WOMEN RIGHTS ARE

HUMAN RIGHTS: A LEGAL

STUDY IN INDIAN
PERSPECTIVE

Subject: Legislation Themes In Human Rights

Submitted To: Ms. Asha Meena
Submitted By: Smrithy K
Enrollment Number: A50606120004
Course: B A English Honors, ASLA
Semester: V
Batch: 2020 – 2023
 CONTENT SYNOPSIS

1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Literature Review
4. Women’s Human Rights and International Conventions
5. Recognizing the Concept of Women's Human Rights
6. Human Rights: Women perspective
7. The Movement for Women's Human Rights
8. The Role of Judiciary in protecting the rights of Women and
Girl child
9. Indian Judiciary as protector of rights of Women and Girl
Childs
10. Gender sensitization: Need of the hour
11. Conclusion
 ABSTRACT

The declaration that "women's rights were human rights," made at the
1993 UN World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna, shows that women
are not considered as complete human beings, equal to men and deserving
of the same dignity, respect, and opportunities. The declaration ought to be
seen as a step forward in acknowledging the legitimate demands of one-
half of humankind, in defining the neglect of women's rights as a violation
of human rights, and in highlighting the connection between gender and
human rights breaches.
A number of fundamental human rights for women have been
interpreted by the Supreme Court of India in light of those rights'
guarantees in Part III of the Constitution. These basic rights go much
beyond what is outlined in the American Bill of Rights. By addressing the
gaps in municipal legislation and using international human rights treaties
when required, the Indian judiciary has reaffirmed the human rights of
women. The Apex Judiciary has established some impressive standards for
defending women's human rights and gender equality in a number of
situations.
 INTRODUCTION
It should have never been in question that women are human beings with
rights. Even though the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), which was adopted in 1979 and
entered into force eight years later, was adopted 45 years after the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the 1993 United Nations World
Conference on Human Rights held in Vienna reaffirmed that women's
rights were human rights.
Women are not considered as complete human beings equal to males,
worthy of the same dignity, respect, and opportunities. This is indicated by
the 1993 UN World Conference on Human Rights declaration in Vienna that
"women's rights were human rights." The declaration ought to be seen as a
step forward in acknowledging the legitimate claims of one-half of
humankind, in defining the neglect of women's rights as a violation of
human rights, and in highlighting the connection between gender and
human rights breaches. The bulk of hungry, unwell, illiterate, and destitute
people in the world are still women. A million women still live as second-
class citizens.
An international campaign to elevate the position of women has
given rise to the phrase "women's human rights" and the set of behaviours
that go along with it. Women's movements from all over the world created
networks and coalitions in the 1980s and 1990s to raise awareness of the
challenges that women confront every day as well as the significance of
women's experiences in relation to economic, social, political, and
environmental concerns.
The phrase "women's human rights" has functioned as a focus for
praxis in the formation of what is now a worldwide women's movement.
Praxis is the creation of political tactics moulded by the interplay between
analytical insights and actual political activities. Additionally, the crucial
tools, concentrated action, and wide-ranging international networks that
have developed alongside movements for women's human rights have
turned into a means for women to acquire the political competencies
required for the twenty-first century.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
The idea of gender injustice, gender inequality, and discrimination, which
violate fundamental human rights, may be highlighted under a range of
actions and circumstances. Gender justice remains a distant reality despite
several international agreements and treaties establishing equal rights for
women as a fundamental human right and the same having been enshrined
into The Constitution of India.
The accomplishment of gender equality has been the focus of several
research on the topic of gender justice. Research on this important problem
has resulted from the Indian government's recent interest. Researchers
have not yet examined the relationship between the Indian Constitution
and human rights and gender justice, nevertheless. This may be largely
ascribed to the fact that the vibrant and depressing urban regions and the
global corporate world are still in their infancy and have less of an
influence on the general rural/suburban and social parts of life that women
are expected to achieve and experience as human beings.
The current literature review sheds light on studies carried out to
evaluate the scope and impact of various human rights conventions and
provisions under the Indian Constitution, the awareness levels and
resulting impact of gender equality and gender justice, as well as how
effective the laws and constitutional provisions are as a tool for achieving
gender sensitization in the nation.
When discussing the role of women in India, statistics from many
sources are used to assess various indicators for women's empowerment.
Women's experiences with domestic abuse, financial equality, freedom of
mobility, media representation, access to training, and female family
decision-making are among the indicators that are given weight. Women's
political representation is frequently evaluated using indicators like the
proportion of female lawmakers and parliamentarians. According to
studies, there are significant differences in terms of age, education, and
occupation between the influence and freedom of movement of women in
the home decision-making process. Widow or divorcee freedom of travel is
greater married or married than ever.
 WOMEN’S HUMAN RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTIONS
The idea of women's human rights is successful and is being used more
frequently since it is both practical and revolutionary. Since women are
considered to be human beings, the concept of women's human rights
makes logical sense.
Anyone would therefore struggle to openly present and support the
opposite claim that women are not human. As a result, the idea that women
have human rights sounds pretty reasonable in many respects. However,
from the perspective of women, the concept of "women's human rights" is a
ground-breaking one with enormous potential because recognised
women's human rights norms and practises force recognition of the
dreadful failure of nations all over the world to accord women the human
dignity and respect that they deserve—simply as human beings.
The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
Against Women (CEDAW), which was enacted in 1979, is the most
significant international and regional document that has focused attention
on gender-related elements of human rights concerns. The right of women
to be free from discrimination is defined by CEDAW, often known as the
International Bill of Rights for Women, and key safeguards are established
for this right. By guaranteeing women's equal access to and opportunities
in political and public life, as well as in education, health, and employment,
it defines an agenda for national action to abolish discrimination and lays
the groundwork for attaining equality between men and women. It is the
only human rights agreement that upholds women's right to reproductive
autonomy. One of the most widely accepted international treaties, the
Convention has received ratification from 180 governments.
The International Conference on Population and Development
(ICPD), which was held in Cairo in 1994, established and underlined the
connection between the promotion and fulfilment of rights and gender
equality and fairness. According to ICPD, women's political, social,
economic, and health status improvements as well as their empowerment
and autonomy were not only a major means in and of themselves, but also a
need for achieving sustainable development.
Despite several international agreements, there are still many places where
women's basic human rights are denied.
For outline:
 Every year, more than 500,000 women still pass away from
complications connected to pregnancy and delivery.
 HIV infection rates among women are rising quickly. Young women
now make up the bulk of newly infected individuals among those
aged 15 to 24, in part because to their economic and social
vulnerabilities.
 As many women between the ages of 15 and 44 are killed or
rendered disabled by gender-based violence as by cancer. The
majority of the time, offenders escape punishment.
 Women are twice as likely to be illiterate as males are globally.
 A disproportionate amount of women are poor in both developed
and developing nations as a result of their working conditions and
personal traits. Even for equivalent types of employment, women still
earn less than males, despite considerable advances in the 1990s.
 There are still discriminatory laws controlling marriage, land,
property, and inheritance in many of the nations that have adopted
CEDAW.

