LABORATORY MANUAL

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS LAB

SUBJECT CODE: KME-451

B.TECH. (ME) SEMESTER -IV

Academic Session: 2022-23, Even Semester

Student Name:

Roll. No.:

Branch/Section:

Dronacharya Group of Institutions

Plot No. 27, Knowledge Park-3, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201308
Affiliated to

Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam Technical University

Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226031
 Applied Thermodynamics (KME 451) Semester (IV) AY 2022-23

Table of Contents

1. Vision and Mission of the Institute

2. Vision and Mission of the Department
3. Programme Educational Objectives (PEOs)
4. Programme Outcomes (POs)
5. Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
6. University Syllabus
7. Course Outcomes (COs)
8. CO- PO and CO-PSO mapping
9. Course Overview
10. List of Experiments
11. DOs and DON’Ts
12. General Safety Precautions
13. Guidelines for students for report preparation
14. Lab assessment criteria
15. Details of Conducted Experiments
16. Lab Experiments

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Vision and Mission of the Institute

Vision:
“Dronacharya Group of Institutions, Greater Noida aims to become an Institution of
excellence in imparting quality Outcome Based Education that empowers the young
generation with Knowledge, Skills, Research, Aptitude and Ethical values to solve
Contemporary Challenging Problems”
Mission:
We, at Dronacharya Group of Institutions, are absolutely committed to serve the
society and improve the mode of life by imparting high quality education in the
field of Engineering and Management catering to the explicit needs of the students,
society, humanity, and industry. ‘Shiksha evam Sahayata’ i.e. Education and help
are the two words etched on our banner soaring higher year after year.

Vision and Mission of the Department

Vision:
“To become a Centre of Excellence in teaching and research in Mechanical
Engineering for producing skilled professionals having a zeal to serve society”
Mission:
M1: To create an environment where students can be equipped with strong
fundamental concepts.
M2: To provide an exposure to emerging technologies by providing hands on
experience for generating competent professionals.
M3: To promote Research and Development in the frontier areas of Mechanical
Engineering and encourage students for pursuing higher education
M4: To inculcate in students ethics, professional values, team work and leadership
skills.

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Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

PEO 1. Engineers will practice the profession of engineering using a systems
perspective and analyze, design, develop, optimize & implement
engineering solutions and work productively as engineers, including
supportive and leadership roles on multidisciplinary teams.
PEO 2. Continue their education in leading graduate programs in engineering &
interdisciplinary areas to emerge as researchers, experts, educators &
entrepreneurs and recognize the need for, and an ability to engage in
continuing professional development and life-long learning.
PEO 3. Engineers, guided by the principles of sustainable development and global
interconnectedness, will understand how engineering projects affect society
and the environment.
PEO 4. Promote Design, Research, and implementation of products and services in
the field of Engineering through Strong Communication and
Entrepreneurial Skills.
PEO 5. Re-learn and innovate in ever-changing global economic and technological
environments of the 21st century.

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Program Outcomes (POs)

PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering in
Mechanical Engineering.
PO2: Problem analysis: Design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret
data.
PO3: Design/development of solutions: To design a system, component, or process to meet
desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political,
ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability.
PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5: Modern tool usage: Apply principles of engineering, basic science, and mathematics to
design and realize physical systems, components, or processes.
Use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice
like AUTOCAD.
PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of engineering practice.
PO9: Individual and teamwork: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.
PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

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Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO 1: Graduates of the program will achieve excellence in product design,

thermal engineering and manufacturing system by acquiring knowledge in
mathematics, science and designing principles.

PSO 2: Graduate will be able to analyze, interpret and provide solutions to the real
life mechanical engineering problems.

PSO 3: Graduate will develop an approach to solve multidisciplinary problems of

manufacturing and allied industries.

PSO 4: Graduates will learn managerial skills to work effectively in a team and in a
society by following ethical and environmental practices.

