100%(5)100% found this document useful (5 votes) 24K views11 pagesBody Fluids and Circulation (Handwritten)
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content,
claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
BODY FLUIDS
Transportation + respiratory gases , nutrients, minerals /electrolytes , water, waste ony
hormanes etc.
Unicellular organisms :
ytoplasmic streaming
Plants Conducting system / vascular bundle.
Animals ~ Circulatory system Blood (medium)
Dies vessels( track)
Heart Cpom ping organ)
[Blood Groves a)
Antigen —> foreign particle
Parties that ‘rigger antibody formation”
(chemically = proteins , glycoproteins , carbohydrates and lipids )
Antibodies —> proteins formed against antigens Cimmunoglobulins)
Antibodies bind 4o their complimentary antigens and destroy them.
Antigen: present on membrane of RBCs Antibodies : Anti A” antibodies
| Glycoproteins Anti ©” antibodies
Wee A and 8 In blood plasma —> Protein
Blood groups: A,B, AB, O
On the presence oR absence of antigens
Blood grove Antigen Antibody Donates to Recieves Frory,
& anti-B A ond A A ond 0
ws 3
Anti-A
@e) po @ and AB 8 and O
i
' ABs Age - AB A, 8, AB,O
ANK-a >—
6) oO ani-8 — | A, 6,A8,0 re i
“gules There will be always the opposite antibody in blood plasma to antigen on RBC
(same antigen and antibody are not present in blood). |
Framer and antibodies of same kind clump/agglutinate together and block the
capillaries.
antigen —_RH Con plasma membrane of RBCs)
L rhesus monkey (Ist discovered)
Antibody: Ant Rh (In plasma, formed after exposure)
good gtooP * oo from
eh positive —> Rh antigen present Rh +ve, Rh -ve
donates ~ - Rh+ve
Rh negative —> Rh antigen absent Sarat fen |
Bh -ve |
+ve h -ve 4
donates % ae
|
universal vedept + AB +ve
universal donar: 0 -ve
kn is a dominant character.
Rh-incompatibility / Homolyke diseases
ol Rh tve
of newbom ( erythipblastosiss:eDera\is> Rh ve:
e 6 ae
Mother Father
foetus
elievery
Placenta breakdown
v
Some foetal RBCs (+ve) goes into maternal blood.
mothers blood is exposed to Rh antigen and forms antikh antibodies .
In subsiqpent pregnandes, antikh antibody will cross placenta. and cause destruction
oF foetal erythroblasts.
Anemia, Jaundice, Death.
Antigen and antibodies of complimentary nature vind and cause agglutination of RECS
ausing blockage of blood vessels and ultimately death of vecipent .
fhoqam —> anki-Rh antibody (administered to mother after delvevy). occurs at the site of injuries for repairing and stopping tg
blood.
cascade (series) of reactions
IS diferent dotting octors ore responsible or this series oF veog.,
named in yoman numbers. $
Exposed thrombocytes + ‘traumatised cells
Tromboplastin (1)
co**(1v)
Thromookinase / Prothrombinase
| att
Thrombinogen / Prothrombin —————> thrombin
)
Fibvinsgen (1) —————>_ Fibrin
| Csobles (insoluble)
| L
Polymerised
darnaged i
RECs fiorous network (fine pore size)
coagulum / blood dot / <—___—.
Sum Fibrin network
chilate ore used for chelating Gt in blood btnks to prevent clotting of donated blood .
tubes that carry blood towards or away fom heart.
types —> arteries Caway from heart)
veins (towards heart) Artery
wpillaries (finest, for exchange)
Artertale,
tunica externa. capillaries
nica. media: ‘ i
@ oy 2
tunica intima,
Valves, Veins
Jumen Veh
Aitery oe
tunica externa : fibrous connective +tssve (collagenous)
unico, media: smooth muscles + elastic fibres, Q~ intima
tunica intima: simple sqpamous epithelium (endothélium)
Capillary Garren Arteries veins
Away from heart fowards heart
Teen CHeart ——> pody) (Body ——> Heart)
eof blood Oxygenated blood (except deoxygenated blood ( except
np pulmonary arteries) pulmonary vein).
wall thickness 4hick Cunica media) thin (tunica media)
jumen sixe narrow wide.
volves absent present
Pessure, high low
volume tess (167) more (647) ~
deep” seated coperfcial
location
Types _of circulatory system
[open ciruitatory eystern Closed arovlatory system
= Blood flows in dosed circulation formed by
arteries, capillaries and veins.
