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5.3 Weather and climate
5.3 Weather and climate
Exercise 5.3A Words and meanings
Focus
In this exercise, you will match words with their meanings.
Use a ruler to draw lines to match the words about weather with
their meanings.
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temperature rain, hail or snow which falls from clouds
humidity
precipitation
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the layer of gas around the Earth
the study of weather
visibility how hot it is
how far you can see, it depends on the
atmosphere
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atmospheric conditions or darkness
how much water vapour there is in the
meteorology
atmosphere
Exercise 5.3B Weather or climate?
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Practice
In this exercise, you will explain the difference between weather and
climate and look at different climate zones.
1 Explain the difference between weather and climate.
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2 On this map, mark and label the polar zone.
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3
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Describe the climate in the polar zone.
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4 On the map in question 2, mark and label the tropical zone.
5 Describe the climate in the tropical zone.
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6 Why do meteorologists record the weather in so much detail?
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5 Structure of materials
Exercise 5.4B Soil cores
Practice
This exercise will give you practice in explaining the use of soil cores.
1 The core of peat has been removed from a bog. Scientists will study
the pollen found in the core.
The end nearer to the left of the picture is from the top of the bog.
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a Is the oldest peat from the top or the bottom of the bog?
b
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Why has the plant material, including pollen, not rotted in the
peat bog?
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c What are the scientists hoping to find out by studying the
pollen found in the core?
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2 a A scientist studies a core that is 956 cm deep. Between 956 cm
and 804 cm and between 490 cm and 250 cm she finds pollen
from plants that live in cold regions. What are these
periods called?
b In the rest of the core she finds pollen from plants that only
live in warmer climates. What are these periods called?
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5.4 Climate and ice ages
Exercise 5.4C Climate cycles
Challenge
This exercise will give you practice in interpreting information from
a graph.
The diagram shows the average temperature on Earth over the past
450 000 years.
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5
0
Temperature at a site
a little North of the
South Pole in °C
-5
-10
PL
400 000 300 000 200 000 100 000 today
Years ago
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1 Label the glacial and interglacial periods on the graph.
2 How long ago did the last glacial period begin? How long did it last?
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3 Describe the temperatures in an interglacial period.
4 What happens to living organisms when the temperatures are well
below freezing for a long time?
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5 Describe the pattern of glacial and interglacial periods over the last
450 000 years.
6 What evidence do we have that the Earth was colder in the past?
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5.5 Atmosphere and
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climate
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Exercise 5.5A Our atmosphere
Focus
In this exercise, you will choose words to complete the paragraphs about
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our atmosphere.
Use the terms here to complete the paragraphs. You may use each term
once, more than once or not at all.
Venus fossil fuels locked up carbonates gases
fall carbon rise nitrogen water vapour
carbon dioxide oceans oxygen photosynthesis
atmosphere volcanoes limestone
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5.5 Atmosphere and climate
In the first billion years after the Earth formed there were lots of
These produced , which made up the atmosphere.
The that was produced condensed, to form lakes
and. .
The early atmosphere was mainly made up of gas.
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There was little or no gas.
This is like the atmosphere of the planet today.
Over billions of years the
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As plants began to grow on Earth, they used up the carbon dioxide gas
and produced food by the process of .
in the carbon dioxide
gas became as such as oil
and coal and as in sedimentary rocks such as
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.
This caused the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to
.
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5 Structure of materials
Exercise 5.5B Changes in the
atmosphere
Practice
In this exercise, you will use information presented on a graph to
answer questions.
80
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60
Percentage of
carbon dioxide in 40
Earth’s atmosphere
20
0
4500
0.04
4000 3500
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3000 2500 2000 1500
Time (millions of years ago)
1000 500 present
0.03
Percentage of
carbon dioxide in 0.02
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Earth’s atmosphere
0.01
0
450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 present
Time (years ago)
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1 What was the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
4500 million years ago?
2 What was the percentage of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere 3500 million years ago?
3 What is the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today?
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5.5 Atmosphere and climate
4 Describe the changes in the percentage of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere from 4500 to 1500 million years ago.
Explain why that happened.
5 What has happened to the levels of carbon dioxide in the
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atmosphere over the past 200 years?
Why do you think this has happened?
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Exercise 5.5C Evidence
Challenge
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In this exercise, you will identify the evidence that scientists have for
changes in the atmosphere and global warming. You will discuss the
reliability of this evidence.
You will need to do some research in order to answer these questions.
Make sure you know where the evidence comes from so that you can
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decide how reliable the information is.
1 What evidence is there that the atmosphere has changed over time?
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2 What evidence is there to support the idea of global warming?
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PL
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3 Why do you think that the records of the temperatures on Earth
taken over the past 100 or so years are more reliable than evidence
from earlier times?
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