DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION (REVIEWER)

CHAPTER 1: DISASTER AND ▪ Geological

DISASTER RISK ▪ Meteorological

▪ Hydrometeorological
DISASTER – “ a sudden, calamitous event, ▪ Biological
bringing great damage, loss, destruction, and
B. MAN-MADE DISASTERS – these disasters
devastation to life and property” – (Asian Disaster

Preparedness Center- ADPC 2012) occur due to people’s actions against human,
material and environment.
– “a serious disruption of the functioning
of society, causing widespread human, material ▪ Transport accidents
or environmental losses, which exceed the ▪ Industrial accidents
ability of the affected people to cope, using their ▪ Terrorism
human resources” – (Adelman, 2011 UNISDR)

– “an unforeseen event that causes

EFFECTS OF DISASTER
great damage, destruction and human suffering,
which overwhelms local capacity, necessitating ▪ Primary Effects
a national or international level assistance” – ▪ Secondary Effects
(Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters)
▪ Tertiary Effects

A. PRIMARY EFFECTS – are direct situations

RISK – “the combination of the probability of an
arising from the disaster itself.
event and its negative consequences”
Ex. Flooding, destruction of houses, damage to
DISASTER RISK – refers to the potential
property, loss of life
disaster losses, in lives, health, status,
livelihoods, assets, and services which could B. SECONDARY EFFECTS – are situations

occur in a community or society over some resulting from primary effects

specified future time period. Ex. Disruption of electrical and water services

HAZARD – a dangerous phenomenon, C. TERTIARY EFFECTS – are those that are

substance, human activity, or condition that may not experienced while a disaster is taking place
cause loss of life, injury or other negative health but can be felt sometime after the disaster had
impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods occurred.
and services, social and economic disruption or
– may also develop from primary and
environmental damage.
secondary effects that have become permanent
and may change a natural process in the
community.
NATURE OF DISASTERS
Ex. Changes in the landscape and natural
➢ Natural Disasters
features. Changes in the location of the village’s
➢ Man-made Disasters
river channel as a result of flooding, leaving the
A. NATURAL DISASTERS - these originate old channel dry.
from the different “forces” of nature such as
earthquakes, typhoon, flood, storm surge,
volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, tornados, and RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING
extreme temperatures. DISASTERS
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▪ Severity of Exposure ▪ Socio-cultural Perspective

▪ Gender and Family ▪ Economic Perspective

▪ Age ▪ Political Perspective

▪ Low or Negative Social Support ▪ Biological Perspective

▪ Environmental Perspective
▪ Developing Countries
PHYSICAL PERSPECTIVE. Disaster is defined
FACTORS WHICH UNDERLIE
as a phenomenon that can cause damage to
DISASTERS:
physical elements such as buildings,
▪ Climate Change infrastructures, including people and their
▪ Environmental Degradation properties.
▪ Globalized Economic Development
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE. Disasters
▪ Poverty and Inequality
can cause serious mental health consequences
▪ Poorly planned and Managed Urban
for victims. Victims of disasters may suffer from
Development
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and a
▪ Weak Governance
variety of other disorders and symptoms which
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HAZARD have been less investigated.