The Fourth World Conference on Women, held in Beijing in 1995, led to

international promises to advance a broader spectrum of women's rights.
One of the eight Millennium Development Goals was the empowerment of
women, which served as a reminder that many of those pledges have not
yet been fulfilled. It also offers a crucial chance to put those pledges into
action.

RECOGNIZING THE CONCEPT OF WOMEN'S HUMAN

RIGHTS
When women employ the idea of human rights to express the wide range of
human rights violations they encounter, they provide illuminating insights
and potent instruments to counteract these biases against women. In
attempts to bring attention to human rights that are special to women that
up until this point have been considered as women's rights but not
recognised as "human" rights, the recognition of the idea of women's
human rights inside the framework of human rights proved essential.
As a result, this recognition of women's human rights gives women a
language to describe and explain violent experiences like rape, sexual
terrorism, and domestic abuse as violations of the human right to be free
from torture and other inhumane treatment. Recognition of concerns like
violations of human rights raises expectations for what can and should be
done to address them.
This concept of violence against women in the context of human
rights clearly shows that states are to blame for such mistreatment. It also
begs the concerns of what measures are required to hasten the process of
restitution and how to hold governments responsible for their
complacency in such circumstances. The idea of women's human rights has
made it possible for women all around the globe to raise challenging
concerns about government neglect and society's general disregard for the
pervasive discrimination and violence that women endure every day.