“Good pumped by heart gets Heart
(Rv) (La)
di) systemic cireauit ?
Heart —°S_, gody PS > Heart
do not cause mixing oF cov) Aorta” SPY Vena cave, “°CaA)
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood .
juman Heart”
In mediastinum ( between two lungs)
StighHly Hlted
Clenched 4st size
250- 300g weight visceral
a ees CPoricardio! -uid): lubricant, shock absorber
Pericardiv
(membranous) Parietal pe 4 namo ee
yee
myogenic heart —> autoexatable cells of heart
create message for contraction.
(Produce their own message of contraction )
a specialised musculature known as nodal tssue that can generate action potential
gr ienpulse-
[— Epicardium + outermost ; connective tissue
neark wall * 3 layers—}—> Myocardium: middle ; cardiac muscle
L—> endocardium : innermost ; simple sq: eqithelium (endothelium)
seperior vera, ove —I]
interior vena, cv
sricuspid valve |
euimonary artery
Aorta.
Pulmonary vein
|_sicuspid / Mitral valve
— puriculo- ventricular septum
}aortic valve (semilunar)
monary value chordae Atndinae
polmo
(cemilunar)
| interventricular septum
papillary muscles
wall between auricles
+ interauricular septum
Wall between ventricles
+ interventricular septum
wall belween qurides and vertricles
+ avriwlo- ventricular septum .
Vowes + prevent backward flow of blood
(maintains unidivedional #ow of blood )
UW) Aoriwlor- Ventricular valve: bekween aurides and ventrides.
@D ® Bicuspid valve ( Between (ert and left ventride )
Teicuspid valve (eetween. vight ovride, and ight ventricles)
) svc vave — havarsian valve
Wo valve —+ eustochion valve
Coronary sinus —+ thebasian valve
© seriilonar valve: Puimonary valve ( Between pulmonary artery and ‘ight ventricle)
portic valve ( @etween aorta and let ventride)
Ghordae Tindinae : collagenous thread that holds Av- valve
‘on walt on ventrides
ataches with chordae tendinae
Papillary musdes +
Glumnae carnae + otding of ventricular” wall
(inner) J Right pulmonary artery >
Aortic arch
leet pulmonary artery
Superior vena cava.
(Harvasian valve) lett pulmonary vein
pulmonary trunk
leet atrium
Bicuspid valve / mitral vaive
Right pulmonary
veins
chordae tendinae
coronary sinus
(thebasian valyey Papillary musdes
interventricular septum
inferior vena cava.
(eustochian vatve)
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Tricuspid
valve
}-——— porsal aorta
ati wale + Semilunar valve,
e.
| Nida HSSHETSE NeSHE a
Sino atrial node- AV bundle.
| Bundle of His otis fy —
righ. Pt
Atrio ventricul ;
ieee Porkinje Fores
Bundle of specialised musdes in teart wall that are —
—— autoexcitable (without any external stimulus)
—> generate adkion potential!
are known as Nodal tissues.
* SA node is one sudi modal tissue with 40-75 AP/min capacity.
CHighest capacity ; Known as pacemaker),
* After everg 0-8 se. cA node generates action potential .
SA node —+ right upper comer of right atrium towards sinus
AV node — left lower corner o€ right atrium
Av bundle — In atrio ventriwlar septum.
Bundle of His —> In interventricular septum
Purkinje fires —> wall of ventricles ,
se conduction +
Process of imopu oe
Coes SA node genrate achon potential /impulse
L
impulse from SA node spreads in wall of aurides
+
contraction of auricles ( Wood gets pushed in ventricles from avrides)
¥
Some impulse is.also recieved by AV node
\
Passed to AV bundle
+
passed to bundle of His
+
passed to purkinje fibres
4
Watt of ventrides
Ventride contracts ( Blood fs pumped into arteries).
Maria sae
qyde of events by which heart vecieves and pumps blood.
uration = 0-8 see
az times / min —> Heart / cardiac Yate
contraction + Systole Relaxation + Diastole.
