1

1) How can you determine if a person is suffering from a barotrauma of the

sinuses of the nose (aero sinusitis) or
the middle ear (aortitis) ?
A There is no difference
B Hearing difficulties will normally accompany aortitis
C Aero sinusitis will never develop during descent
D Barotrauma of the middle ear will not affect hearing
2) Hyperventilation causes
A acidosis
B hypochondria
C a lack of carbon dioxide in the blood
D an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood
3) After a decompression at high altitude
A automatically oxygen is deployed into the cabin
B temperature in the cockpit will increase
C pressure differentials will suck air into the cabin
D nitrogen gas bubbles can be released in the body fluids causing gas embolism,
bends and chokes
4) How can a pilot avoid automation complacency?
A Nothing, because it is system-inherent
B Regard the automatic system as additional crew members that needs to be
crosschecked as well
C Always try to enhance your aviation related knowledge during low workload
periods
D Always fly the whole flight manually to remain in man machine loop
5) Barotrauma of the middle ear most likely will occur
A when climbing
B in sudden steep turns
C when descending rapidly
D during a long high-altitude flight
6) What airplane equipment marked a substantial decrease in hull loss
rates in the eighties?
A SSR
B TCAS
C GPWS
D DME
7) The circulatory system, among other things, allows for :
1. transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
2. transportation of information by chemical substances
A 1 is false and 2 is correct
B both are false
C 1 and 2 are correct
D 1 is correct and 2 is false
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8) Fixation or tunnel vision is primarily to be expected when :

A stress is medium
B stress and motivation are medium
C stress and motivation are low
D stress is high
9) One of the most frequent symptom(s) of decompression sickness
emerging after a decompression in airline
operation
A are the chokes
B is a shock
C are neurological damages to the CNS
D are the bends
10) The transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood to the alveoli can be
described by:
A Boyles Law
B Dalton's Law
C Henry's Law
D the law of diffusion
11) Of the following statements concerning the effects of circadian rhythms
on performance, we know that :
A Sensorimotor and intellectual performance are better in the morning and are
sensitive to the duration of the sleep state
B Sensorimotor and intellectual performance are better in the evening and very
sensitive to the duration of the waking period
C Sensorimotor performance is better in the evening whereas intellectual
performance is better in the morning
D Sensorimotor performance is better in the morning whereas intellectual
performance is better in the evening
12) Empty field myopia is caused by:
A atmospheric perspective
B ozone at altitude
C flying over mountainous terrain
D lack of distant focal points
13) When flying above 10.000 feet hypoxia arises because:
A the composition of the blood changes
B the composition of the air is different from sea level
C the percentage of oxygen is lower than at sea level
D the partial oxygen pressure is lower than at sea level.
14) An autocratic cockpit is described by :
A Each of the members chooses what job to do without telling the others and in
the belief that everyone is aware of what he is doing
B The atmosphere is relaxed thanks to a captain who leaves complete freedom
to the various members of the crew
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C The captain's excessive authority cosiderably reduces communications and

