e BALANCE series FOR THE REVISED CPE Thanks to: ‘ Ann Gibson, Teacher & Teacher Trainer, ‘f who reviewed the Tests in accordance with the UCLES Specifications, HILLSIDE PRESSEntry Test 1 6 Entry Test 2 13 Entry Test 3 20 Entry Test 4 27 Entry Test 5 34 Entry Test 6 a4 Entry Test 7 48 Entry Test 8 55 Entry Test 9 62 Entry Test 10 69 Entry Test 11 76 Entry Test 12 83 Practice Tests @ Introduction to Practice Tests 92 Practice Test 1 98 Practice Test 2 123 Practice Test 3 - 148 Practice Test 4 173 Practice Test 5 _ 198 & Sample Compositions —...... ao 223 @ Speaking: Vocabulary & Useful Language 243 Transcripts (in Teacher’s Book)@ ENTRY TESTSENTRY TESTS INTRODUCTION TO THE ENTRY TEST @ The entry requirements are designed to encourage an increase in preparation time for CPE candidates and ultimately to raise the number of candidates passing CPE. They do not Buarantee success at CPE. ae From December 2002, candidates entering for CPE in Greece need to fli one ofthe following entry requirements: Entry Test and IELTS results are valid for two years only. There is no time-limit on the validity of the other qualifying results mentioned above. Further Study Candidates with the above results qualify to enter at the next available administration but are strongly recom- mended to undertake further study as outlined below. é des A or BAL least two years further study (CAE Grades A Bor C merce ITS band 6.5. At Teast one year's further study CPE Eniry Test Band 2 mae SPE Grade D. Substantial further. study. is IELTS Band 7-9. desirable but may. not _be Ent Tet Band 3. Seta 0 sees nthe CPE From December 2002 UCLES will be monitoring the performance of CPE candidates who enter with the above qualifying results. Updated guidelines willbe issued which take account of that performance. Registration for CPE From autumn 2002, when candidates register for CPE, they are required to provide evidence that they fulfil the The Entry Testis offered twice a year in summer and winter. Candidates can register forthe Entry Test in the same way as for other UCLES examinations. Results will be issued in time for candidates to register for the next CPE administration There are no restrictions on re-taking the CPE Entry Test. Results To gain a Band 3, candidates need to achieve a score of approximately 40 marks. To gain a Band 2, candidates need to achieve a score of approximately 25 marks. Candidates achieving a score of less than approximately 25 marks are awarded a Band 1. Candidates receive a score in one of tree bands Bards bu i ee) ies [oesPaper Format ‘The Entry Test is made up of one paper only. The paper contains five parts, Parts 1 and 2 are similar in format to the revised CPE Use of English Paper. Parts 3-5 are similar in format to the revised CPE Reading Paper. Answering Candidates indicate their answers by shading the correct lozenge or writing the required word in capital letters on an answer sheet, ENTRY TESTS Number of Questions and Marks 550 questions worth 63 marks. One mark is given for each correct answer in Parts 1-3; two marks are given for each correct answer in Parts 4 and 5. Timing. 1 hour 30 minutes ENTRY TEST CONTENT: AN OVERVIEW Dele of (ec inrcer agus Gh asc Open claze 15 Grammatical lexico-grammatical Word formation Lexical Four-option multiple choice lexical cloze Idioms, collocations, fixed phrases, complementation, phrasal verbs, semantic precision Gapped text Cohesion, coherence, text structure] {global meaning Four-option multiple choice Reine uence ans oman A modified cloze text containing 15 gaps Use of English Part 1 ‘A text containing ten gaps. Each gap corresponds to a word. The ‘stems’ of the missing words are given beside the text and must be transformed to provide the missing word. Use of English Part 2 ‘One text from which paragraphs have been removed and placed in jumbled order after the text. Candidates must decide from where in the text the paragraphs have been removed. ‘One text with six four-option multiple choice questions. eu Content/detal ttitud fore, — purpose, —matir implication, text organizatio features (exemplification, compar son, reference) ‘Two modied cloze texts, from a range Of sources. Each text contains six gaps and is followed by six four-option ‘muiple choice questions.@ For questions 1-15, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use-only-one-word-in-each space. There is-an-example at the beginning (0). Write your answers in CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. Sample: [o] MOSIMOOOOOOOUOO0000000 CLOCKS ‘The clock is arguably the (0) ---MOST._ influential invention in the history of technology. How did (i) ........-_ all start? The sundial used shadows to mark off the hours, but the water clock measured time even on cloudy days. This type of clock was used in China 3,000 years ago, and was also known (2) --....... the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. Tt was not @) - -- the 1300s that the forerunner of the modern clock, with wheels, a dial and an hour hand, was invented. (4) — -- 1700 a pendulum, a minute hand and a second hand had been added, since (5) -......-. the essential principles of clocks have not changed. (6) —- - clocks, using only weights and pendulums, were used for hundreds of years, but they had to be placed in an upright position so (7) to work properly. The discovery (@) --...-.-.. a spring, which had to (9) - wound regularly, could be used (10) aah weights or pendulums meant that clocks (11) --.-.....-_ be smaller, and even be carried around. Electric, atomic and digital clocks, plus clocks with microchips, are the more recent developments. ‘The modern clock (12) - look different from its more elaborately decorated predecessors, but clocks and watches are still valued (13) -- ~ only for their practicality but also (14) ---....... a fashion statement and status symbol, They will probably be with us for another 3,000 years, at the (15) -- - least.Part 2 @ For questions 16-25, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). Be Write your answers in CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. Example: [6] EITMELIMONOOOOOOOO00000 DANCE ‘Most people start tapping their feet when they hear (0) LIVELY LIVE. | music. This is not (16) - _-, since dance is the oldest. NATURE art form; people have enjoyed it since (17) —- times, HISTORY as cave paintings in northern Spain show. Early dancing was associated with (18) ~- ceremonies and tended tobe RELIGION ritualistic, Later, it became a form of public (19) ———------—- , ENTERTAIN then a social event. In traditional folk dancing, basic types of movement reflect cultural (20) - . The dances are comprised of GROUND stylised, (21) versions of everyday activities such REPEAT as hunting or harvesting. They also frequently use social (ge ~ as sources: many folk dances are simplified. PURSUE mimes of courtship rituals, for instance, The fact that these dances have remained virtually (23) —- - forhundreds CHANGE of years indicates that they serve a function