enlisted.

 CHAPTER 8

DATA INTERPRETATION AND RESULTS

8.1 TABULATED RESULTS OF VARIOUS TESTS

Table 8.1 compressive strength test result

Type of 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.6
water mix 7 days 7 days 7 days 14 days 14 days 14 days 28 days 28 days 28 days

TW 100% 17.5 18.7 14.9 25.2 26.4 16.8 34.6 36.5 27.4

TIEW 40% 17.8 19.4 15.4 25.7 27.5 17.5 36.4 38.4 27.9

TIEW 80% 18.2 19.9 15.8 26.0 28.7 18.2 37.6 39.0 28.4

TIEW 100% 18.4 20.5 13.3 26.7 29.3 14.9 38.4 39.7 25.6

Unit = M Pa
 Table 8.2 absorption test result

Type of mixing water with W/C ratio Absorption rate after 28 days (%)

TW 100% 0.4 2.94

TW 100% 0.5 3.21

TW 100% 0.6 3.75

TIEW 100% 0.4 2.73

TIEW 100% 0.5 3.54

TIEW 100% 0.6 3.78

TIEW 40% 0.4 3.02

TIEW 40% 0.5 3.45

TIEW 40% 0.6 3.96

TIEW 80% 0.4 3.11

TIEW 80% 0.5 3.52

TIEW 80% 0.6 4.01

 Table 8.3 slump test result

W/C ratio Slump (cm)

TW 100% 0.4 28.5

TW 100% 0.5 25.4

TW 100% 0.6 10.5

TIEW 100% 0.4 28

TIEW 100% 0.5 26.8

TIEW 100% 0.6 12.7

TIEW 40% 0.4 28

TIEW 40% 0.5 26

TIEW 40% 0.6 11

TIEW 80% 0.4 28.4

TIEW 80% 0.5 25.2

TIEW 80% 0.6 10.2

 CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION

The TIEW is tested to satisfy the water quality standards as per

IS456:2000. The water cement ratio (w/c) is taken at 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 in M25 grade

concrete mix and left for curing for various specimen for 7, 14 and 28 days. The

experimental results are compared in terms of bar chart for maximum compressive

stress of concrete at different replacement ratios and curing time for four stage

treated sewage water at (w/c = 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6). Water absorption of concrete

samples produced by using tap water and TIEW at various w/c and replacement

ratios are tabulated. (only specimens cured for 28 days are tested. i.e., 12

specimens). Tests were conducted over specimens such as compressive strength

and water absorption and comparison of experimental data results were made

between them. This project concludes the best use of w/c ratio to minimize the

constructional cost and paves way for alternative use of treated sewage water in

mixing and curing of concrete. Thus, achieving the resource recovery from waste

water is also a key note.

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