consequently the synergy and cohesion of the crew
D Despite the overly strong authority of the captain, everything functions
correctly owing to his natural leadership
15) As a result of automation in cockpits,
A coordination between the members is facilitated by the provision of more
precise and more important information
B communication and coordination have clearly improved in man-man and
man-machine relations
C communication and coordination call for an even greater effort on the part of
the crew members
D man-man communication has been significantly improved
16) When turning in IMC , head movements should be avoided as much as
possible. This is a prevention against:
A oculogyral illusion
B pressure vertigo
C coriolis illusion
D autokinesis
17) With regard to the humidity of air in current in a pressurized cabin, we
know that it :
-1 : varies between 40 and 60%
-2 : varies between 5 and 15%
-3 : may cause dehydration effecting the performance of the crew
-4 : has no special effects on crew members
A 1,4
B 2,3
C 1,3
D 2,3,4
18) A pilot is skilled when he :
-1 : trains or practises regularly
-2 : knows how to manage himself/herself
-3 : possesses all the knowledge associated with his aircraft
-4 : knows how to keep resources in reserve for coping with the unexpected
A 1,2
B 2, 3,4
C 1,2,4
D 1,2,3,4
19) Carbon monoxide in the human body can lead to:
1. loss of muscular power
2. headache
3. impaired judgement
4. pain in the joints
5. loss of consciousness
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A 1, 2, 3, 4 are correct
B 1, 2 , 3 and 5 are correct
C 1, 2 and 4 are correct
D 2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false
20) Which of the following statements concerning communication is valid?
A Professional communication means: using a restricted and specific language,
tailored to minimize misunderstandings.
B Professional communication means to exchange information as little as
possible.
C The syntax of communication is of little importance to its success. Only the
words uttered are important.
D Communication must take priority over any other flight activity under all
circumstances
21) Hypoxia can also be caused by
A increasing oxygen partial pressure used for the exchange of gases
B a lack of red blood cells in the blood or decreased ability of the haemoglobin
to transport oxygen
C a lack of nitrogen in ambient air
D too much carbon dioxide in the blood
22) The following can be observed when the internal body temperature
falls below 35°C :
A shivering, will tend to cease, and be followed by the onset of apathy
B the appearance of intense shivering
C mental disorders, and even coma
D profuse sweating
23) The intensity of a sound is measured in
A hertz
B cycles per second
C curies
D decibels
24) The chemical composition of the earth´s atmosphere (I C A O standard
atmosphere) is
A 78 % nitrogen, 21 % oxygen, 0,9 % carbon dioxide, 0,03 % argon
B 78 % nitrogen, 28 % oxygen, 0,9 % carbon dioxide, 0,03 % argon
C 71 % nitrogen, 28 % oxygen, 0,9 % argon, 0,03 % carbon dioxide
D 78 % nitrogen, 21 % oxygen, 0,9 % argon, 0,03 % carbon dioxide
25) Which of the following is true concerning carbon monoxide?
A It is always present in the lungs.
B It is to be found in the smoke of cigarettes lifting up a smoker's "physiological
altitude".
C It combines 5 times faster to the haemoglobin than oxygen.
D It has no physiological effect when mixed with oxygen.
26) Very high ambition and need for achievement
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A always promote teamwork

B improves the coping process with personal failures
C disturbe the climate of cooperation
D fulfil the requirements of stress resistance
27) The respiratory process consists mainly of
A the diffusion of oxygen through the respiratory membranes into the blood,
transportation to the cells, diffusion into the
cells and elimination of carbon dioxide from the body
B the transportation of oxygen to the cell and the elimination of carbon
monoxide
C the transportation of oxygen to the cell and the elimination of nitrogen
D the transportation of carbon dioxide to the cell and elimination of oxygen
28) The behavioural effects of stress may include :
-1 : manifestation of aggressiveness.
-2 : a willingness to improve communication.
-3 : a willingness for group cohesion.
-4 : a tendency to withdrawl.
-5 : inappropriate gestural agitation.
The combination of correct statements is :
A 2,4 and 5 are correct
B 1,4 and 5 are correct
C 1 and 4 are correct
D 1,2 and 3 are correct
29) Which of the following personality characteristics makes crew decision
making most effective?
A General intelligence.
B Friendliness.
C Assertiveness.
D Competitiveness.
30) What does the 'End Deterioration Effect'('Home-itis')mean?
A The breakdown of crew coordination due to interpersonal tensions between
captain and co-pilot
B The tendency to sudden, imperceptible errors shortly before the end of a flight
C The result of a poor prefight planning
D The potential risk of losing orientation after flying in clouds
31) Carbon monoxide is always present in the exhaust gases of engines. If a
pilot is exposed to carbon
monoxide, which of the following responses is correct?
A Carbon monoxide can only affect pilots if they are exposed to them for a long
period of time.
B When exposed to carbon monoxide for a long period of time, the body will
adapt to it and no adverse physical effects are
experienced
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C A short exposure to relatively high concentrations of carbon monoxide can