far more important than mere enjoyment. Rather, they act as a confirmation of the participants’ way of life, (24) - ~ rendering familiar SYMBOL tasks, events and conventions. As everyone jumps, twists and turns in unison, a feeling of (25) -- ~ is engendered. TOGETHER In fact, folk dancing is probably one of the earliest forms of bonding.ENTRY TEST 1 Part 3 @ For questions 26-37, read the two texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. LIFE EXPECTANCY It may come as a surprise to learn that, in certain developed countries, a typical female baby born this year has a 50 per cent chance of living to be 100. For years, scientists have been advising Western governments that the astonishing increase in life expectancy which has been witnessed over the past century will not (26)... However, studies now suggest that life expectancy may, 7) ---, go on increasing, indefinitely. For example, by 2070 female life expectancy in the United States could be as (28) --- as 101 years, which contrasts sharply with the official US estimate of only 88.9 years. Ifthese predictions about longevity prove to be correct, it will have serious implications, not just for pensions, but for health care and social (29) . -. This is because the average health-span (the time people are free from chronic illness) may not keep (80) --- with the average life-span. As. result, governments will have 0 consider making painful adjustments to social security and medical systems which will come under increased strain if it (81) --. that governments have been drastically underestimating how long their Gitizens are likely to live. 26 Aabide B tolerate € remain D continue 27 Aintime B in fact € in truth D in all 28 Ahigh B good C far D long 29. A provisions B services © offices D fan 30 Aspeed B haste © velocity D pace 31. Atakes over B turns out © comes back D brings about CONCERTS THEN AND NOW In my youth, concerts were completely cifferent affairs. Going to rack concerts (82) --- lining up outside the box office the night before tickets went on sale or, (83) ..-, buying them at the last (84) --- at outrageous prices from scalpers, then attending the long-awaited performance wearing your best black clothes (a5) .-- with the group's latest album cover. You would then scream until you were hoarse, in the company of about fifteen thousand other people. Concerts nowadays seem to be much more intimate events. They take place at much smaller venues. with @ (86) -__ of a couple of hundred people, who are seated at tables, not in the endless cinema-style rows that we used to cram ourselves into. Often they're even outdoors and are attended by many gatecrashers who decry the commercialisation of music. | don't know whether this downsizing in music has resulted from the increased speed with which bands (37) -- into obscurity, but it definitely makes for a more pleasant concert experience, 32 A included B consisted € involved D comprised $3—A-titferent alternative ¢-optionalh ‘D-resoltel 34 A time B point minute ‘D hour 35 A inscribed B etched € labelled D adorned 36 A capacity B capability C faciity competence A fall & submerge © descend BD sinkENTR’ Part 4 (@ You are going to read an extract from an article. Seven paragraphs have been rei the extract, Choose from the paragraphs A~ H the one which fits each gap (38 - is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. EXERCISE AND THOSE WITH MOBILITY PROBLEMS We live in an exercise-crazy society. Wherever you look, there are people trying to shape up an slim down. Gyms are cropping up all over the place. On the surface, they all look the same and may offer the same services. However, when you peel back the veneer, there ate differences pea- ple should be aware of. 38 is “The biggest problem is the lack of knowledge and education,” says one fitness expert. "There are very few gyms that have staff trained to deal with those with special needs. They'll sign you up but don’t know how to help you. A further problem is the unsuitability of the building itself.” 39 The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) categorises gyms and fitness centres under the umbrella of places of public accommodation. They must follow the same rules and guidelines as those which apply to hotels and restaurants. For example, their shower facilities must be wheelchair accessible. 40 Some owners of gyms ty to find ways to alleviate this problem. "A number of our facilities are on two levels, but for whatever equipment we have on one level, there's usually a complement on the other level as well," says one ner. "No one has to go to the second level to use apiece of equipment” a "The trouble is in the definition of the phrase,’ says the legal advisor of an organisation that represents 400 health clubs world-wide. "We don't have an easy checklist to determine compliance. W's hard to say what's reasonable for any particular facility.” (a2 “The suggestion came from our participants” s: manager of a new fitness centre in New York City wanted to find a place to work out and exercise. + been trying to make-use of city faites but had + ther inaccessible. We took the idea to some people ‘we thought might be interested in funding the project. 3 ‘One such manufacturer says he’s had a fot of dificul ‘tying to sell his equipment to gyms and fitness centres across the country. "There's a fot of red tape involved in selling to gyms. And they're really not interested in having this kind of equipment. They’d rather have their staff members help disabled clients. They disregard the issue because they don’t have many members or potential members with disabilities.” a ] "What needs to be done is to educate the public and those who are working in gyms, says the manager of a gym in Venice, California, "We need to better understand the needs of this group. They don't have to stay avay im clubs; they don’t have to stand out."[A Many gyms follow these rules, but some don't. Like other establishments, they either claim poverty or say they are reasonably accessible. However, according, to the law, buildings with only two floors don’t need a if. Unfortunately, many gyms are housed in two-storey builngs, B No two gyms are exactly alike. Each has ts own strengths and weaknesses. Of all the things a. prospective consumer should look at, the principal item is the staf. Do the trainers and assistants have experience working with disabled individuals? The answer is commonly "na CA lot of times, navigating a chair in a fitness centre or gym is difficult. We try to place as much equipment to service as many clients as possible so no one has to wait. Unfortunately, that’s a double-edged sword. It ‘means that navigating around the club is often difficult, ‘, Standarel gyms aside, people wit disabilities sometimes prefer to exercise in a place where they know the staff is knowledgeable of their neds. This is why a few specialty £ymS are opening up around the country E When you visit a gym, the first thing you see is the The first impression