HUMAN RIGHTS: WOMEN PERSPECTIVE

Women have demonstrated how the manner in which already
acknowledged human rights breaches frequently impact women differently
due to their gender are not taken into account by present human rights
definitions and practises. This approach recognises the significance of the
already-existing ideas and initiatives, but also emphasises that there are
gender-specific aspects within these accepted definitions that must be
addressed if the mechanisms, initiatives, and the overall human rights
framework are to take into account and reflect the experiences of the
world's female population.
Considered to be the fundamental statement of human rights, the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights was approved by the United
Nations General Assembly in 1948. It states unequivocally that everyone is
entitled to equal protection under the law "without discrimination of any
type, such as race, colour, sex, language... or other status" (Art.2).
Therefore, it stands to reason that because women are human beings, they
are included by the Universal Declaration's definition of human rights.
However, due to tradition, discrimination, social, economic, and
political interests that place women in a subordinate position when it
comes to human rights issues, women have been left out of the current
definitions of "universal" human rights. Women's lives have been
significantly impacted by the marginalisation of women in the field of
human rights, which is a symptom of gender inequality in general. It has
constrained the purview of what was considered to be state duty, making it
particularly challenging for women to pursue remedy for abuses of their
human rights.
The difficulty women face inside international human rights processes and
organisations has been exacerbated by the separation between the "Public"
and "Private" spheres. The desire to restrict the authority of the
government lies at the foundation of the separation of life into "public" and
"private" realms.
This has resulted in many nations considering what people do in the
"public" sphere to be susceptible to regulation while believing that what
they do in the "private" sphere is shielded from official oversight. The
division between the public and private spheres has had the significant
impact of making human rights abuses against women between "private"
parties invisible and thought to be outside the reach of the state.
As a result, even if there are laws prohibiting such abuse, governments
often ignore what occurs to women at the hands of males and male family
members, such as domestic violence or incarceration. The sanctity of the
so-called private domain has therefore served to conceal mistreatment of
women committed in the name of family, religion, and culture, and those
responsible have enjoyed impunity for their crimes.

THE MOVEMENT FOR WOMEN'S HUMAN RIGHTS

Although women have long questioned why their rights are considered as
secondary to human rights, a concerted movement to shift this perspective
using a human rights framework really took off in the early 1990s. The end
of the Cold War created a space for fresh discussions, which allowed
women all over the globe to share their thoughts and experiences and
develop plans for how to increase the visibility of women's human rights
viewpoints. More and more women questioned why "women's rights" and
women's lives have been seen as subordinate to "human rights" and men's
lives as women's activities expanded internationally during and after the
United Nations' Decade for Women. A movement for women's rights has
evolved over the past ten years to challenge constrained conceptions of
human rights. This movement has focused particularly on violence against
women as a clear illustration of the bias against women in human rights
practise and theory.
 Although advocating for legislative and policy reforms at the local,
national, and international levels has greatly benefited from the framework
of women's human rights, grassroots organising has also greatly benefited
from its application. Women's human rights serve as a model for organising
evaluations of their experiences and formulating plans for change in
addition to educating them about the breadth of rights that their
governments must uphold. Women have political clout and a tenable point
of reference because to the extensive corpus of international treaties,
accords, and obligations regarding human rights.