seriously affect a pilot´s ability to operate an
aircraft.
D Carbon monoxide is easily recognised by odour and taste.
32) The fovea centralis is
A the area of best day vision and no night vision at all
B the area of the blind spot (optic disc)
C where the optic nerves come together with the pupil
D the area of best day vision and best night vision
33) What does not apply to a constructive and helpful feedback?
A Feedback should always state bluntly the personal failings of the receiver
B It should be individually tailored to the receiver's background
C It should be formulated subjectively and personally ('I'instead of 'one')
D It should be actual and specify in regard to the concerned situation
34) Mark the two most important attributes for a positive leadership style:
(1) dominant behaviour
(2) exemplary role-behaviour
(3) mastery of communication skills
(4) "Laissez-faire" behaviour
A 2 and 4
B 2 and 3
C 1 and 4
D 1 and 3
35) Linear acceleration when flying straight and level in IMC may give the
illusion of:
A descending
B yawing
C spinning
D climbing
36) A pilot can be described as being proficient, when he/she:
A has automated a large part of the necessary flight deck routine operations in
order to free his/her cognitive resources
B is able to reduce his/her arousal to a low level during the entire flight
C knows how to invest the maximum resources in the automation of tasks in
real time
D is capable of maintaining a high level of arousal during a great bulk of the
flight
37) Which statement is correct?
1. Smokers have a greater chance of suffering from coronary heart disease
2. Smoking tobacco will raise the individuals physiological altitude during
flight
3. Smokers have a greater chance of decreasing lung cancer
A 1,2 and 3 are correct
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B 1 and 2 are correct, 3 is false

C 1 and 3 are correct, 2 is false
D 2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false
38) What event can cause a hyperventilation (not required by physical
need)?
1. Pressure breathing.
2. Anxiety or fear.
3. Overstress.
4. Strong pain.
5. Jogging.
A Only 2 and 3 are correct
B 1,2,3,4 and 5 are correct
C 1and 5 are both false
D 1,2,3 and 4 are correct, 5 is false
39) Among the functions below, which is the most sensitive to hypoxia?
A Speech.
B Night vision.
C Motor coordination.
D Hearing.
40) During the cruising phase of a short-haul flight the captain starts to
smoke a cigarette in the cockpit. The
flying copilot asks him to stop smoking because he is a no n-smoker. The
captain tells him: 'This is your problem', and continues smoking. What
should the copilot do?
A He should report the chief pilot about this behaviour of the captain
B He should not further discuss this issue but should come back to this conflict
during the debriefing
C He should learn to accept the captain smoking cigarettes in the cockpit
D He should repeat his worries about smoking in the cockpit and should argue
with the captain about this problem until
the conflict is solved
41) Alcohol, even when taken in minor quantities
A can make the brain cells to be more susceptible to hypoxia
B will stimulate the brain, making the pilot resistant to hypoxia
C will have no effect at all
D may improve the mental functions, so that the symptoms of hypoxia are much
better to be identified
42) Concerning the capacity of the human long-term memory
A its storage capacity is unlimited
B it is structurally limited in terms of storage capacity, but unlimited in terms of
storage time
C it is structurally limited in terms of storage time but not in terms of capacity
D its mode of storing information is passive, making memory searches effective
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43) Which of the following provides the basis of all perceptions?

A The aural or visual significance attributed in long term memory.
B The separation of figure and background.
C The intensity of the stimuli.
D The aural or visual significance attributed in short term memory.
44) What could the crew do in order to avoid air-sickness with passengers?
1. Avoid turbulences.
2. Avoid flying through rough weather.
3. Seat passenger close to the center of gravity.
4. Give pertinent information.
A 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
B 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false
C 3 and 4 are correct, 1 and 2 are false
D Only 4 is correct
45) Which of the following is a/are symptom(s) of hypoxia?
A Lack of concentration, fatigue, euphoria
B Pain in the joints
C Low blood pressure
D Excessive rate and depth of breathing combined with pains in the chest area
46) Barotrauma of the sinuses of the nose (aerosinusitis)
A is caused by a difference in pressure existing between the sinus cavity and the
ambient air
B is only caused by the flying sport, not by the diving sport
C is an irritation of sinuses by abuse of nose sprays
D is only caused by colds and their effects
47) When you stare at a single light against the dark (f.e. an isolated star)
you will find the light appears to move
after some time. This phenomenon is called:
A autokinetic phenomenon
B black hole illusion
C coriolis illusion
D leans
48) Positive linear acceleration when flying in IMC may cause a false
sensation of:
A pitching up
B pitching down
C apparent sideward movement of objects in the field of vision
D vertigo
49) Which of the following physical stimuli may cause stress reactions?
-1 : noise.
-2 : interpersonal conflict.
-3 : temperature.
-4 : administrative problem.
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-5 : hunger.
The combination of correct statements is:
A 1,3,5
B 1,3,4
C 3,4,5
D 2,3,5
50) The organism is mobilized by a process known as:
A NAS : Natural Adaptation Syndrome
B GMS : General Mobilization Syndrome.
C GAF : General Adaptation Function.
D GAS : General Adaptation Syndrome
51) Man possesses a system for maintaining his internal equilibrium in the
face of variations brought about by external stimulations. This internal
equilibrium is called:
A Heterostasis
B Isothermy
C Metastasis
D Homeostasis
52) The group of tiny bones (the hammer, anvil and stirrup) are situated in
A the middle ear
B the inner ear
C the outer ear
D the maxillary sinus
53) Changes in blood-pressure are measured by:
A arteriols
B adrenal glands
C pacemakers
D pressoreceptors
54) At what altitude ("threshold for compensatory reactions") does the
human organism start with remarkable measures to compensate for the
drop in pO2 when climbing? At about:
A 6000-7000 FT
B 8000-9000 FT
C 9000-10000 FT
D 10000-12000 FT
55) The main function of the red blood cells is
A to contribute to the immune response of the organism
B to transport oxygen
C to participate in the process of coagulation of the blood
D the cellular defense of the organism
56) The momentum of gas exchange in respiration is
A depending on the active transportation of nitrogen into the alveoli
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B dependent on the pressure gradient between the participating gases during