answers many questions ‘be asked by prospective consumers with = tae gym multi-level? Is there a lift? Is the soum accessible? F Finding appropriate equipment for the centre, however, is not an easy task. Access is limited due to awkward equipment design, making i dificult fo ‘mobility impairments to transfer onto pieces of equipment that might otherwise provide them with a good workout. Nevertheless, there are people who do build equipment with disabled users specifically in mind, Fortunately, times are changing and people wth disabilities are working out in the gym. Markets for special populations like the disabled are growing. Younger people with disabilities aren‘ willing to just sit at home and the newer club administrators are beginning to understand their needs. Out of necessity, clubs ace becoming more aware of how to deal with special populations like the disabled, Hitis difficult to hold small, privately owned gyms to any kind of standard in terms of physical layout. Chain gyms are somewhat easier to regulate. Most gyms are housed in already existing buildings. They stick to the letter of the law and the rather flimsy definition of ‘reasonable accommodation’ENTRY TEST 1 Port 5 @ You are going to read an extract from an article about modern Incas. For questions 45 ~ 50, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. INCAS ARE PERUVIANS have wanted to meet the Incas ever since | was in the infant school. | was already reading fluently when I started school at the age of four and was fortunate to have a teacher, Miss Fazey, who brought me mate- rial from her own library to maintain my love of books and extend the range of my reading, That was my first meeting with the Incas, although for a while they were confused with Hiawatha, who occurred in the same volume and was coloured in with the same set of crayons. The second meeting happened last year when, at long last, | took the journey to Peru. | thought | knew all about these people by then, but no amount of reading, prepares you for your encounter with these lovely, Kind, patient and gentle people with their quiet humour and sense of fun. Their life, whether as plainsmen or High Andeans, is hard, and moments of relaxation are scarce. The two different physical environments have produced two different physical types. The plainsmen are taller and leaner with a uni- form complexion, Although only eleven degrees from the equator, the coastal strip is never unbearably hot, as the cold Humboldt current sweeps up the coast and keeps Lima under constant cloud. They expect about an hour of sunshine each day. It does not rain either — or rarely. Rain comes once every hundred years, and the last shower was only eighty years ago. Everything depends on irrigation and the rain that falls in the High Andes. A dry winter means traffic jams, as everyone rushes home from work to use the water that is turned on for two hours in the evening. The {igh Andeans ate short and barrel-chested, with right ros; i hin - wey have developed huge lungs and over= large hearts to cope with the lack of oxygen. They also have 20% more red blood cells than normal, Their work is physically very hard and life expectancy about 57 years. They feel dizzy at lower levels, just a5 we and the Limans feel the effects of altitude. The Spaniards appliquéd Western civilisation and religion onto the Inca culture, and the stitches still show. A large part of the Catholic church built over the Temple of the Moon in Cusco fell down during, the last earthquake and it is possible to see the two together. The stark simplicity of the temple with its emply trapezoidal niches contrasts sharply with the ornate and showy decoration in the church. One wall of the temple would have had a huge gold sunburst on it, but this was melted down by the Spaniards and the Incas forbidden to worship the sun any more. The niches had once contained the mummified remains of the Inca "saints', and these had been paraded before the folk every year. The Spaniards decreed that Christian saints should be paraded instead, and the Inca mummies disappeared from view, but not from practice. The cross on the high altar boasts the Inca sun behind it and the effigies of the Madonna all have triangular skits. 1 am told, by Juan, that the Incas slipped the mummies under the triangular skirt so that they were stil paraded, because to see such a parade was to be blessed for the year. “Of course," he said, "itis so much easier now," "Because Christianity is well-established?" | asked. "Not that!" he said, shocked. "You don’t have to turn out now. You get blessed just the same if you see it on television." W45. The writer states in the opening paragraph that she first learnt about the Incas A when her teacher lent her a book all about them. B because she read about them in her local library. © not long after learning to read. D as her teacher had a passion for them. 4 According to the writer, why did she arrange to meet the Incas? A. It was a long-held ambition. B She had wanted to learn more about them. © She wished to appreciate their positive qualities more. D She was interested in experiencing their difficult lifestyle. 47 What weather conditions dominate the Peruvian plains? A a profusion of sunshine B alack of rain © chilly winds B typically equatorial conditions 8 According to what the writer says in the third paragraph, what characterises High Andeans? A capacious lungs B extra blood € dizziness D longevity 49 The Spaniards’ attitude to Inca culture is exemplified by the fact that they A preserved the Inca temple in Cusco. B wanted to merge their own culture with that of the Incas. € admired the simplicity of Inca temples. D stripped convertible wealth from Inca artefacts. 50 Recent generations of Incas have gone to Catholic church parades because they believed in being blessed by the priests, B the Spaniards forced them to attend, € they could continue their traditions. © the Catholic church had started to recognise Inca saintsCHTRY TEST Z Port 1 @ For questions 1-15, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers in CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet Bample: (| ONUMOOOONOOOO00000000 WORKING IN THE FUTURE Futurologists say thet not _ have ‘jabs for life’ gone i. good, but that fewer of us will have the chance to work in can office. And they well be right. Already there are fewer jobs in head offices, and even these are becoming muli-sklled and pressurised. Lots of people now © _. work in vast call centres, having to be polite and helpful to confused or aggressive people on the phone, or they work os teleworkers ot home. Most fulurologists reckon that the maori of people will be working from home ) -- 2020, keeping in 6) with clients or head office through video phones and computers This is an unhappy scenario for many of us. Boring ~~ ~ commuting may be, offices are great places for socialising. Working at home means you stop dressing 1°) in the morning when your office is (°) —- Yo the