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University Syllabus
1. Study of Fire Tube boiler.
2. Study of Water Tube boiler.
3. Study and working of Two stroke petrol Engine.
4. Study and working of Four stroke petrol Engine.
5. Determination of Indicated H.P. of I.C. Engine by Morse Test.
6. Prepare the heat balance sheet for Diesel Engine test rig.
7. Prepare the heat balance sheet for Petrol Engine test rig.
8. Study and working of two stroke Diesel Engine.
9. Study and working of four stroke Diesel Engine.
10. Study of Velocity compounded steam turbine.
11. Study of Pressure compounded steam turbine.
12. Study of Impulse & Reaction turbine.
13. Study of steam Engine model.
14. Study of Gas Turbine Model.

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Course Outcomes

After completing this course, the students will get a good understanding of
CO 1
various practical power cycles and heat pump cycles.

They will be able to analyze energy conversion in various thermal devices

CO 2 such as combustors, air coolers, nozzles, diffusers, steam turbines and
reciprocating compressors.

They will be able to understand phenomena occurring in high speed

CO 3
compressible flows.

CO-PO Mapping
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO 1 1 1 3 2 3 1 3 1

CO 2 1 3 3 2 3 1 3 1

CO 3 1 3 3 2 3 1 3 1

CO-PSO Mapping

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO 1 2 2

CO 2 2 2

CO 3 2 2

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Course Overview
1. To understand the construction and working of Bomb calorimeter, steam engine,
turbine, boiler mountings, boiler accessories.

2. To understand working principle and performance of boiler, draught, steam

nozzle and reciprocating air compressor.

3. To study and understand working of steam turbines.

4. To understand the concept of heat balance sheet for boiler.

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List of Experiments mapped with COs

S. No Aim of the Experiment COs

1. Study of fire tube boiler CO2

2. Study of water tube boiler CO2

3. Study and working of four stroke petrol Engine. CO1

4. Study and working of four stroke diesel Engine. CO1

5. Study and working of two stroke petrol Engine. CO1

6. Study and working of two stroke diesel Engine. CO1

7. Study of gas turbine model. CO3

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DOs and DON’Ts

DOs

1. Student must carry record and observation.

2. Take signature of lab in charge after completion of observation and record.
3. If any equipment fails in the experiment report it to the supervisor immediately.
4. Students should come to the lab with thorough theoretical knowledge.
5. Put your bags in the designated area.

DON’Ts

1. Don't touch the equipment without instructions from lab supervisor.

2. Don't crowd around the experiment and behave in-disciplinary.
3. Using the mobile phone in the laboratory is strictly prohibited.

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General Safety Precautions

Precautions (In case of Injury or Electric Shock)

1. To break the victim with live electric source, use an insulator such as firewood or plastic to
break the contact. Do not touch the victim with bare hands to avoid the risk of electrifying
yourself.
2. Unplug the risk of faulty equipment. If the main circuit breaker is accessible, turn the circuit
off.
3. If the victim is unconscious, start resuscitation immediately, use your hands to press the chest
in and out to continue breathing function. Use mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if necessary.

Precautions (In case of Fire)

1. Turn the equipment off. If the power switch is not immediately accessible, take plug off.
2. If fire continues, try to curb the fire if possible, by using the fire extinguisher or by covering it
with a heavy cloth if possible isolate the burning equipment from the other surrounding
equipment.
3. Sound the fire alarm by activating the nearest alarm switch located in the hallway.

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Guidelines to Students for Report Preparation

All students are required to maintain a record of the experiments conducted by them. Guidelines
for its preparation are as follows:-

1) All files must contain a title page followed by an index page. The files will not be signed by the
faculty without an entry in the index page.

2) Student’s Name, Roll number and date of conduction of experiment must be written on all
pages.