respiration
C the excess pressure caused by inhaling
D independent from the partial pressures of the participating gases
57) CO (carbon monoxide) present in the smoke of cigarettes can lead to:
1. reduction of time of usefull consciousness
2. hypoxia at a much lower altitude than normal
A 1 and 2 are both correct
B 1 is correct, 2 is false
C 1 is false, 2 is correct
D 1 and 2 are both false
58) What are the three phases of General Adaptation Syndrome?
A alert, resistance, exhaustion
B Alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
C Alert, resistance, performance.
D alarm, resistance, performance,
59) Of the following statements, select those which apply to "information".
-1 : It is said to be random when it is not intended for receivers.
-2 : It is intended to reduce uncertainty for the receiver.
-3 : It is measured in bits.
-4 : Each bit of information reduces uncertainty by a
quarter.
The correct statement(s) is (are):
A 2,3 and 4 are correct
B only 1 is correct
C 2 and 3 are correct
D 1,2,3 and 4 are correct
60) A shining light is fading out (i. e. when flying into fog, dust or haze).
What kind of sensation could the pilot get?
A The light source will make the pilot believe, that he is Climbing
B The source of light moves away from him
C The source of light stands still
D The source of light is approaching him with increasing speed
61) A stress reaction is:
A the specific stimuli causing a human body to respond
B the non-specific response of the body to every demand placed on a person
C the specific response of the body to every demand placed on a person
D the non-specific stimuli causing a human body to respond
62) Learning is called each lasting change of behaviour due to
A maturation
B drug influence
C practice and experience
D innate mechanisms
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63) How can a pilot prevent "pilots-vertigo"?

A Practise an extremely fast scanning technique using off-centre vision.
B Use the autopilot and disregard monitoring the instruments.
C Maintain orientation on outside visual references as long as
possible and rely upon the senses of balance..
D Avoid steep turns and abrupt flight manoeuvres and maintain an effective
instrument cross check.
64) The physiological rhythms of a pilot in a new time zone will
resynchronise to this new time zone at a rate of about
A 1 - 1.5 hours a day
B 2 - 2.5 hours a day
C 3 - 3.5 hours a day
D 4 - 4.5 hours a day
65) The time required for complete adaptation is
A for high levels of illumination 10 minutes and for low levels of illumination
30 minutes
B for day and night: 30 min
C for night 10 sec and for day 30 min
D for high levels of illumination 10 sec and for full dark adaptation 30 min
66) An efficient flight deck (synergetic cockpit) will be observed when:
A the plan of action is defined by the Captain because of his experience level
B the Captain delegates the decision making process to other crew members
C decisions do not need to be discussed because of a common synergy between
the crew members
D decisions are taken by the Captain with the help and participation of the other
crew members
67) When exhaling, the expired air contains:
A less water vapour than the inhaled air
B more oxygen than the inhaled air
C more carbon dioxide than the inspired air
D more nitrogen than the inhaled air
68) What is the "Time of Useful Consciousness" for a rapid decompression
at 25,000 ft ?
A Between 25 seconds and 1 minute 30 seconds
B About 30 seconds
C Between 3 and 5 minutes depending on the physical activities of the subjected
pilot
D About 18 seconds
69) Under what circumstances will a pilot change from automated level to
rule-based level?
A An automated cognitive check procedure
B When detecting, that an automated behaviour will no longer lead to the
intended outcome
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C Failure of all the known rules