bedroom, The boundaries £10) - = work and private life become confused. You gel (1) -- desperate for company that you keep the posiman chatting on the doorstep. = all, you have to run your 3) work zone, ordering paper and. cleaning the office 05) Alls ~ considered, work will never be the some! 13ENTRY TEST 2 Port 2 @ For questions 16-25, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0) Write your answers in CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. Example: [0] (TIN (NIG) noo0o0000 ECO-TOYS Parents are becoming IN concemed about INCREASE the effects of toys on their children's health and development. Scary stories about the recall of toys which are -- to children are very unnerving for parents. HAZARD The fear that children might suffer from potentially dangerous materials in toys has led to calls for the toxicity of certain materials to be assessed. ---- levels of lead in paint can result in lead EXCEED poisoning, which has long been shown to cause neurological damage, and delayed mental and physical development, Just as worrying are PVC softeners, which have been found to cause liver and kidney damage and disrupt children’s hormonal systems. Toy -........... are now facing DISTRIBUTE the possibility of a ban on PVC toys. EXPOSE The impact of toys on children’s inner development also concerns parents. Some toy manufacturing firms now in natural toys. However, eco-toys SPECIAL -, in spite of attempts to reduce COST packaging, and most people naturally WASTE prefer to buy the more =. - toys. Interest is EXPENSE also developing in the educational rather than aspect of toys. One example is board COMPETE ——games-which“raise“children's awareness —of—eni inital issues, like the protection of <<. Species. DANGER are = ECR a RE eaiemnatiR Rt eaeENTRY TEST 2 Port 3 @ For questions 26-37, read the two texts below and decite which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. HUMBLE SOYA BEAN They look like mectballs, but they don't contain a trace of meat. What are they made of? The answer is, of course, soya beans. But did you know that soya beans contain more protein and colcium than beef or milk? You may also be surprised by the number of «objects which contain soya beans. They range from soap to fire-extinguisher fluids, You've probably seen soya bean oil at the supermarket, or even used it yourself and, in fact, most soya beans are grown for their oil." ..-, when the oil has been is) ——-, What is left of the bean has « myriad of other uses, such as providing feed for farm animals You may be under the ;2°; -.. that soya beans are a recent discovery, but that couldn't be further from the (30), ---. In fod, they have been grovn in China for thousands of years and, though known in Europe since the 1600s, have only recently been cullivated js: —_- in the West Their use is now so widesprecid that you may have unwitingly consumed soya bean flour teday, in your bread or ice-cream! 26 Aaverage everyday daily frequent 27+ Afterall > Overall © Always However 28 sextorted ¥ extracted withdrawn squeezed 29 A apprehension conclusion © notion impression 30 A fact © truth reolity © understanding 31. A financially © vocationally commercially economically MODEL MAKERS Last weekend, 1 was feeling at a loss for something to do when an event listed in the entertainment section of the paper (2) --- my eye: Models Muster. Noting that it was to take place at a fancy hotel within walking distance of my flat, and «2 -—- that it was some kind of fashion show, I wandered over there on Saturday afternoon, Imagine my surprise when I arrived and discovered that the models in 4 --- were not the thin kind that (3) --. down catwalks, but the plastic kind which become trains or aeroplanes when the pieces are glued together! Te turns out that there are thousands of model makers the world over, busily glueing and weathering. and warping miniature planes, trains, motorcycles and more. They belong to clubs which (2s) ;--- regularly, send out newsletters, keep members informed of new products, and organise model shows, which feature trade stands, workshops and competitions. Advanced model makers prefer to build models which can be used, not simply displayed, and many actually build the engines and propellers themselves, from (37) ---- 32 A attracted ® appealed © caught © captured 33° presuming © considering © inferring construing 3A eb areal aul esti 35 & trudge 8 ramble saunter roam " 36% hang around go together gather round get together 37 4 part © scratch, tart nothing 5Part 4 @ You are going to read an extract from a newspaper article about camps. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A~ H the one which fits each gap (38 - 44). There Is one extra patagraph which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. ‘Thousands of young adults work in organised camps each year. Often, directors focus on the good that going to camps does kids, but a significant component may also be what the staff get out of it. Although these young people are often idealistic and altruistic, they also expect to gain benefits from these camp jobs. If directors better under- stand the positive outcomes sought by young people, they ‘may be able to recruit more qualified and committed staff for these work experiences. 38 ‘The goal of the study was to understand counsellors’ perceptions of the camp staff experience as expressed in their own words, Therefore, data for this project were oblained from focus groups. This group technique allowed for group interaction and greater insight into why certain ‘opinions were held. The results can be used to improve the planning and design of new programmes, evaluate existing Programmes, and provide insights into the development of marketing strategies 39 g ‘The general procedure followed in the interview process was to introduce the question and then let the group members discuss their opinions until they had expressed all ther Views. If points were vague, the interviewer probed further to clarify the statement or to gain further explanations and. discussion of related points 40 Furthermore, these attachments extended to the campers with whom the staff worked. The staf interviewed often talked about the importance of the interaction with the campers and having an opportunity to observe and influence the positive development of a child. Several staff commented on the challenge of finding a balance between being a friend and being the responsible adult who needed CAMP DOES STAFF A WORLD OF GOOD Another theme that was prevalent among the staff members ‘was the value they placed on working with diverse people. ‘Many ofthe staf viewed the exposure to fferent backgrounds ‘of campers and staff as an immensely valuable experience. a2] 1 Many of the staff talked about the sense of responsibility Telative to the lives of their campers and their own development of judgement. One staff member said, “It is very important that you are good at what you do because these kids’ ives are in your hands. We