UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION
ENGINEERING COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Object Orienting Programming
(Java)
Lab Manual No 8
Dated:
20 March, 2024 to 23rd March, 2024
th
Semester:
2024
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UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION
ENGINEERING COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Exception Handling in Java:
The exception handling in java is one of the powerful mechanism to handle the runtime errors so that
normal flow of the application can be maintained. Exception is an abnormal condition. In java, exception is
an event that disrupts the normal flow of the program. It is an object which is thrown at runtime.
What is exception handling
Exception Handling is a mechanism to handle runtime errors such as ClassNotFound, IO, SQL, Remote etc.
Advantage of Exception Handling
The core advantage of exception handling is to maintain the normal flow of the application. Exception
normally disrupts the normal flow of the application that is why we use exception handling. Let's take a
scenario:
14 statement 1;
15 statement 2;
16 statement 3;
17 statement 4;
18 statement 5;//exception occurs
19 statement 6;
20 statement 7;
21 statement 8;
22 statement 9;
23 statement 10;
Suppose there is 10 statements in your program and there occurs an exception at statement 5, rest of the
code will not be executed i.e. statement 6 to 10 will not run. If we perform exception handling, rest of the
statement will be executed. That is why we use exception handling in java.
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FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION
ENGINEERING COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Hierarchy of Java Exception classes
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FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION
ENGINEERING COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Types of Exception
There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked where error is considered as
unchecked exception. The sun microsystem says there are three types of exceptions:
6 Checked Exception
7 Unchecked Exception
8 Error
Difference between checked and unchecked exceptions
4 Checked Exception
The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are known as checked
exceptions e.g.IOException, SQLException etc. Checked exceptions are checked at compile-time.
E Unchecked Exception
The classes that extend RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions e.g. ArithmeticException,
NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException etc. Unchecked exceptions are not checked at
compile-time rather they are checked at runtime.
7. Error
Error is irrecoverable e.g. OutOfMemoryError, VirtualMachineError, AssertionError etc.
Common scenarios where exceptions may occur
There are given some scenarios where unchecked exceptions can occur. They are as follows:
7. Scenario where ArithmeticException occurs
If we divide any number by zero, there occurs an ArithmeticException.
// int a=50/0;//ArithmeticException
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FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION
ENGINEERING COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
// Scenario where NullPointerException occurs
If we have null value in any variable, performing any operation by the variable occurs an
NullPointerException.
c) String s=null;
d) System.out.println(s.length());//NullPointerException
3) Scenario where NumberFormatException occurs
The wrong formatting of any value, may occur NumberFormatException. Suppose I have a string variable
that have characters, converting this variable into digit will occur NumberFormatException.
B String s="abc";
C int i=Integer.parseInt(s);//NumberFormatException
4) Scenario where ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException occurs
If you are inserting any value in the wrong index, it would result ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException as
shown below:
e) int a[]=new int[5];
f) a[10]=50; //ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
Java Exception Handling Keywords
There are 5 keywords used in java exception handling.
g) try
h) catch
i) finally
j) throw
k) throws
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UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION
ENGINEERING COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Java try-catch
Java try block
Java try block is used to enclose the code that might throw an exception. It must be used within the
method. Java try block must be followed by either catch or finally block.
Syntax of java try-catch
try{
//code that may throw exception
}catch(Exception_class_Name ref){}
Syntax of try-finally block
try{
//code that may throw exception
}finally{}
Java catch block
Java catch block is used to handle the Exception. It must be used after the try block only. You can use
multiple catch block with a single try.
public class ExceptionHandlingEx01 {
public static void main(String args[]){
int data=50/0;//may throw exception
System.out.println("rest of the code...");
}
}
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FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION
ENGINEERING COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Output:
Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:/ by zero
As displayed in the above example, rest of the code is not executed (in such case, rest of the code...
statement is not printed).
There can be 100 lines of code after exception. So all the code after exception will not be executed.
Solution by exception handling
Let's see the solution of above problem by java try-catch block.
public class ExceptionHandlingEx01 {
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
int data=50/0;
}catch(ArithmeticException e){System.out.println(e);}
System.out.println("rest of the code...");
}
Output
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
rest of the code...
Now, as displayed in the above example, rest of the code is executed i.e. rest of the code...
statement is printed.
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FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION
ENGINEERING COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Internal working of java try-catch block
The JVM firstly checks whether the exception is handled or not. If exception is not handled, JVM
provides a default exception handler that performs the following tasks:
c) Prints out exception description.
c) Prints the stack trace (Hierarchy of methods where the exception occurred).
g) Causes the program to terminate.
But if exception is handled by the application programmer, normal flow of the application is maintained
i.e. rest of the code is executed.
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FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION
ENGINEERING COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Java catch multiple exceptions
Java Multi catch block
If you have to perform different tasks at the occurrence of different Exceptions, use java multi catch
block.
