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- htegration by Substtutan
s
fox (xa dx = (ray +e (Mote that aa 16 the
. Lo derwative of(x>-3)]
Jaane 074% cannot be solved by the same metnnd
because the derivative of axtl 18 2-
Ome approach in finding the mtegral ould be fo txpand the
brackets and simplify and mtagrate tum by term. ‘Tus Sould
be time consuming.
Amore efficent approach i b use the method of Intagnation
by Substitution. The 16 also refered to as the change of Variable
method.
The method of substitution involves frame forming on integral 2th
respect do one variable fo an intagral with respect a related variable,
Gunrally, Mk &x) be a function of % and let y = S £00 dx
Then a = ftx)
Tf wg a fimetion of x, then, by the chain rule ae Me de
ne dhe fla de
du du
Integrating ib ruspect A geet > fre od
Fes qives the resull used in the method Known as substitution on
change of yariable-
Le {fords = {400 9-4
Examples: {aa la 9)? dx.
he we xeq . J ax(x*-9) "dx 2 Sayan dx
te BA w du
ax = J udu sutee
fang) dx = Gra ne . £ (ax-a)” + Zl(ard +e
4) {+9 (ox-2)" dx Lk us ax-2 xe ube
du. 3
ax
oy. U
b J “#4 lr us nx
fen ak
x
dxeL 2 dxsrdu
3 * au
| = fe dus utye
4
oe Lint x be
, [ion dx» sine dx het u = cos &
du eink
2 (ome. oh ode a
da. cl
W Sink da
le nx
2 fie 2 ftu
ze-Ihu +o
2 = In cosx +
= In [axl +¢
|
= I iseexl #6 ; 4
ae sub
7 ; +0
out esses | ¢
AL
od [ ou’ + gsu* | +e
= L felax-e'+ ss(ax-2)' ] +e
“5 [exo {oes + 35} | ae
= [lox (3% +as)] +¢
b
oy (axa (A+ 23) + ¢
5. J site wsx dx fuk us ginx
du. cose
{a . du ax
duz cosx dx
8
2 ure
g
1 dx = gina
gint'x cosx aX = om Are
8
7 gintx +¢ Definte Integrals and Changing mils
hen aleating a definite. witegral using the method of substrtution,
ib tg easier and more convenrent to change the limits those of
the new variable. Ths makes the calewlation much easren $0 perform,
and avoids some of the‘messy’ algebraic manrpulation
Example ay
— dx hk w= 2x74! When x20 uz!
io VEn741 dy
Goth When Xe U=q
du = 4xdx
q 1 du
| uP &
q
2 pt du - if uc du
(a
[2] > fee]
'
Since limits have ben changed bu links , U Is no nad
b 9° pact to the original vaniable. ‘
_ du = Lf aj
f Fae d+ become L Suh Lfow
5 [ 2a) - 2c]
* a[é - 2] = gl4el > me ob ws ane xe use
qe bx
[at dt, Change lumibs
ax When x23 Uae
du = dx When x2 3 Wel
3
' ,
xi x2 ax — becomes J (uta u® du
o
B
'
= f vee ou? du
° 1
3p.
. (wh. wt]
[% % Jy '
5 7)
2(2 yh , 44%]
[+ ° . . o
y%. guy") - 0
- 24h 1, o 422 2 2
3 18 15 i
nN
|
oy
, that you
feta ade ik 1 important that ¥
NB Whin & we eee buirde far dx also.
remember