stand in loco parentis ~ in other words, in a temporary parental role = ‘whitch is very demanding” 43 | j ‘Apart from this aspect ofthe job, staff perceived the chance to acquite technical skils, particularly related to their careers, as a benefit. Some staf interested in careers in the ‘outdoors commented on the value of learning these activities and gaining expertise while at camp. For several of the interviewees, the skill development extended to their perceptions of leadership. A counsellor stated, think the ‘most important thing is that you learn how to incorporate all of your abilities and talents * a4 } Counselors in the study emphasised communication and innovative thinking, For example, one staff member talked about communication a it related to parents: “The parents see you when they drop their kids off, and you have half an hhour to impress them one way or another. What you say and how you present yourself makes a big difference to how they go home." “enforce rules and boundsENTRY TEST 2 «Based on these findings, a number of recommendations may be offered for camp directors in all types of camps. First, the postive outcomes of being a summer camp staff employee must be reinforced by camp directors in recruiting as well as in supervising staff. The transfer- ability of personal and professional skills gained at camp should be a part of the debriefing of camp staff © The focus groups for this research were conducted pri- marily on college campuses. A total of fifty-two individ- uals were involved in the interview process in ten sepa rate focus groups. No one was older than twenty-seven fr younger than eighteen years. The participants had been staff members at day and resident agency camps, religiously affliated camps, and independent camps located in eight different regions. They commented favourably on having a “large socio- economic draw’ among, their staff and campers. One staf member said, I gota chance to work with all these different people that | would have never met outside camp." Working with international staff was also an ‘opportunity that gave some young adults the opportunity Ho see a new aspect of lfferent parts of the world”. {In addition to this self-knowledge, the camp experience also provided a way to enhance recreation skills that staff perceived they could draw on throughout their lives. One staff member said, "t's experiencing things that | have never experienced before, like camp-0uts, water rafting, rock climbing. You can be a counsellor and stil be learning these things. Since camp staff perceived themselves to be in positions of authority and leadership and were involved in mean- ingful personal relationships, they were viewed as role ‘models or mentors for the campers or other staft. Many of the staff commented on their perceptions and the value they attached to this role. One counsellor summed it up best when he said, "Every action you take, they see as a model for them." With these issues in mind, the Association of Independent Camps funded systematic research to analyse the perceived benefits associated with summer camp staff experiences. The concept of benefit was not used in an economic sense in this research, Rather, a benefit was defined as, “a change that is viewed to be advantageous ~ an improvement in condition or gain to an individual The purpose of this research was to see how camp staf, themselves, perceived their camp experiences. For many staff this relationship raised their awareness of social issues that influenced the lives of their campers. Counsellors commented on the difficult fives led by some of their campers and their desire to make adifer- ence in the children’s lives, even if ony for a brief time, (One staff member said, "If you give them half an hour, they will remember you forthe rest oftheir lives.” Interestingly, one of the most prominent themes to ‘emerge from the data collected was the relationships between the individual and other camp staff. Every participant inthe study mentioned the importance ofthe friendships formed at camp. One counsellor summed up these relationships best by saying, "Knowing someone at camp for a week is ike knowing them for a lifetime.t 7ENTRY TEST 2 Part § @ You are going to read an extract from an article about ageing. For questions 45 - 50, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text, ‘Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. A HEALTHY OLD AGE Physical capacity peaks in young adulthood and then declines progressively decade by decade at a rate which varies from one individual to another. Part of this physical eclines due to ageing and isnot amenable to intervention, Even healthy ageing is associated with a striking loss of muscle mass and hence muscle strength: by the age of 80 about half of muscle mass has gone. However, some age- related changes that were once thought to result solely from ageing are now known to be the result of disuse and are therefore potentially reversible. ‘The practical importance of ths is that an older person is often precariously close to the threshold at which a small decline in physical capacity will render basic everyday activities impossible. An episode of intercurrent illness may render even a previously healthy 80-year-old immobile and dependent, There is, however, substantial evidence that lost fitness can be regained with regular physical activity, even in extreme old age, and exercise training in older people may prevent an individual from falling beneath functional- ly important thresholds. Many other health benefits are associated with regular physical activity in old age. Weight bearing exercise may slow the rate of hone loss in older women; balance exercise training and tai chi may make falls less likely; and regular ‘exercise may help in major depression. The social benefits of group exercise activities in later life should not be tunderestimated in a population where social isolation and loneliness may be common, Clearly there are compelling reasons for old people to be physically active, However, if more old people are to have this opportunity, radical changes in attitude are required, Prevailing cultural expectations that pensioners should ‘put their feet up" must be challenged. The literature on exercise tials in old age is remarkable for its paucity of adverse events, IF an activity is not provoking symptoms itis very unlikely to be doing bi JL-intentioned relatives whi ving thar eldety relative of their main physical activity of the week. Too often the old person struggling with an aspect of self-care in the community is simply provided with social support, when a more appropriate response might be treatment to help regain the lost skill. is ‘The provision of inappropriate social services to old people ‘may simply accelerate the rate at which physical abilities are lost, and low staffing levels in hospitals and homes are likely to create unnecessary dependence because pressure of time means that its faster for staff to perform a task fot