3) For each experiment, the record must contain the following

(i) Aim/Objective of the experiment

(ii) Pre-experiment work (as given by the faculty)

(iii) Lab assignment questions and their solutions

(iv) Test cases (if applicable to the course)

(v) Results/ output

Note:

1. Students must bring their lab record along with them whenever they come for the lab.

2. Students must ensure that their lab record is regularly evaluated.

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Lab Assessment Criteria

An estimated 10 lab classes are conducted in a semester for each lab course. These lab classes are
assessed continuously. Each lab experiment is evaluated based on 5 assessment criteria as shown
in following table. Assessed performance in each experiment is used to compute CO attainment as
well as internal marks in the lab course.
Grading Exemplary (4) Competent (3) Needs Improvement Poor (1)
Criteria (2)

AC1:
Pre-Lab Complete procedure
Underlined concept is Underlined concept is
written work with underlined Not able to write
written but procedure not clearly
(this may be concept is properly concept and procedure
is incomplete understood
assessed written
through viva)
Assigned problem is
AC2: properly analyzed, Assigned problem is
Program correct solution properly analyzed, Assigned problem is
Writing/ designed, appropriate correct solution properly analyzed & Assigned problem is
Modeling language constructs/ designed, appropriate correct solution properly analyzed
tools are applied, language constructs/ designed
Program/solution tools are applied
written is readable
Is dependent totally on Unable to understand
AC3: Able to identify errors/
Able to identify someone for the reason for errors/
Identification bugs and remove them
errors/ bugs and identification of bugs even after they
& Removal of with little bit of
remove them errors/ bugs and their are explicitly pointed
errors/ bugs guidance
removal out
Only few variants of
All variants of input All variants of input input /output are
AC4:Executi /output are tested, /output are not tested, tested, Solution is not well
on & Solution is well However, solution is Solution is well demonstrated and
Demonstratio demonstrated and well demonstrated and demonstrated but implemented concept
n implemented concept implemented concept implemented concept is not clearly
is clearly explained is clearly explained is not clearly explained
explained
More than 70 % of the Less than 70 % of the Less than 40 % of the
All assigned
assigned problems are assigned problems are assigned problems
problems are well
well recorded with well recorded with are well recorded
recorded with
objective, design objective, design with objective, design
objective, design
AC5:Lab contracts and solution contracts and solution contracts and solution
constructs and
Record along with along with along with
solution along with
Assessment Performance analysis Performance analysis Performance analysis
Performance analysis
is done with all is done with all is done with all
using all variants of
variants of input and variants of input and variants of input and
input and output
output output output

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LAB EXPERIMENTS

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EXPERIMENT NO. 1

AIM: To study fire tube boiler.

Apparatus: Model of Lancashire Boiler.
Theory
Boiler: - A steam boiler is a closed vessel in which steam is produced from water by
combustion offuel.
Classification of Boiler:
Boilers are classified on the basis of following-
1. According to contents in the Tube:
a) Fire tube boiler: In fire tube boilers, the flue gases pass through the tube and water
surroundthem.
b).Water tube boiler: In water tube boiler, water flows inside the tubes and the hot flue
gases flowoutside the tubes.
2. According to the pressure of steam:
a). Low pressure boiler: A boiler which generates steam at a pressure of below 80 bars is
called lowpressure boiler. Examples-Cochran boiler, Lancashire boiler etc.
b). High pressure boiler: A boiler which generates steam at a pressure higher than 80 bar
is calledhigh pressure boiler. Example- Babcock and Wilcox boiler etc.
LANCASHIRE BOILER:
Lancashire is a stationary fire tube, internally fired, horizontal, natural circulation boiler. It is a
commonly used in sugar – mills and textiles industries where along with the power steam and
steam for the process work is also needed.
The specifications of Lancashire boiler are given below:
Diameter of the shell – 2 to 3 m.
Length of the shell – 7 to 9 m
Maximum working pressure – 16 bar
Steam capacity – 9000 kg/h
Efficiency – 50 to 70 %