AND DISASTER ▪ In psychological context a disaster is

regarded as an occurrence involving an
A hazard is a dangerous situation or event that
unexpected or uncontrollable event
carries a threat to humans, while disaster is an
rather than a long- term experience.
event that harms humans and disrupts the
operations of society. Hazards can only be Other Psychological Effects of Disaster:
considered as disasters once it affected
▪ Emotional Effects
humans.
▪ Cognitive Effects
▪ An event, either human- made or natural, ▪ Physical Effects
becomes a disaster when it is sudden or ▪ Interpersonal Effects
progressive, causing widespread
SOCIO-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE. A
human, material or environmental
disaster is analyzed based on how people
losses.
respond having as parameter their social
conditions and cultural settings.
EFFECTS OF DISASTER ON HUMAN ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE. Disaster can be
LIFE defined as a natural event that causes a
perturbation to the functioning of the economic
▪ Displaced Population
system, with a significant negative impact on
▪ Health Risks
assets, production factors, output, employment
▪ Food Scarcity
and consumption.
▪ Emotional Aftershocks
▪ Direct Economic Cost
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES OF
▪ Indirect Losses
DISASTER
POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE. Politics are deeply
▪ Physical Perspective
wedded to both the impact of a natural disaster
▪ Psychological Perspective
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and the subsequent delivery of humanitarian • Can also refer to intangible elements
assistance. such as economic activities and
infrastructure networks.
▪ Natural disasters are commonly thought
to be less politically contentious rather
Elements at risk include the following:
than armed conflicts.
▪ Human beings
▪ Governmentality or deliverance of
▪ Dwellings or households and
government services to constituents can
communities
be a plus or minus factor in disaster risk
▪ Buildings and structures
reduction and management.
▪ Public facilities and infrastructure assets
▪ Government interventions should be
▪ Public and transport system
present in following phases of Disaster
▪ Agricultural commodities
Risk Reduction and Management:
▪ Environmental assets
1) Prevention
2) Mitigation VULNERABILITY – the characteristics and
3) Preparedness circumstances of a community, system or asset
4) Recovery that make it susceptible (easily affected by) to
the damaging effects of hazard.
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE. The disturbing
effects caused by a prevalent kind of disaster or - “the predisposition to suffer damage
virus in an epidemic or pandemic level is known due to external events”. – (WHO, 2002)
as biological disaster.
- “the diminished capacity of an individual
▪ EPIDEMIC LEVEL – affects a large or group to anticipate, cope with, resist and
number of people within a given recover from the impact of a natural or man-
community or area. made hazard”. – (International Federation and Red Cross

Ex. Dengue Crescent Societies (IFRC))

▪ PANDEMIC LEVEL – affects a much ▪ Situation Specific – this means that if a

large region, sometime spanning entire specific province is prone to earthquake,
continents or the globe. it does not mean that all localities on that
Ex. Swine Flu province is vulnerable to it.
▪ Hazard Specific – this means that if a
ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVE. Disasters
community is vulnerable to earthquake
do not occur by accident- they are a result of the
hazard, it does not necessarily mean that
combined effects of hazard and vulnerable
conditions. the community is also vulnerable to
typhoons.

CHAPTER 2: EXPOSURE AND

REASONS WHY CERTAIN SECTORS OF
VULNERABILITY
SOCIETY ARE MORE VULNERABLE TO
ELEMENTS EXPOSED TO HAZARD DISASTER THAN OTHERS

Exposure 1. Demographic Factors

• refers to the elements at risk from a ▪ Population density

natural or man-made hazard. ▪ Age of population

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▪ Distribution of population According to the UNISDR, there are four (4)

main types of vulnerability:
Population. Refers to the number of individuals
inhabiting a particular space at the same time. If ▪ Physical Vulnerability
people are distributed evenly in an area, the ▪ Social Vulnerability
impact of a disaster may be reduced to a ▪ Economic Vulnerability
minimum. ▪ Environmental Vulnerability

Population Density. Refers to the number of

individuals living in an area in relation to the size
PHILIPPINE EXPOSURE AND
of that area. If all individuals crowd in one
VULNERABILITIES TO NATURAL
portion of a place, there is a little space and time
to escape from a hazard. DISASTERS

2. Socio-economic Factors Research shows that…

▪ Wealth • 8 out of 10 world cities most exposed to

▪ Education hazards are in the Philippines
▪ Understanding of the area • More than half of the 100 cities most
▪ Nature of society exposed to earthquakes, storms, and
other disasters are in four Asian nations.
3. Community Preparedness

▪ Building codes
▪ Scientific monitoring and early warning According to study, published by risk analysis
systems firm Verisk Maplecroft,
▪ Communication networks
• 10 cities most at risk:
▪ Emergency planning
1. Port Vila, Vanuatu
- Buildings and other structures may increase 2. Tuguegarao, Cagayan
disaster risk. 3. Lucena, Quezon Province
4. Manila
- In the design and construction of buildings,
5. San Fernando, Pampanga
possible hazards should be considered.
6. Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija
- Hazard-resistant structures can lower the 7. Batangas
vulnerability of a community, especially if the 8. Taipei
features or designs of the structures are hazard- 9. San Carlos
specific. 10. Naga City, Bicol Region