the patient than to allow the person to perform it for himself or herself ‘There are no guarantees where health is concerned. A healthy old age depends heavily on luck and genetic and ‘other factors that ‘are not amenable to intervention, Nevertheless, lifestyle factors in later life are crucial influences on healthspan and disability and are potentially modifiable. Additional disability-free years in later life are precious to individuals and to society, but this prospect should not be overestimated. Disability may be postponed; it will not be eliminated. Old people will stl require long term care, and many of the chronic disabling diseases of later life wil tl take their tll. Unfortunately, health issues in old age are neglected by most health education campaigns. Older people require access to information about healthy lifestyles, the ability to appraise such information, and a sense of control over their own future, tis also important to understand more about how and when such knowledge actually influences health behaviours: research is required into incentives and ‘opportunities which would motivate older people to adopt and maintain healthy lifestyles. Such changes are less likely to be achieved by exercise prescription schemes than by ‘tuning our environment into a more attractive place in which to be physically active, with attention to personal safety, good street lighting, and town planning. The ageing of the population is a success story and, although much debate has so far focused on how to care for the growing number of old people, an equally important target is how to maintain their health and minimise disabilty-A-public health-approach Tong overde,ENTRY TEST 2 45 What does the writer say in the frst paragraph about the relationship between ageing and a person's physical condition? We can tell which decade a person is.in according to the rate of physical decline. No matier how active a person is, they will have lost half their muscles by their eighties ‘An elderly person can not regain any physical abilities ance they've been lost. Some physical deterioration is to be expected, even in the healthiest of elderly people, 86 In the third paragraph, the writer makes the point that ‘ people who train together will derive social benefits. 8 people with a well-balanced personality are not so likely to fall while exercising, © some bone loss may be attributed to weight taining © loneliness is what drives the elderly to exercise regimes. 47 What can the reader understand from the fourth paragraph about research into fitness activities among the elderly? / Most pensioners are far too lazy. Physical activities can bring about radical changes in attitude. © There have been few incidences of participants suffering as a result of exercise 1) Many old people resent their relatives helping them. 48 The point made in the fifth paragraph about low staffing levels in hospitals is that they 4 make the existing staff work faster. ®© force patients to help the staff out. result in the patients needing to maintain independence. deprive patients of opportunities to carry out tasks in their own time. 49 According to the writer, lifestyle factors 4 can not be improved when someone becomes disabled. © are determined by the elderly person's healthspan. may be changed for the better in later life. can guarantee some improvement in later life if an individual is disability free. 50 What point is made in the penultimate paragraph about personal safety and town planning? ‘Attention to these factors can make exercise a more attractive prospect. Physical fitness schemes are essential for personal safety. Physical exercise is impossible wherever these aspects are not properly considered. They are an absolutely essential part of any exercise prescription scheme.ENTRY TEST 3 Part 1 ‘For questions 1-15, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers in CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet Sample: (0) FACE OOOOOO000000000o0 NATURAL BUILDING Most building development taking PLACE today is based on the industrial model, which is wasteful) cultural and natural resources, with tragic social and economic consequences. The building industry is a major contributor to environmental problems such as greenhouse gases; they also erect buildings which @ ~~ people sick because of the toxie materials used in their construction. ; Natural building, on the (8) -—-.. hand, provides affordable, healthy housing with minimal ecological impact (3) - using locally available, renewable resources. The ‘natural building’ movement seeks to use materials and techniques which : are environmentally sound, reliant (3) -- ~ local resources and skills, and (6 - ----- are within the economic (7) - ----- of all those who cannot afford more expensive housing. Communities in the developing world have ® to teach those in other countries (9) .- == they have rich traditions of natural building materials and techniques which are {90 known outside their communities. Natural building has emerged (13) ~ a response to the increasing realisation that ‘mainstream’ ways of building are unsustainable in the (12) - ‘This different approach to design and construction is (12)... this is 4) techniques and applying (15) - mm, ground. Yet @ new idea; it is more a rediscovery of ancient building to our moclem situationENTRY TEST 3 Part 2 W For questions 16-25, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some ‘of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers in CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. Example: [0] [IMIFI(O} Ooooooooo0ooo0 LIVING WITH LANDMINES ‘An international campaign to (} - E.. a ban POSE on landmines and restore the lives of those who have been injured by these weapons of (16) -- _. is now DESTROY bearing fruit. A treaty to ban antipersonnel mines has been signed, and aid is flowing to help the survivors. Landmines have a (V7) -.....--.-. effect, not only on DISASTER individuals but on whole populations. Lives are torn apart when victims lose their limbs and become incapable of working. Areas become (i) ........... when communities HABITABLE fear the danger of stepping on (19) _ mines, and SUSPECT their (0) -.......... is threatened when their fields are, LIVE literally, minefields. Local people, fearing for their own lives and their children’s safety, pack up and leave, abandoning whole areas. Even after (21) -- cease, HOSTILE + civilians continue -to fall victim to these @2) DISCRIMINATE ‘weapons, and the attempt to redevelop the infrastructure of an area is hampered because of the danger posed by concealed mines. Efforts are now being directed at helping to (23) the lives of people incapacitated CONSTRUCT by landmines. Organisations work (24) to help TIRE victims through the (@5) ------- ‘of medical care, PROVIDE prostheses and physical rehabilitation, — psychosocial support and vocational training. However, the problem is so huge that it probably requires a global reponse to ify-the-tragedy. 