Construction and Working:

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Lancashire boiler consists of a cylindrical shell inside which two large tube are placed. The
shell is constructed with several rings of cylindrical from and it is placed horizontally over
a brick work which forms several channels for the flow of hot gasses. These two tubes are
also constructed with several rings of cylindrical form. They pass from one end of the shell
to other end all covered with water. The furnace is placed at the front end of the each tube
and they are known as furnace tubes. The coal is introduced through the fire hole into the
great. There is a low brick work fire bridge at the back of the gate to prevent the entry of
the burning coal of ashes into interior of the furnace tubes. The combustions from the grate
pass up to the back end of the furnace tube and then in downward direction. There after
they move through the bottom channel or bottom flue upto the front end of the boiler
where they are divided and pass upto the side flues.

Figure: Lancashire Boiler

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EXPERIMENT NO. 2

AIM: To study water tube boiler.

Apparatus: Model of Babcock Wilcox Boiler.
Theory
Boiler: - A steam boiler is a closed vessel in which steam is produced from water by
combustion offuel.
Classification of Boiler:
Boilers are classified on the basis of following-
1. According to contents in the Tube:
a) Fire tube boiler: In fire tube boilers, the flue gases pass through the tube and
water surroundthem.
b).Water tube boiler: In water tube boiler, water flows inside the tubes and the hot flue
gases flowoutside the tubes.
2. According to the pressure of steam:
a) Low pressure boiler: A boiler which generates steam at a pressure of below 80 bars
is called lowpressure boiler. Examples-Cochran boiler, Lancashire boiler etc.
b) High pressure boiler: A boiler which generates steam at a pressure higher than 80
bar is calledhigh pressure boiler. Example- Babcock and Wilcox boiler etc.
BABCOCK AND WILCOX BOILER:
Babcock and Wilcox boiler is a horizontal shell, multi tubular, water tube, externally fired,
natural circulation boiler.
The specifications of Babcock and Wilcox boiler are given below:
Diameter of the drum-1.22 m to 1.83 m
Length of the drum- 6.096 to 9.144 m
Size of water tubes-7.62 to 10.16 cm
Size of super heater tube - 3.84 to 5.71cm
Working pressure - 100 bar
Steam Capacity - 40,000 kg/hr (Maximum)
Efficiency - 60-80%
Construction:
Figure shows the details of a Babcock and Wilcox water tube boiler. It consists of a drum
mounted at the top and connected by upper header and down take header. A large number of

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water tubes connect the uptake and down take headers. The water tubes are inclined at an
angle of 5 to 15 degrees to promote water circulation. The heating surface of the unit is the
outer surface of the tubes and half of the cylindrical surface of the water drum which is
exposed to flue gases.
Below the uptake header the furnace of the boiler is arranged. The coal is fed to the chain
grate stoker through the fire door. There is a bridge wall deflector which deflects the
combustion gases upwards. Baffles are arranged across the water tubes to act as deflectors
for the flue gases and to provide them with gas passes. Here, two baffles are arranged which
provide three passes of the flue gases. A chimney is provided for the exit of the gases. A
damper is placed at the inlet of the chimney to regulate the draught. There are superheating
tubes for producing superheated steam. Connections are provided for other mounting and
accessories.
Working:
The hot combustion gases produced by burning of fuel on the grater rise upwards and are
deflected by the bridge wall deflector to pass over the front portion of water tubes and drum.
By this way they complete the first pass. With the provision of baffles they are deflected
downwards and complete the second pass. Again, with the provision of baffles they rise
upwards and complete the third pass and finally come out through the chimney. During their
travel they give heat to water and steam is formed. The flow path of the combustion gases is
shown by the arrows outside the tubes. The circulation of water in the boiler is due to
natural circulation set-up by convective currents (due to gravity). Feed water is supplied by a
feed check valve.
The hottest water and stem rise from the tubes to the uptake header and then through the
riser it enters the boiler drum. The steam vapours escape through the upper half of the drum.
The cold water flows from the drum to the rear header and thus the cycle is completed.
To get superheated steam, the steam accumulated in the steam space is allowed to enter into
the super heater tubes which are placed above the water tubes. The flue gases passing over
the flue tubes produce superheated steam. The steam thus superheated is finally supplied to
the user througha steam stop valve.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 3
AIM: To study four stroke petrol engine.
Apparatus: Model of cross-sectional view of four stroke petrol engine.
Theory:
The four stroke-cycles refers to its use in petrol engines, gas engines, light, oil engine and
heavy oil engines in which the mixture of air fuel are drawn in the engine cylinder. Since
ignition in these engines is due to a spark, therefore they are also called spark ignition
engines.
Movement of the piston between TDC to BDC or BDC to TDC is referred to as one
stroke. Hence, in 4-stroke engines piston moves between TDC and BDC four times.
Working principle of four stroke petrol engines:-
There are four strokes which are as follows:
i) Suction stroke
ii) Compression stroke
iii) Expansion or working or power stroke
iv) Exhaust stroke