THE ROLE OF JUDICIARY IN PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF

WOMEN AND GIRL CHILD
Almost all nations with written constitutions have debated the real nature
and extent of the judiciary's role for a very long time. The judicial role is
seen extremely narrowly in Austinian Jurisprudence. Austin described law
as a command of the political sovereign, who had undivided and total
power to enact laws solely through the legislature. The court's role was
limited to declaring existing law or interpreting statute law. On the other
hand, the American realism movement focused on court rulings in its most
recent branch of sociological jurisprudence. They believe and assert that
the law is determined by the court. Judges are the legislators in their eyes.
The English Court created the whole common law system, but it was
predicated on the fallacy that judges merely found laws.
Despite having such a negative view of their own authority, English
judges not only produced new laws but also altered existing ones to
accommodate the completely different circumstances brought about by the
industrial revolution. Judicial activism became a strategy for defending
human rights in the contemporary period. Due in part to the massive
increase in legislative involvement in the modern age, the judiciary's
function and the range of its interpretation have significantly increased in
recent years. The judiciary is crucial to the defence of everyone's
fundamental rights, including citizens and non-citizens. Everywhere the
freedom to claim one's human rights is recognised, whether under an
unwritten or written constitution, the twin guarantees of equality before
the law and equal protection of the law are accepted as two of the most
essential foundations of human rights.
INDIAN JUDICIARY AS PROTECTOR OF RIGHTS OF WOMEN
AND GIRL CHILDS
The equality clauses in Articles 14 and 15 of the Indian Constitution
prohibit discrimination on the basis of religion, race, caste, gender, or place
of birth. The protected discrimination provision is determined to give
women and children power under Articles 15 and 16, though. The
protected discrimination provision of the Indian Constitution was intended
to make gender fairness feasible, according to the Constitution's writers.
A number of fundamental human rights for women have been
interpreted by the Supreme Court of India in light of those rights'
guarantees in Part III of the Constitution. These basic rights go much
beyond what is outlined in the American Bill of Rights. The Indian judiciary
has reaffirmed the human rights of women by filling the gaps in municipal
legislation and implementing, when applicable, international human rights
treaties. The Apex Judiciary has established some impressive standards for
defending women's human rights and gender equality in a number of
situations.
In order to safeguard women, the Indian judicial system has done
away with all formal constraints and fundamentally transformed
constitutional litigation. The judiciary has promoted the broadest possible
application of the laws by liberally interpreting their words. The judiciary
has changed from a doctrine-based approach to a pragmatic one that
served all societal interests. The courts have been more eager to uphold the
constitutional rights of all women. By its historic decisions, the court filled
the void left by the legislative apparatus. When the legislative had refused
to assist women, the judiciary stepped in to fill the gap. The higher court
has recently showed concern for women's rights, and the international
declaration and agreements on women's rights have had a significant
influence on it as well.
The notion of equal pay for equal labour, according to the Supreme
Court of India, is unquestionably a constitutional objective but not a basic
right. According to Article 39(d) of the Constitution, men and women
receive equal compensation for equally hard labour. Similar to this, it was
determined in Grihakalyan v. Union of India that denying equal
remuneration for equal labour is an illogical classification within the
meaning of Article 14 of the Indian Constitution. The Apex Court also ruled
that Article 14 was violated since the termination of service based on
pregnancy was arbitrary and unjustified.
The Maternity Benefit Act of 1961 was expanded by the Supreme
Court to cover female Delhi Municipal Corporation Muster Roll (Daily
Wagers) workers. In this instance, the court directly adopted the CEDAW,
1979's Article 11 provisions into Indian Law. The Supreme Court ruled in
Government of Andhra Pradesh v. P. B. Vijay Kumar that Article 15(3) of
the Indian Constitution upholds the issue of reservations for women in
State services. Additionally, the Supreme Court ruled in Municipal
