MODULE 9
IN
MATHEMATICS 9
THIRD QUARTER
Unit 3
Quadratic Functions
Lesson 3 Transforming Quadratic Functions into Vertex Form
Unit 3 Quadratic Functions
Lesson 3 Transforming Quadratic Functions into Vertex Form pg. 1
Unit III
Quadratic Functions
Lesson 3 Transforming Quadratic Functions into Vertex Form
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, students must be able to:
Correctly transform a quadratic function into vertex form and identify its vertex; and
Correctly use the vertex form of quadratic functions to solve word problems involving quadratic
functions.
Learn about it!
Transforming a quadratic function into its vertex form involves completing the square. Before
you proceed with the lesson, it is beneficial to recall how to supply the missing term of a quadratic
expression so that it contains a perfect square trinomial.
Form a perfect square trinomial from the quadratic expression x 2+ 4 x +5 by completing the
square.
To start, group the terms with the variable x .
2
(x +4 x )+5
Make the expression inside the parentheses a perfect square trinomial by dividing the
coefficient of x by 2, and then squaring the quotient.
¿
¿
¿4
Add and subtract the resulting number to keep the same expression.
2
(x +4 x )+5
( x 2 +4 x + 4 ) +5−4
¿ ( x 2 +4 x + 4 ) +1
Express the perfect square trinomial as a square of a binomial.
2
(x +2) +1
Now you are ready to transform quadratic functions into vertex form.
Unit 3 Quadratic Functions
Lesson 3 Transforming Quadratic Functions into Vertex Form pg. 2
Vertex Form of a Quadratic Function
The quadratic function in the form
2
y=a(x−h) +k
where a ≠ 0, is said to be in its vertex form. The ordered pair (h , k ) is the vertex of the
quadratic function.
Consider the following example:
Express the quadratic function y−41=4 x 2−24 x in vertex form.
Step 1
Rewrite the function in the general form y=a x2 +bx +c .
2
y=4 x −24 x + 41
Step 2
Group the terms containing the (independent) variable x .
2
y=(4 x −24 x)+ 41
Step 3
Factor out a if a ≠ 1.
2
y=4 ( x −6 x)+ 41
Step 4
Complete the square.
2
y=4 (x −6 x)+ 41
y=4 ( x 2−6 x +9 )+ 41−4 ( 9 )
y=4 ( x 2−6 x +9 )+ 41−36
y=4 ( x 2−6 x +9 )+ 5
Step 5
Express the perfect square trinomial as the square of a binomial.
y=4 ( x 2−6 x +9 )+ 5
Unit 3 Quadratic Functions
Lesson 3 Transforming Quadratic Functions into Vertex Form pg. 3
2
y=4 (x−3) +5
Therefore, the vertex form of the function y−41=4 x 2−21 x is y=4 (x−3)2+5 The vertex
can now easily be determined as the point(3 , 5).
Let’s Practice!
Example 1
Express the quadratic function y=−2(x¿ ¿ 2+ 2 x +6)¿ in vertex form.
Solution:
Step 1
Rewrite the function in the general form y=a x2 +bx +c .
2
y=−2 x −4 x−12
Step 2
Group the terms containing the (independent) variable x .
2
y=−2 x −4 x−12
y=(−2 x¿ ¿ 2−4 x)−12 ¿
Step 3
Factor out a if a ≠ 1.
y=(−2 x¿ ¿ 2−4 x)−12 ¿
y=−2(x¿ ¿ 2+ 2 x )−12 ¿
Step 4
Complete the square.
y=−2(x¿ ¿ 2+ 2 x )−12 ¿
y=−2(x¿ ¿ 2+ 2 x +1)−12−(−2)(1)¿
Unit 3 Quadratic Functions
Lesson 3 Transforming Quadratic Functions into Vertex Form pg. 4
y=−2(x¿ ¿ 2+ 2 x +1)−12+2(1)¿
y=−2(x¿ ¿ 2+ 2 x +1)−12+2 ¿
y=−2(x¿ ¿ 2+ 2 x +1)−10 ¿
Step 5
Express the perfect square trinomial as the square of a binomial.
y=−2(x¿ ¿ 2+ 2 x +1)−10 ¿
2
y=−2( x+ 1) −10
Example 2
1 2
Express the quadratic function y= ( x −4 x−6 )in vertex form.
2
Solution:
Step 1
Rewrite the function in the general form y=a x2 +bx +c .
1 2
y= ( x −4 x−6 )
2
2
1x 4x 6
y= − −
2 2 2
1 2
y= x −2 x−3
2
Step 2
Group the terms containing the (independent) variable x .
1 2
y=( x −2 x )−3
2
Step 3
Factor out a if a ≠ 1.
Unit 3 Quadratic Functions
Lesson 3 Transforming Quadratic Functions into Vertex Form pg. 5
y= ( 12 x −2 x)−3
2
1
y= (x ¿¿ 2−4 x)−3 ¿
2
Step 4
Complete the square.
1
y= (x ¿¿ 2−4 x)−3 ¿
2
1 1
y= (x ¿¿ 2−4 x+ 4)−3− ( 4)¿
2 2
1
y= (x ¿¿ 2−4 x+ 4)−3−2 ¿
2
1
y= (x ¿¿ 2−4 x+ 4)−5 ¿
2
Step 5
Express the perfect square trinomial as the square of a binomial.
1
y= (x ¿¿ 2−4 x+ 4)−5 ¿
2
1 2
y= (x−2) −5
2
Example 3
Find the coordinates of the vertex of the parabola defined by the function
2
y= (x ¿¿ 2+6 x+ 12) ¿.
3
Unit 3 Quadratic Functions
Lesson 3 Transforming Quadratic Functions into Vertex Form pg. 6
Solution
To find the answer, express the given function in vertex form.
2
y= (x ¿¿ 2+6 x+ 12) ¿
3
y=¿
2 2 12 x 24
y=( x + + )
3 3 3
2 2
y=( x + 4 x +8)
3
2 2
y=( x + 4 x )+ 8
3
2 2
y= (x + 6 x)+8
3
2 2 2
y= ( x +6 x +9 )+ 8− (9)
3 3
2 2 18
y= ( x +6 x +9 )+ 8−
3 3
2 2
y= ( x +6 x +9 )+ 8−6
3
2 2
y= ( x +6 x +9 )+ 2
3
2 2
y= (x +3) +2
3
Hence, the vertex lies at (−3 , 2)
Check Your Understanding!
1. Transform each function into its vertex form.
a. b.
2. Find the coordinates of the vertex of the parabola defined by the following functions.
a. b.
Unit 3 Quadratic Functions
Lesson 3 Transforming Quadratic Functions into Vertex Form pg. 7
References:
Lorraine Baron, et al. Math Makes Sense 9. CA: Pearson, 2009
Math Is Fun. “Graphing Quadratic Functions.” Accessed on 22 March 2018.
[Link]
query=graphing+quadratic+function&type=and&results=10&search=1
[Link]
W1siZiIsIjIwMTgvMDkvMDcvMTEvMDMvMzYvYjQ4YzQ0YmUtYzZmNi00OGI2LWE4ZDUtNT
[Link]?sha=065b59ce3dc96e8b
Unit 3 Quadratic Functions
Lesson 3 Transforming Quadratic Functions into Vertex Form pg. 8