SUCTION STROKE: In this Stroke the inlet valve opens and proportionate fuel-air
mixture is sucked in the engine cylinder. Thus the piston moves from top dead centre

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(T.D.C.) to bottom dead centre (B.D.C.). The exhaust valve remains closed throughout
the stroke.
COMPRESSION STROKE: In this stroke both the inlet and exhaust valves remain
closed during the stroke. The piston moves towards (T.D.C.) and compresses the enclosed
fuel-air mixture drawn. Just before the end of this stroke the operating plug initiates a
spark which ignites the mixture and combustion takes place at constant pressure.

Figure: P-V Diagram of Petrol Engine Cycle

POWER STROKE OR EXPANSION STROKE: In this stroke both the valves remain
closed during the start of this stroke but when the piston just reaches the B.D.C. the
exhaust valve opens. When the mixture is ignited by the spark plug the hot gases are
produced which drive or throw the piston from T.D.C. to B.D.C. and thus the work is
obtained in this stroke.
EXHAUST STROKE: This is the last stroke of the cycle. Here the gases from which the
work has been collected become useless after the completion of the expansion stroke and
are made to escape through exhaust valve to the atmosphere. This removal of gas is
accomplished during this stroke. The piston moves from B.D.C. to T.D.C. and the exhaust
gases are driven out of the engine cylinder; this is also called SCAVENGING.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 4

AIM: To study four stroke diesel engine.

Apparatus: Model of cross-sectional view of four stroke diesel engine.
Theory:
In diesel engines, air is drawn in the engine cylinder. Since ignition in these engines is
due to a compression of air, therefore they are also called compression ignition engines.
Movement of the piston between TDC to BDC or BDC to TDC is referred to as one
stroke. Hence, in 4-stroke engines piston moves between TDC and BDC four times.
Working principle of four stroke diesel engines:-
There are four strokes which are as follows:
i) Suction stroke
ii) Compression stroke
iii) Expansion or working or power stroke
iv) Exhaust stroke

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Figure: P-V Diagram of Diesel Engine Cycle

SUCTION STROKE: With the movement of the piston from T.D.C. to B.D.C. during
this stroke, the inlet valve opens and the air at atmospheric pressure is drawn inside the
engine cylinder; the exhaust valve however remains closed. This operation is represented
by the line 5-1
COMPRESSION STROKE: The air drawn at atmospheric pressure during the suction
stroke is compressed to high pressure and temperature as the piston moves from B.D.C.
to T.D.C. Both the inlet and exhaust valves do not open during any part of this stroke.
This operation is represented by 1-2
POWER STROKE OR EXPANSION STROKE: As the piston starts moving from
T.D.C to B.D.C, the quantity of fuel is injected into the hot compressed air in fine sprays
by the fuel injector and it (fuel) starts burning at constant pressure shown by the line 2-3.
At the point 3 fuel supply is cut off. The fuel is injected at the end of compression stroke
but in actual practice the ignition of the fuel starts before the end of the compression
stroke. The hot gases of the cylinder expand adiabatically to point 4. Thus doing work on
the piston.
EXHAUST STROKE: The piston moves from the B.D.C. to T.D.C. and the exhaust
gases escape to the atmosphere through the exhaust valve. When the piston reaches the
T.D.C. the exhaust valve closes and the cycle is completed. This stroke is represented by
the line 1-5.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 5