D The appearance of a situation or problem which is unknown and completely
new
70) The normal rate of breathing is
A 32 to 40 cycles a minute
B 60 to 100 cycles a minute
C 20 to 30 cycles a minute
D 12 to 16 cycles a minute
71) When oxygen is being transferred from the blood into the tissues and
carbon dioxide from the body cells into
the blood, it is called:
A ventilation
B hyperventilation
C internal respiration
D external respiration
72) The following may occur during gradual depressurisation between
12,000 and 18,000 ft :
A a rapid decrease in blood pressure which will lead to headache and also to a
loss of coordination
B sudden visual hyperacuity associated with headache
C a rapid decrease in blood pressure leading to considerable somnolence
D a loss of coordination associated with fatigue and headache
73) To safely supply the crew with oxygen, at which altitude is it necessary
to breathe 100% oxygen plus pressure
after a rapid decompression?
A Approximately 14 000 ft.
B Approximately 20 000 ft.
C Approximately 45 000 ft.
D Approximately 38 000 ft.
74) Action plans (SOP's) in a cockpit must :
A only follow the manufacturers proposals and not reflect individual operators
cockpit philosophies
B be shared by the members of the crew and updated at each modification in
order to maintain maximum synergy
C be tailored to the individual pilot's needs in order to facilitate the normal
operation of the aircraft
D only be tailored to the type of aircraft, regardless of current MCC procedures
75) How can the process of learning be facilitated?
A By punishing the learner for unsuccessful trials
B By reinforcing errors
C By reinforcing successful trials
D By increasing the psychological pressure on the student
76) The so-called "Seat-of-the-Pants" sense is
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A the only sense a pilot can rely on, when flying in IMC
B not suitable for spatial orientation when outside visual references are lost
C only to be used by experienced pilots with the permission to fly in IMC
D useful for instrument and contact flight
77) What is the name for the sensation of rotation occurring during flight
and which is caused by multiple irritation of
several semi-circular canals at the same time?
A "Pilot's" Vertigo.
B Sudden incapacitation.
C "Seat-of-the-Pants" illusions.
D Graveyard spin.
78) In problem-solving, what determines the transition from rules-based
activities to a knowledge-based activity?
A The unsuitability of the automated actions
B The unsuitability of the known rules for the problem posed
C Attentional capture
D Knowledge of rules which apply to the problem posed
79) What is the average Time of Useful Consciousness after a rapid
decompression at 40,000 ft ?
A More than 1 minute
B About 12 seconds
C Between 20 seconds and 1 minute
D About 40 seconds
80) In the short-term-memory, information is stored for approximately
A a couple of days
B 20 seconds
C 5 minutes
D 1 hour
81) Which of the following errors occur at rules-based level ?
1.Omission
2.The application of a poor rule
3. Attentional capture
4. The poor application of a good rule
A 1,2
B 3,4
C 1,3
D 2,4
82) Which statement applies to hypoxia?
A carbon monoxide increases the tolerance of the brain to oxygen deficiency
B you may become immune to hypoxia when exposed repeatedly to hypoxia
C it is possible to prognose when, how and where hypoxia reaction starts to set
in
D sensitivity and reaction to hypoxia varies from person to person
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83) The Seat-of-the-Pants Sense is including receptors in the

A skin of the breech only
B muscles, tendons and joints sensitive to the position and movement of body
parts
C semi-circular canals
D utriculus and sacculus
84) Hypoxia is caused by
A a higher affinity of the red blood cells (haemoglobin) to oxygen
B reduced partial oxygen pressure in the lung
C reduced partial pressure of nitrogen in the lung
D an increased number of red blood cells
85) Which statement is correct ?
A Oxygen diffusion from the lungs into the blood does not depend on partial
oxygen pressure.
B Oxygen diffusion from the blood into the cells depends on their partial
oxygen pressure gradient.
C The blood plasma is transporting the oxygen.
D The gradient of diffusion is higher at altitude than it is at sea-level.