2ENTRY TEST 3 Part 3 © For questions 26-37, read the two texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS A display of fruit and vegetables provides the consumer with a (26) --- of colour and shapes. We are surprised by unusual produce from exotic places, or innovations such as square watermelons or spherical ‘cucumbers, With the latest (27) --- about genetic engineering, however, we may forget that the engineering of plants is not new. (8) --., people gathered their food and, as a result, were forced to move from place to place. Then they started to cultivate crops. It is thought that it was the women who (29) --- agriculture, planting crops while the men were out hunting and so making possible the development of civilisation. ‘Today, millions depend on others to produce their food. The genetic revolution which made this possible began in 1908 with the development of hybrids which produced phenomenal (80) —-- However, the genetic engineering of today makes even the combination of animal and plant genes possible, which is one of the reasons why it has (81) --. off such contention, 26 A revolution 8 demonstration € riot D power 27 & discord ® controversy € assault D feud 28 A Originally 8 Then € Otherwise BD However 29 & encountered B discovered © invented D exposed 30. A amounts B yields © supplies D creations 31. A brought B held © hit D sparked STAMPS admit that when my grandmother (32) her sizeable stamp collection on to me, Iwas initially nonplussed. ‘What was I supposed to do with the thing? What was the attraction of this (83) -- pastime? But, as Thad always considered my grandmother a normal person of good judgement in all other (34) ., [decided to look into the hobby further before drawing unfavourable conclusions. Ittumed out that stamp collecting was an activity {88} ___ by a great many people, including King George V o! England, which is evidently why it's been called the hobby of kings. (86) --., philatelists sock out rare stamps, such as ones which have design or perforation errors, but there are many who simply take (37) --- in looking at the unusual scenery or wildlife on these mini-snapshots of exotic places. 32 A gave 8 donated € passed D presented 33. A inimitable & uncanny © fantastic D peculiar 34 A respects ® means © sides D considerations ‘35_A followed © pursued © practised B devoted 36 A Firstofall © Broadly © Inthe main D Widely 37. & enjoyment contentment happiness pleasure 22Part 4 @ You are going to read an extract from a story. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A ~ H the one which fits each gap (38 - 44). ‘There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet, ‘Here, you let me steer!’ said Toad, now thoroughly frightened, ‘and then you can get on with your washing your own way. {might spoil your things, or not do ‘em as you like. 'm more used to gentlemen's things myself. t's my special ine.” a8 cies 3 Toad was fairly cornered. He looked for escape tis way and that, saw that he was too far from the bank for a flying leap, and sullenly resigned himself to his fate. ‘IFit comes to that,’ hhe thought in desperation, I suppose any fool can wash!’ 39 sa allio iconB ‘Along half-hour passed, and every minute of it saw Toad getting crosser and crosser. Nothing that he could do to the things seemed to please them or do them good. He tried coaxing, he tried slapping, he tried punching; they smiled back at him out of the tub unconverted, happy in their original sin. 40 ‘A burst of laughter made him straighten himself and look round. The barge-woman was leaning back and laughing unrestrained tl the tears ran down her cheeks a See er | Toad’s temper, which had been simmering viciously for some time, now fairly boiled over, and he lost all control of himself. “You common, low, fat barge-womant’ he shouted); ‘don’t you date to talk to your betters like that! Washerwornan indeed! | would have you to know that | am a Toad, a very well-known, respected, distinguished Toad! I may be under a bit ofa cloud at present but | will not be laughed at by a barge-womant" Ca ee She relinquished the tiler for a moment, One big mottled ‘arm shot out and caught Toad by a foreleg, while the other ‘ripped him fast by a hind-ieg. Then the world tumed suddenly upside down, the barge seemed to lt lightly ‘across the sky, the wind whistled in his ears, and Toad found himself flying through the air, revolving rapidly as he went. He struck out for the shore, but the cotton gown greatly impeded his efforts, and when at length he touched land he found it hard to climb up the steep bank unassisted. He had to take @ minute or two's rest to recover his breath; then, gathering his’ wet skirts well over his arms, he started to run after the barge as fast as his legs would carry him, wild with indignation, thirsting for revenge. a] He saw what he wanted ahead of him. Running swiftly on he overtook the horse, unfastened the towrope and cast off, jumped lightly on the horse's back, and urged it to a gallop by kicking it vigorously in the sides. He steered for the open country, abandoning the tow-path, and swinging his steed down a rutty lane. Once he looked back, and saw that the barge had run aground on the other side of the canal, and the barge-woman was. gesticulating wildly and shouting, ‘Stop, stop, stop!’ ‘I've heard that song before,’ said Toad, laughing, as he continued to spur his steed ‘onward in its wild career. 23ENTRY TE ST 3 A He fetched tub, soap, and other necessaries from the cabin, selected a few garments at random, tried to recollect what he had seen in casual glances through laundry windows, and set to 8 The woman moved nearer to him and peered under his bonnet keenly and closely. ‘Why, so you arel’ she cried, ‘Well, I never! A horid, nasty, crawly Toad! And in my ‘lean barge, too! Now that isa thing that twill not have.’ © Once or twice he-fooked nervously over his shoulder at the barge-woman, but she appeared to be gazing out in front of her, absorbed in her steering. His back ached badly, and he noticed with dismay that his paws were beginning to get al crinkly. Now Toad was very proud of his paws. He muttered under his breath words that should never pass the lips of either washerwomen or Toads; and lost the soap, for the fiftieth time. B"Well, look at me, now,’ replied the barge-woman. ‘like washing, too, just the same as you do; and for that ‘matter, whether I like it or not | have got to do all my ‘own, naturally, moving about as I do. Now my husband, he’s such a fellow for shitking his work and leaving the barge to me, that never a moment do I get for seeing to my own affairs. By rights he ought to be here now, either steering or attending to the horse, though luckily the horse has sense enough to attend to himself. Instead ‘of which, he’s gone off with the dog, to see if they can't pick up a rabbit for dinner somewhere. E The barge-woman was still laughing when he drew up level with her. ‘Put yourself through your mangle, ‘washerwoman,’ she called out, ‘and iron your face and crimp it, and you'll pass for quite a decentlooking Toad!’ Toad never paused to reply. Solid revenge was what he wanted, not cheap, windy, verbal triumphs, though he had a thing or two in his mind that he would have liked to say. F ‘ve been watching you all the time,” she gasped. ‘I thought you must be a humbug all along, from the conceited way you talked. Prety washerwoman you are! Never washed so much as adish-clout in your life, lay!” G The water, when he eventually reached it with a loud splash, proved quite cold enough for his taste, though its chill was not sufficient to quell his proud spirit, or slake the heat of his furious temper. He rose to the surface spluttering, and when he had wiped the duckweed out of his eyes the first thing he saw was the fat barge-woman looking back at him over the stem of the retreating barge and laughing; and he vowed, as he coughed and choked, to be even with her. H “Let you steer?’ replied the barge-woman, laughing. ‘tt takes some practice to steer a barge properly. Besides, i’s dull work, an | want you to be happy. No, you shall do the washing you are so fond of, and Il tick to the steering that | understand, Don’t try and deprive me of the pleasure of giving you a treat!”ENTRY TEST 3 Part 5 19 You are going to read an extract from an article about cloning. For questions 45 ~ 50, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. CLONING: WHERE IS IT TAKING US? When the cloned sheep, Dolly, first hit the newspopers, nearly 90 per cent of Americans found human cloning morally repugnant. Pethops no ether moral issue in ‘Americon history has produced such ear unanimity. But polticions have been reluclat fo cement this consensus ino law. A bill recenlly introduced would hove outlawed human cloning under o penolty of up to ten years in prison. Wt lost under a hail of eriiism thot it would be ‘on umecessary impediment to scenic research, This is 0 seductive argument, especially when cancer victims make i But the tak of concrete moterial benefits from cloning ‘assumes thal if it is permissible to reproduce certain cells for certcin purposes (eg — fo reproduce o bun victin's Femoining heclthy skin cells to produce a graf), it is permissible to reproduce human beings in a Petrie dish Humans re embodied beings, our souls ond physical selves are profoundly intertwined. Cloning would take the humanity out of human reproduction ond, in s0 doing, rob Cur spits of something thot cannot be replaced criicilly Furthermore, the manufacte of human beings on demand witheut conception would turn people into made-to-order goods, ond would in aggregate debose our respect for human life Most advocates of cloning ignore the moral arguments cond tempt us with smoll concrete benefits. These potential benefits play on our current notions of rights and ou ‘altue of compassion ino way that gives them consider able poliical force. Bul these arguments do not sustain scrutiny, There is litle disagreement about the profound effects the cloning of human beings would have on human nature. However, some cloning opologists simply respond, "So. wha a nee We hear mos! often that cloning could provide perfectly compatisle body parts for people who need them, or thal it could enable inferle couples to have. "biological cffspring. is hard to sey without sounding callous, but death and bodily infirmity ore concomitan! with human existence and, in the long run, unavoidable. We live in a rere fonge f Tongevily cannot justly @ proctice that is basically wrong, ‘As for infestiity, it is nol even @ disabling sickness thot, on humanitarian grounds, we should feel obliged to cllevide. I is simply « lination. There is nothing heartless bout saying thot people should resort to allemaives besides cloring, like adoption, When defenders of cloning tlk ebout the brave new world of medical techniques it is important to remenber what cloning ental: the DNAMladon nuclus from a somatic call is ploced inlo a denuclected ogg end stimulated into growth with on electic shack. What begins to grow is 0 Mextlized" egg, on embryo ~ not a kidney or ony other isembodied piece of tissue Charles Krauthammer recently wrote cbout experiments in which headless ice were created, ond raised the spectre of headless humans used os organ factories: "There. is no «103201 corruption of biotechnology then erecting a hurnen ‘mutant ond disomboweling it for spare pats! Acualy, thete is perhaps one grosser cornption, for the "headless human scenario is stil @ science fiction nighimore: i is, much easier to delete mouse genes [preventing the heod fom growing) than human genes. In the meantime, cloned ‘ergens would probebly have te develop within human footuses, which would be aborted when the organs were ready. Ths is called ‘organ forming! growing human life «as matericl. Advocates of cloning like to sidestep the ideo of organ forming with visions of growing organs, not & foots. The infertty opplicaions of cloning have nightmores of their own. Consider: « woman wants ‘biological children, but her ovories donot work because of age or other reasons. She clones herself. The foetus will be female, ‘nd have, inside her ovaries, a lifeline. supply of eggs, cexodlly identical to the woman's own eggs. The foetus is then aborted ond the eggs harvested for implantation in the woman, This is an option actually enterained by some Tertlity doctors, who say they already see o market for i; doning defenders celebrate this a3 0 marvellous extension cof a woman's reproductive copabilies, The-foc! thet people exe dkeody inverting ~ and endorsing — such scenarios demonstrates. the corrosive mogic. this, tedinology works on the notion of humen dignity. Indeed, iis not jus the hore epplications but cloning itself thot te aboninalions. For we human beings are unavoidably Tie cenlval To who we are. come info Beings not ti 25ENTRY TEST 3 45 In the fist paragraph the writer suggests that Americans — 4, are not keen to ban human cloning. B have ethical objections to human cloning. © want a lot more research into human cloning. D are divided on the issue of human cloning. 46 The writer argues in the second paragraph that human cloning ‘A goes against nature. B will help certain people. © diminishes human dignity. should be done in a laboratory. 47 According to the waiter, the arguments for human cloning A stress the ethical issue, B refer to real advantages. € persuade politicians. D are not well-founded. 48 What point is the writer making about infertility? A. It should be treated by any means possible, ® Itis an unavoidable part of life. € It does not justify cloning. ® Itis not an important issue. 49 According to the writer, the creation of headless mice 4 illustrates the potential direction of biotechnology. B was done to create organs. © makes it easier to create headless humans. 1B is more wrongful than developing organs from human foetuses. 50 Which word sums up the writer's opinion of human cloning? A exciting § indefensible © benefici speculative