AIM: To study two stroke petrol engine.

Apparatus: Model of cross-sectional view of two stroke petrol engine.
Theory:
The two stroke-cycles refers to its use in petrol engines, gas engines, light, oil engine and
heavy oil engines in which the mixture of air fuel are drawn in the engine cylinder. Since
ignition in these engines is due to a spark, therefore they are also called spark ignition
engines.
Movement of the piston between TDC to BDC or BDC to TDC is referred to as one
stroke. Hence, in 2-stroke engines piston moves two times between TDC and BDC.
In two stroke cycle engines, the whole sequence of events i.e., suction, compression,
power and exhaust are completed in two strokes of the piston i.e. one revolution of the
crankshaft. There is no valve in this type of engine. Gas movement takes place through
holes called ports in the cylinder. The crankcase of the engine is air tight in which the
crankshaft rotates.

There are two strokes in petrol engine:

1. Upward stroke of the piston (Suction + Compression):
When the piston moves upward it covers two of the ports, the exhaust port and
transfer port, which are normally almost opposite to each other. This traps the charge

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of air- fuel mixture drawn already in to the cylinder. Further upward movement of the
piston compresses the charge and also uncovers the suction port. Now fresh mixture is
drawn through this port into the crankcase. Just before the end of this stroke, the
mixture in the cylinder is ignited by a spark plug (Fig 2 c &d). Thus, during this
stroke both suction and compression events are completed.
2. Downward stroke (Power + Exhaust):
Burning of the fuel rises the temperature and pressure of the gases which forces the
piston to move down the cylinder. When the piston moves down, it closes the suction
port, trapping the fresh charge drawn into the crankcase during the previous upward
stroke. Further downward movement of the piston uncovers first the exhaust port and
then the transfer port. Now fresh charge in the crankcase moves in to the cylinder
through the transfer port driving out the burnt gases through the exhaust port. Special
shaped piston crown deflect the incoming mixture up around the cylinder so that it can
help in driving out the exhaust gases. During the downward stroke of the piston power
and exhaust events are completed.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 6

AIM: To study two stroke diesel engine.

Apparatus: Model of cross-sectional view of two stroke diesel engine.
Theory:
In diesel engines, air is drawn in the engine cylinder. Since ignition in these engines is due
to a compression of air, therefore they are also called compression ignition engines.
Movement of the piston between TDC to BDC or BDC to TDC is referred to as one stroke.
Hence, in 2-stroke engine piston moves twice between TDC and BDC.
In two stroke cycle engines, the whole sequence of events i.e., suction, compression, power
and exhaust are completed in two strokes of the piston i.e. one revolution of the crankshaft.
There is no valve in this type of engine. Gas movement takes place through holes called
ports in the cylinder. The crankcase of the engine is air tight in which the crankshaft
rotates.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF DIESEL ENGINE:
The basic components of diesel engine are cylinder, piston, injector, valves, connecting rod
and crankshaft. In diesel engines only air is drawn into the cylinder. The engine has high
compression ratio hence the air in the cylinder attains very high temperature and pressure
at the end of the compression stroke. At the end of the compression stroke, the fuel is
sprayed into the cylinder in atomized form using injectors. Due to high temperature, the
fuel gets ignited, begins to burn and produce lot of heat. Due to the heat the gases expand,
move the piston downward and rotate the crank shaft. The torque available at the rotating
crank shaft is used to do any mechanical work.