Corporation of Delhi v. Female Workers that a just social order could only
be accomplished when inequities are eliminated and women, who make up
about half of our society, are respected and treated with dignity. The
discriminatory laws of the Education Department of the Government of
Uttar Pradesh were overturned by the Supreme Court in Uttarakhand
Mahila Kalyan Parishad v. State of Uttar Pradesh. As a result of the Supreme
Court's liberal interpretation, women now have equal standing.
The Supreme Court established specific criteria in Vishakha v. State
of Rajasthan to protect women against sexual harassment at work in
accordance with international treaties and declarations due to the lack of
law protecting women in the workplace ( CEDAW, 1979 and Beijing
Declaration for protection of women at work place against sexual
harassment). The Supreme Court established liberal judicial trends for the
protection of women by making favourable decisions. In the Shah Bano
case, it overturned the personal law that forbade Muslim women from
receiving maintenance and brought Muslim women under the purview of
section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code. In a similar vein, the Hon'ble
Supreme Court of India ruled in Shabana Bhanu v. Imran Khan that Muslim
women who have been divorced are still eligible to receive maintenance
from their ex-husbands under Section 125 of the Indian Penal Code as long
as they do not remarry.
Father and mother are given equal standing as a minor's guardians
under the Supreme Court's interpretation of Section 6(a) of the Hindu
Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956, and Section 19(b) of the Guardians
and Wards Act, 1890. Women's right to the Stridhana was maintained by
the Supreme Court in Prathibha Rani v. Suraj Kumar. Regarding Saveetha
Samvedhi the Supreme Court ruled that a married daughter may live with
her parents. The Indian judiciary's favourable interpretation gives the idea
of women's empowerment and freedom new dimensions.
Rape is a violation of the right to privacy, according to the Supreme Court
in State of Punjab v. Gurmit Singh. Further, the Supreme Court noted that
rape violated both the basic rights to life and liberty provided by Article 21
of the Indian Constitution and was a criminal offence as well. In Delhi
Domestic Working Women's Forum v. Union of India, the Supreme Court
recommended creating a section for compensating rape victims at the time
the individual found guilty of rape is sentenced to prison. The court
recommended that if childbirth happens as a consequence of rape, the
Criminal Injuries Compensation Board or the court should compensate the
victims for their suffering, agony, and shock as well as for any lost wages
resulting from pregnancy and childbirth costs.
In the Bachpan Bachoe Andolan case, the Hon'ble Supreme Court
finally defined the term "missing children" as "a person under the age of
eighteen whose whereabouts are not known to the parents, legal guardians,
and any other person, who may be legally entrusted with the custody of the
child, whatever may be the circumstances/causes of disappearance." This
definition aims to protect children, especially girl children. Until found
and/or his/her safety and well-being are confirmed, the kid will be
regarded as missing and in need of care and protection under the latter
portion of the Juvenile Act. It mandates the mandatory registration of all
cases of missing children by police with the presumption that they are
victims of kidnapping and trafficking, the development of standard
operating procedures in all Indian states to handle such cases, the
appointment and training of Special Child Welfare Officers at each police
station to handle cases involving missing children, and the maintenance by
the Ministry of Home Affairs of records pertaining to all missing and traced
children.
The discussion would be strengthened by citing the Conference of
Chief Justices of States, where it was decided that the Chief Justice would
take action to expedite cases involving crimes against women, children,
people with disabilities, senior citizens, and members of the
underprivileged sections of society, as well as giving these cases priority in
the High Court in accordance with the decision made by the Hon'ble the
Chief Justice of India. In accordance with the letter of January 5, 2013, the
Chief Justice will take the necessary action. The Hon. Chief Justice of India
argued in favour of creating Fast track Courts to handle cases against
women only when required.
 As a result, the Indian court's ruling demonstrates the judiciary's
proactive role in protecting women from exploitation at a time when laws
are ineffective owing to inadequate infrastructure. The judicial endeavour
to safeguard women and girls has improved the status of women in society.