___ Avrieular systole
Joint dias!
iat aigétele * puricvlar wall contracted
eHeart wall + relaxed on), « ventricular wall» relaxed
+ Pressure decrease ce it
Pressure in aurides T i
ae Ghan ventricles)
volume incase. 3) volume in aurides ¥
z : see ry
+ filling of heart (passively) see }* valve condition
307 filling of ventricles AV— open
Lt
stv > dosed
* valve condition +
Av— ofen + elood gets pumped
sy — dosed oo ea
* sve ee
IVC ——> REA — REV + Boy filing oF ventricles.
os.
ventiitular systole
spuride wall — Relaxed
+ ventricular wall —> Contracted
+ ress+in ventrides T
volume w» ventricles
MEY
yp Gran ao rides )
+ valve condition *
‘av —dosed
Sty — open
* glood gets pumped RV—* pul: artery Clungs)
lv aorta Cody)
Volume o€ blood pumped by each venivide = stvake, volume: C70 mt)
“Volume of blood pumped by heart per minute = Cardiac output = SVX HR = AOXAZ MI/ SL 7
Ventricular diastole = 0-5 sec Heart sounds heard by stethoscope
huriular diastole = 0-# sec
Is sound —s we sound —. longer duration, tow pitch —dosure of AV valve ; q
t . ‘SL valve
2nd sound —+ Du6 sound —> chorter duration , high pitch — closure oF
Regulation of heart ockvity:
\
Normal activities of heart are autoregulated / intrinsicolly. ic heart
vegulated by specialised musdes known as nodal +issue —* myogen .
Sy avtonomic nervous system (centres located in medulla)
Sympathetic component of ANS: Heart rote T
(Adrenaline eevrotransimiter) strength of contrackon T
£ coceardiac output) t
farasympatheic component of ANS : Heart vale J
(Acetylcholine neurotransmitter) Speed of action potential J
cardiac output Y
Adrenal medulla (during emergency )
Adrenaline hormone (catecholamines >
& Nor-adrenaline.
t
Heart- vote T
Cardiac output T
| Electrocordiogram —(ec@)
(Fis the graphical representation of eledrical signals (action potentials)
tn heart wall
during a cardiac cyde.
is obtained by a device called — Electrocardiograph
Normal, Standard €CG — Right wrist
Wee wrist
leet ankle.
Grom:
fs s
P-curve: Auricular depolarisation / Electrical excitation
(Avrvicular systole — contraction of both the atria.)
QRS wre: ventricular depolarisation
(stort of ventricular systole)
T cue: Ventriuar ‘polarisation (end of ventricular systole)
Ghd of T-wave marks the end of syslole, ee ae
pepisorders D
vee7nt000- condition of frequent rise of blood pressure
Blood pressure —> pressure exerted by blood on the wall of its vessels,
value» 120/80
ventricular systole —+ systolic pressure = 120 mmHg.
ventricular diastole —* diastotic pressure = 80 ma Hy,
measured by —+ Sphyginomanomeker:
A continuous / regular mise oF blood pressure (-e: [40/90 values B a lies!
ie effects vital organs like kidney, hearé, Brain eyes.
Jyle dis brder.
ressure* SP —DP = 40 mig.
pulse?
Blockage, oF, coronary arte ies due to deposition of fats, cholesterol ,
calcium,
‘Also ers aS athervschlerosis.. 7 »
scab leads t0 myocardial ischemia ( low supply of blood “0 heart muscles),
salts, bres.
Myocardial infarction ((qearemattae® — sudden damage to heart
muscles dve to inadequete
t Supply of blood ). |
Acute chest pain’)
Hearé tails to pump blood suéficlentty (4 Cardiac output) j
can occur due to —> congestion in lungs (congestive heart failivre) |
|
= * i
weakening of nodal tissue ees by bse be
— plockage of nodal connections} artificial pacemaker,
carataerar
stoppage oF heart.
yenph —+ lymphatic capillarfes
components, Crean vessels —}— lymphatic. vessels.
lymphoid organs Lo tymphatic duds. i (
Primary: ymphooyte
Gone marrow and thymus .
production and maturation occurs.
Secondary * Greakdown of pathogens
i spleen , lymph noiles , tonsils , GALT , MALT.
mph iS @ colourless uid with same mineral concentration as tn blood plas
be, MANLY comps of lymph and tymphowyles- oe Blood capillary
2d
Qe tissue fluid /ICS
O Oo. oO om of Hssue
Billo
tymph capillary —> afferent LV: — lymph nodes — efferent LU: —> Right lymph duck
Supertor .<—— sub-davian vein/ <— left lyrnph duct
Weta eye. Jugular vein Ghoracic duct)
| rarer wlatioi 7) sormed by portal veins
portal veins hos veins that has capillaries, on both of its ends.
copillaries S copillaries
Portal vein
Hpephysept Hypothalmic artery
: Bypophyseal portal vein
Hepatic portal vein
Cintestinal vein)
carries hypothalamic hormones
carries toxins and food to © pitutary direcHy,
liver for their deposition in
liver only.
Toxins —> detoxification
Glucose —> storage -