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Special features of Diesel Engine:

1) Engine has high compression ratio ranging from 14:1 to 22:1.
2) During compression stroke, the engine attains high pressure ranging from 30 to 45
kg/cm2 and high temperature of about 500°C.
3) At the end of the compression stroke, fuel is injected into the cylinder through injectors
(atomizers) at a very high pressure ranging from 120 to 200 kg/cm2.
4) Ignition takes place due to heat of compression only.
5) There is no external spark in diesel engine.
6) Diesel engine has better slogging or lugging ability i.e. it maintains higher torque for a
longer duration of time at a lower speed.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 7

AIM: To study gas turbine.

Apparatus: Model of gas turbine.
Theory:
This machine has a single-stage radial compressor and turbine, a recuperator, and foil
bearings. A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a rotary engine that
extracts energy from a flow of combustion gas.
Construction:
It has an upstream compressor coupled to a downstream turbine, and a combustion
chamber in-between. (Gas turbine may also refer to just the turbine element.)
Working:
Energy is generated where air is mixed with fuel and ignited in the combustor.
Combustion increases the temperature, velocity and volume of the gas flow. This is
directed through a (nozzle) over the turbine's blades, spinning the turbine and
powering the compressor. Energy is extracted in the form of shaft power, compressed
air and thrust, in any combination, and used to power aircraft, trains, ships, generators,
and even tanks.
Operation:
Gas turbines are described thermodynamically by the Brayton cycle, in which air is
compressed isentropically, combustion occurs at constant pressure, and expansion
over the turbine occurs isentropically back to the starting pressure.
In practice, friction and turbulence cause:
a) Non-Isentropic Compression - for a given overall pressure ratio, the compressor
delivery temperature is higher than ideal.
b) Non-Isentropic Expansion - although the turbine temperature drop necessary to
drive the compressor is unaffected, the associated pressure ratio is greater, which
decreases the expansion available to provide useful work.
c) Pressure loss in the combustor - reduces the expansion available to provide useful
work
As with all cyclic heat engines, higher combustion temperature means greater
efficiency. The limiting factor is the ability of the steel, ceramic, or other materials
that make up the engine to withstand heat and pressure. Considerable engineering
goes into keeping the turbine parts cool. Most turbines also try to recover exhaust
heat, which otherwise is wasted energy. Recuperators are heat exchangers that pass
exhaust heat to the compressed air, prior to combustion. Combined cycle designs pass
waste heat to steam turbine systems and combined heat and power (co-generation)
uses waste heat for hot water production.

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Applied Thermodynamics (KME 451) Semester (IV) AY 2022-23

Features of Gas Turbine:

Simple cycle gas turbines in the power industry require smaller capital investment
than combined cycle gas, coal or nuclear plants and can be designed to generate small
or large amounts of power. The ability to be turned on and off within minutes,
supplying power during peak demand. Hence, they are sometimes called peaking
turbine units. Large simple cycle gas turbines may produce several hundred
megawatts of power and approach 40 % thermal efficiency. They can be particularly
efficient—up to 60 %—when waste heat from the gas turbine is recovered by a
conventional steam turbine in a combined cycle configuration.
Industrial gas turbines range in size from truck-mounted mobile plants to enormous,
complex systems. The power turbines in the largest industrial gas turbines operate at
3,000 or 3,600 rpm to match the AC power grid frequency and to avoid the need for a
reduction gearbox. Such engines require a dedicated building.

Department of Mechanical Engineering 29

Applied Thermodynamics (KME 451) Semester (IV) AY 2022-23

Mr. Krati Hardya Dr. Shailesh Kumar Singh

Lab IN-charge Head of Department (ME)

Prof. (Dr.) Seema Shukla

Director

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