GENDER SENSITIZATION: NEED OF THE HOUR

The judiciary has a dual responsibility for safeguarding women and young
girls. First, the judiciary is responsible for interpreting and carrying out the
laws. A judge is a participant in a real-life drama in which actual people are
acting out the legislative branch's script. The parties' critical assessments
of the laws may lean political; but, a judge may make an accurate and
realistic assessment of the laws and determine with authority any
implementation issues or gaps in the law. Second, and more importantly, a
judge who lacks the necessary sensitivity when administering the law may
fail to achieve the goals that the finest laws were intended to pursue.
However, one issue must be kept in mind quite explicitly, namely the
judiciary's responsibility in the upholding of gender justice. Justice V.R.
Krishna Iyer claims,
"case-law, creative, imaginative and gender-friendly, has its logic and
limitation. Judges cannot make law but only interpret it and decide specific
cases and controversies within defined bounds although in that process
they do make law interstitially. But legislation is essentially a wider
function covering vaster spaces and free to weave fabrics of fundamental
mutation. So it is substantive codification, radical in transformation of the
social order, that we need, an avant-garde operation Parliament must
perform. Magnificently as the judiciary has acted, they have not and could
not usurp legislative functions."
Judges cannot be accused of gender unfairness, as evidenced by landmark
decisions made by the Indian judiciary. They have displayed the necessary
delicacy required of them. All that can be argued, though, is that judicial
training is necessary to institutionalise such sensitivity because it is a
personal trait.
To achieve gender fairness, judges should keep the following guidelines in
mind:
1. The judge must be aware of the historical and cultural context in
which the women have lived throughout time, as well as their
sentiments and the demands of their class;
2. The judge must strike a balance in his handling of any gender-related
matter or if a woman is victim in order to ensure that the weaker are
not only treated as equals but also feel confidence that they are
equals, as women are the weaker parts of society;
3. When women appear in court as victims or as those seeking justice,
they must be treated with respect and dignity, and the conduct,
behaviour, and philosophy of the judge must inspire trust in them;
4. Women should not be subjected to harassment, and judges should
refrain from acting in any way that can be seen as harassment of a
woman; and
5. A woman victim should be given rapid, efficient, affordable, and
effective justice that is true to its intent.
6. While testifying in court, women should be treated with respect and
politeness. Anyone in or near the courtroom who makes a remark,
makes a gesture, or does anything else that would damage the
women's confidence is to be severely restrained.
7. The courtroom takes great effort to prevent gender prejudice, and
this protection should be extended to every female present or
appearing in court, whether as a staff member, party, witness, or
member of the legal profession. The court should make it quite clear
that any conduct unworthy of a woman's dignity will not be
permitted.
8. The start of court procedures involving women must be on time, and
they must be conducted smoothly and quickly in order to be
completed as quickly as possible and prevent the need for women to
appear in court many times.
9. Under the direction of the presiding judge, the questioning and cross-
examination of female witnesses, in particular in situations involving
violence against women, should be done with such care and caution
as to minimise prolixity and any harassment of the witness.
10. The female members of the bar need to be encouraged to pursue
careers in law, maybe by giving them responsibilities as Court
Commissioners to conduct inspections and record witness
testimony.
 11.In order to ensure that female attorneys have more impactful court
appearances, legal assistance work and amicus curiae papers may be
assigned to them first.
12. Priority should be given to crimes against women so that a final
decision may be made quickly and justice is not thwarted by
delays. Fast monitoring of cases involving discrimination against
women, children, the elderly, people with disabilities, and other
underrepresented groups in society

CONCLUSION
Justice An brilliant modern jurist named Michael Kirby highlighted the
significance of judicial independence in the following remarks:
"In a pluralist society judges are the essential equalizers. They serve no
majority; not any minority either. Their duty is to the law and to justice.
They do not bend the knee to governments, to particular religions, to the
military, to money, to tabloid media or the screaming mob. In upholding
law and justice, judges have a vital function in a pluralist society to make
sure that diversity is respected and the rights of all protected."
It would also be appropriate to cite Justice Leila Seth, an accomplished
female jurist who served as Chief Justice of a High Court:
Can a woman receive fair justice from a man, then? Alternately, can a
woman administer fair justice to a man? The answer to both questions is
"Yes". But judges must master the language of equality, maintain
objectivity, attempt to alternatively put themselves in the shoes of the two
parties involved in a dispute, understand the issue, and render an unbiased
judgement. Although lengthy, this process of acquiring the language of
equality must be supported. Otherwise, there won't be any justice or
equality. We must learn the language of equality as we enter a new century
with the hope and desire to end injustice, just as one learns a new language
when moving to a new country.
Last but not least, we'll close with a wise statement made by Justice
R.C. Lohati, who correctly observed that the problem of gender inequity
shouldn't be seen as a conflict between the sexes. In the past, when there
was no awareness of gender inequity in society, women's animosity was
understandable. Today, however, women should complement one another
rather than compete on the basis of views that may not be true or may not
even exist. Integrity, interdependence, and respect form the foundation of
societal ties. They are not founded on contracts but rather a strong organic
coherence. While it is true that the male sex is frequently held responsible
for gender injustice, it cannot be denied that the male sex also experiences
gender injustice first hand and is distressed when it occurs to one of his
mother, daughters, sisters, or wives. Therefore, a shift in mindset is
required for increased social awareness and sensitization, which fosters
gender equality rather than rivalry.
BIBILIOGRAPHY
 http://shodh.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4039
/3/03_liteature%20review.pdf
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328485461_A_Literature
_Review_of_Women_Empowerment_and_Development_in_Zimbabwe
_A_look_at_New_Insights_and_Perspectives
 https://www.oecd.org/social/gender-development/38788905.pdf
 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3635613
 https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Events/WH
RD/WomenRightsAreHR.pdf