4. Dealing with the after-effects

• 100 cities with the greatest exposure to
▪ Insurance cover
natural hazards
▪ Emergency personnel
➢ 21 are in the Philippines
▪ Aid request
➢ 16 in China
➢ 11 in Japan
VULNERABILITY TO SPECIFIC ➢ 8 in Bangladesh

HAZARDS Philippine Vulnerabilities to Natural

Disasters (Climate Change Primer Manuscript, 2014)
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• The PH lies in the Pacific typhoon belt 1. Natural Hazards – earthquakes or floods
and we are visited by an average of 20 arise from purely natural process in the
typhoons every year. environment.
• The rugged nature of our landscape 2. Quasi-natural Hazards – smog or
makes our communities very vulnerable desertification that arise through the
to landslides, mudflows and other interaction of natural processes and
disasters. human activities.
• The PH is an archipelagic country with 3. Technological (human-made) Hazards
many small islands. – the toxicity of pesticides to agricultural
• Many of our areas are also at or below lands, accidental leaks of chemicals from
sea level, and this makes us vulnerable chemical laboratories or radiation from a

to flooding and worst, inundation with rise nuclear plant.

in sea level
• With one of the longest coastlines in the
TYPES OF HAZARDS
world at 32, 400 km, we have many areas
that are vulnerable to storm surges. Hewitt and Burton (1971) provided a typology of
• The PH is still a primarily agricultural and hazards as follows:
fishing economy.
• Natural hazard risk is compounded in the
1. Atmospheric (Single Element)
PH by poor institutional and societal
▪ Excess rainfall
capacity to manage, respond and
▪ Freezing rain (Glaze)
recover from natural hazard events.
▪ Hail
▪ Heavy Snow falls

CHAPTER 3: BASIC CONCEPT OF ▪ High wind speeds

▪ Extreme Temperature
HAZARD
Atmospheric (Combined Elements)
HAZARDS
▪ Hurricanes
• are “those elements of the physical
▪ Glaze storm
environment, harmful to man and caused
▪ Thunderstorms
by forces extraneous to him” – (Burton et al

1978)
▪ Blizzards
• “a source of potential harm or a situation ▪ Tornadoes
with a potential to cause loss” – (Standards ▪ Heat / Cold Stress
Australia, 2000)
2. Hydrologic
• “a natural event that has the potential to
cause harm or loss” – (ADPC) ▪ Floods-river and coast area
• “a phenomenon which has the potential ▪ Wave action
to cause the disruption of damage to ▪ Drought
people, their property, their services, and ▪ Rapid Glacier advance
their environment” 3. Geologic
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF ▪ Mass movement (landslides, mudslides,
HAZARDS avalanches, etc.)
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▪ Earthquake 2. Magnitude – based on instrumentally derived

▪ Volcanic Eruption information and correlated strength with the
▪ Rapid sediment movement amount of total energy released at the
earthquake’s point of origin.
4. Biologic
- seismograph
▪ Epidemic in humans
▪ Epidemic in plants
▪ Epidemic in animals
TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES
▪ Locusts

5. Technologic

▪ Transportation accident
▪ Industrial explosions and fire
▪ Accidental release of toxic elements
▪ Nuclear accidents
▪ Collapse of public buildings
▪ Cyber terrorism

CHAPTER 4: EARTHQUAKE HAZARD

EARTHQUAKE – is the perceptible shaking of

the surface of the Earth, resulting from the
sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust
that creates seismic waves. – (US Geological Science)

- also known as quake, tremor, temblor

1. Body Waves

▪ Primary Waves (P waves) – fastest kind

TYPES OF NATURAL EARTHQUAKE of seismic wave, and the first to arrive at
a seismic station.
1. Tectonic – caused by faults
- P waves can travel through solids,
2. Volcanic – caused by movement of magma liquids, and gases. As they pass through
beneath volcanoes a material, the particles of the material
are slight pushed together and pulled
apart.
WAYS OF DESCRIBING THE STRENGTH OF
- parallel
AN EARTHQUAKE
- average speed of about 5km per
1. Intensity – perceived strength of an second.
earthquake based on relative effect to people ▪ Secondary Waves (S waves) – second
and structures; generally higher near the seismic waves to arrive at any particular
epicenter. location after an earthquake, though they
start at the same time as P waves.
- Mercalli scale
- travel through Earth’s interior at
about half the speed of P waves.