Let's see a simple example of java multi-catch block.
public class ExceptionHandlingEx01 {
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
int a[]=new int[5];
a[5]=30/0;
}
catch(ArithmeticException e){
System.out.println("task1 is completed");
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){
System.out.println("task 2 completed");
}
catch(Exception e){
System.out.println("common task completed");
}
System.out.println("rest of the code...");
}
Rule: At a time only one Exception is occured and at a time only one catch block is executed.
Rule: All catch blocks must be ordered from most specific to most general i.e. catch for
ArithmeticException must come before catch for Exception .
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FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION
ENGINEERING COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Java Nested try block
The try block within a try block is known as nested try block in java.
Why use nested try block
Sometimes a situation may arise where a part of a block may cause one error and the entire block itself
may cause another error. In such cases, exception handlers have to be nested.
Syntax:
...
try
{
statement 1;
statement 2;
try
{
statement 1;
statement 2;
}
catch(Exception e)
{
}
}
catch(Exception e)
{
}
...
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FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION
ENGINEERING COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Java nested try example
class Excep6{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
try{
System.out.println("going to divide");
int b =39/0;
}catch(ArithmeticException e){System.out.println(e);}
try{
int a[]=new int[5];
a[5]=4;
}catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){System.out.println(e);}
System.out.println("other statement");
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println("handeled");}
System.out.println("normal flow..");
}
}
Output:
going to divide
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 5
other statement
normal flow..
Java finally block
Java finally block is a block that is used to execute important code such as closing connection, stream
etc.
Java finally block is always executed whether exception is handled or not.
Java finally block follows try or catch block.
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FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION
ENGINEERING COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Note: If you don't handle exception, before terminating the program, JVM executes finally
block(if any).
Why use java finally
h) Finally block in java can be used to put "cleanup" code such as closing a file, closing connection
etc.
Usage of Java finally
Let's see the different cases where java finally block can be used.
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FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION
ENGINEERING COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
public class TestFinalBlock {
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
int data=25/5;
System.out.println(data);
}
catch(NullPointerException e){
System.out.println(e);
}
finally{
System.out.println("finally block is always executed");
}
System.out.println("rest of the code...");
}
}
Output:
5
finally block is always executed
rest of the code...
Case 2
Let's see the java finally example where exception occurs and not handled.
public class TestFinalBlock {
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
int data=25/0;
System.out.println(data);
}
catch(NullPointerException e){System.out.println(e);}
finally{System.out.println("finally block is always
executed");}
System.out.println("rest of the code...");
}
}
Output:
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FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION
ENGINEERING COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Exception in thread "main" finally block is always
executed java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
at TestFinalBlock.main(TestFinalBlock.java:6)
Case 3
Let's see the java finally example where exception occurs and handled.
public class TestFinallyBlock2{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
int data=25/0;
System.out.println(data);
}
catch(ArithmeticException e){System.out.println(e);}
finally{System.out.println("finally block is always executed");}
System.out.println("rest of the code...");
}
}
Rule: For each try block there can be zero or more catch blocks, but only one finally block.
Note: The finally block will not be executed if program exits(either by calling System.exit() or
by causing a fatal error that causes the process to abort).
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FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION
ENGINEERING COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Java throw exception
Java throw keyword
The Java throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception.
We can throw either checked or uncheked exception in java by throw keyword. The throw keyword is
mainly used to throw custom exception. We will see custom exceptions later.
The syntax of java throw keyword is given below.
throw exception;
Let's see the example of throw IOException.
throw new IOException("sorry device error);
java throw keyword example
In this example, we have created the validate method that takes integer value as a parameter. If the age
is less than 18, we are throwing the ArithmeticException otherwise print a message welcome to vote.
public class TestThrow{
static void validate(int age){
if(age<18)
throw new ArithmeticException("not valid");
else
System.out.println("welcome to vote");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
validate(13);
System.out.println("rest of the code...");
}
}
Output: Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException: not valid at
TestThrow.validate(TestThrow.java:4)
at TestThrow.main(TestThrow.java:9)
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FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION
ENGINEERING COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Assertion:
Assertion is a statement in java. It can be used to test your assumptions about the program.
While executing assertion, it is believed to be true. If it fails, JVM will throw an error named AssertionError.
A Java assertion is a language feature we use to detect logical errors in a program. It is mainly used for
testing purpose.
Advantage of Assertion:
It provides an effective way to detect and correct programming errors.
Syntax of using Assertion :
There are two ways to use assertion. First way is:
c) assert expression;
d) assert expression1 : expression2;
Simple Example of Assertion in java:
import java.util.Scanner;
class AssertionExample{
public static void main( String args[] ){
Scanner scanner = new Scanner( System.in );
System.out.print("Enter ur age ");
int value = scanner.nextInt();
assert value>=18:" Not valid";
System.out.println("value is "+value);
}
}
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FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION
ENGINEERING COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
For Enabling Assertion in Eclipse Neon
To be specific:
d) Go to Run->run configuration
e) select java application in left nav pan.
f) right click and select New.
g) select Arguments tab
h) Add -ea in VM arguments.
Lab Task
Chapter 08 Solve the Exercise.
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