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- can’t move through liquids or gases • Slippage along a fault is hindered

- S waves move rock particles up and because there are irregularities on the
down, or side-to-side, and are always fault plane
perpendicular to the direction that the
HOW GROUND SHAKING IS MEASURED?
wave is traveling in (the direction of wave
propagation). ▪ Velocity
▪ Acceleration
2. Surface Waves – seismic waves that move
▪ Frequent content of shaking
along Earth’s surface, not through its interior.
▪ Duration (How long the shaking
Surface waves cause the largest ground
continues)
movements and the most damage. Travel more
slowly than the other seismic waves.
GROUND OR SURFACE RUPTURE
▪ Rayleigh Wave – also called ground roll,
travel as ripples similar to those on the • the creation of new or the renewed

surface of water. movement of olf fractures, oftentimes

▪ Love Wave – cause horizontal shearing with two blocks on both side moving in

of the ground. They usually travel slightly opposite direction.

faster than Rayleigh waves

LIQUEFACTION

POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS • takes place when loosely packed, water-

logged sediments at or near the ground
▪ Ground Shaking (Vibration)
surface lose their strength in response to
▪ Ground or Surface Rupture
strong ground shaking.
▪ Liquefaction
▪ Tsunami Types of Liquefaction Features

▪ Earthquake-induced Lanslides 1. Flow failure – considered the most

dangerous type of ground failure due to
liquefaction, this occur on liquefiable slope
GROUND SHAKING (VIBRATION)
material with steepness greater than 3 degrees.
• refers to what we feel when energy built
2. Lateral Spread – blocks or broken pieces of
up by the application of stress to the
the flat or very gentle grounds above liquefied
lithosphere is released by faulting during
zone move laterally.
an earthquake.
• refers to the disruptive up and down and 3. Ground Oscillation – due to the flat or nearly

sideways motion experienced during an flat slope, the ground is unable to spread and

earthquake. instead oscillates like wave water and wet sand

are ejected through the fissures that form called
HOW EARTHQUAKE VIBRATIONS ARE
conical-shape mounds of sand at the surface.
GENERATED?
4. Loss of Bearing Strength – loss of strength
• Most natural earthquakes are caused by
of sediments resulting in tilting of houses and
sudden slippage along fault zone.
floating of buoyant structures that are anchored
on the liquefied zone.

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EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LANSLIDES SIGNS OF IMPENDING TSUNAMIS

• includes a wide range of ground ▪ Drawback – when the ocean recedes

movement, such as rock falls, deep drastically or the water level falls
failure of slopes, and shallow debris unusually along the surface.
flows. ▪ Change in Animal Behavior
▪ Sound similar to incoming train
Types of Lanslides

1. Topples – occur suddenly when a massive

part of every steep slopes break loose and ----- GOOD LUCK!!!-----

rotate forward.

2. Rock Falls – involve chunks of detached rock

that fall freely from some distance or bounce
and roll down the steep slope.

3. Slides – involve large blocks of bedrock that

break free and slide down along a planar or
curved surface.

4. Lateral Spread – are triggered by

earthquakes and affect gentle slopes with less
than 10 degrees inclination. Slope material
loses cohesion through liquefaction caused by
the shaking during earthquakes.

5. Flows – involve downslope motion of fine

sand made mobile by water saturation. These
flows include mudflows and earthflows and are
common during rainy season.

TSUNAMIS

▪ a series of waves in a water body

caused by the displacement of a large
volume of water, generally in an ocean
or a large lake.
▪ Travel 20-30 miles per hour with waves
10-100 feet high.

CAUSES OF TSUNAMI

▪ Lanslide
▪ Volcanic Eruption or explosion
▪ Meteorite impact

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