ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

LESSON 12 | REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TESTES
- To produce egg and sperm cells. To transport and - Singular: Testis
sustain these cells. - The male gonads
- To nurture the developing offspring. - The organ that produces both sperm and
- To produce hormones. androgens (testosterone)
- There are paired and located in the scrotum.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- Primary role is for Human Reproduction a. Outer Tunica Vaginalis
- A serous membrane that has both parietal and
Gametes thin visceral layers.
- Special sex cell carrying 23 chromosomes.
- Male Gamete: Sperm / Spermatozoon b. Tunica Albuginea
- The tough fibrous layer of connective tissue that
Function: surrounds the corpora cavernosa of the penis.
- To produce sperm
- To transfer sperm into the Female reproductive c. Seminiferous tubules
tract. - The site of ongoing spermatogenesis in an adult.

STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS • Cryptorchidism

- One or both testes fail to descend into the
SCROTUM scrotum prior to birth.
- The bag of skin that holds and helps protect the
testicles.
- Aids the temperature of the testicle; it needs to CLINICAL TERMS
be cooler that is why it is located outside of the a. Spermatogonia
body. - Least mature male sex cells
- Important in spermatogenesis (sperm
production). b. Spermatogenesis
- Production of sperm cells
a. Dartos muscle
- The subcutaneous muscle layer of the scrotum c. Spermatocyte
- A cell giving rise to sperm cells.
b. Scrotum septum
- Divides the scrotum into TWO (2) compartments. d. Spermatids
- A haploid male sex cell formed after meiosis.
c. Cremaster
- A thin layer of striated muscle found in the e. Spermatozoon
inguinal canal and scrotum. - A mature motile sex cell
- Between the internal and external layers of the
spermatic fascia. f. Spermiogenesis
- Final differentiation and maturation process of
d. Raphae spermatids into sperm cells.
- A raised medial thickening on the surface of the
scrotum.

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Adriel Vamos | BSN 1-F
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 12 | REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
EPIDIDYMIS b. Corpus spongiosum
- The immotile sperm are surrounded by testicular - To prevent the urethra from pinching closed,
fluid and moved to the epididymis. maintaining the urethra as a viable channel for
- A coiled tube attached to the testis where newly ejaculation.
formed sperm continue to mature.
c. Prepuce (foreskin)
DUCT SYSTEMS - The skin from the shaft extends down over the
Ductus Deferens (vas deferens) glans and forms a collar called the foreskin.
- Transports mature sperm to the urethra in
preparation for ejaculation. • TESTOSTERONE
- Regulate sex drive (libido)
Spermatid Cord - Bone mass
- Main function is to suspend the testes inside the - Fat distribution
scrotum. - Muscle mass and strength
- Production of RBC and sperm.
Inguinal Canal
- A passage on the lower anterior abdominal wall SPERM TRANSPORT
located just above the inguinal ligament.
1. Seminiferous tubules
SEMINAL VESICLES 2. Epididymis
- Produce the fluids that will turn into semen. 3. Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
- May be called seminal glands/vesicular glands. 4. Seminal vesicle
5. Ejaculatory duct
EJACULATORY DUCT 6. Prostate gland
- Transports spermatozoa and fluids from the 7. Bulbourethral gland
ampulla and seminal vesicles to the prostatic 8. Urethra
urethra.

PROSTATIC GLAND
- Produces the fluid or milky fluid that nourishes
and transports sperm (seminal fluid).

BULBOURETHRAL GLAND (Cowper’s glands)

- Produces ejaculatory fluid that cleanses and
lubricates the urethra prior to the arrival of
semen.

THE PENIS
- The male organ of copulation (sexual
intercourse)

a. Corpus cavernosum
- Contains spongy erectile tissue; facilitate erectile
tissue.

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Adriel Vamos | BSN 1-F
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 12 | REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- Primary role to produce, nurture, protect egg cells.
Gametes
- Special sex cell carrying 23 chromosomes.
- Female Gamete: Egg cell / Ova

Function
- To produce gametes
- To produce reproductive hormones
- Supports and develops a fetus.
- Located at the pelvic cavity.
VAGINA
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS - Muscular canal
- Serves as an entrance to the reproduction tract.
VULVA - Serves as an exit of menses and childbirth.
- The global term that describes all the structures
of the external female genitalia. a. Rugae
- The mucosa forms folds called ridges.
a. Mons Pubis - More prominent in the outer third of the vagina.
- The rounded mass of fatty tissue that lies over
the pubic bone. OVARIES
- These are female gonads.
b. Labia Majora - They produce and store the eggs (ovum).
- Enclose and protect the other external female
genital organs. a. Broad ligaments
- Contains the blood vessels to the ovaries,
c. Labia Minora fallopian tubes, and uterus.
- Protect the vaginal and urethral openings from
mechanical irritation, dryness, and infection. b. Ovarian surface
- An outer covering cuboidal epithelium
d. Clitoris
- To enable experiencing sexual pleasure. c. Ovarian stroma
- Includes more general components such as
e. Hymen immune cells, blood vessels, nerves, and
- A thin membrane that partially covers the lymphatic vessels.
entrance of the vagina.
d. Follicle
f. Bartholin’s glands - The grouping of an oocyte and supporting cells.
- Help secrete fluids that lubricates the vagina.
e. Inner ovarian medulla
- The site of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and
nerves of the ovary.

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Adriel Vamos | BSN 1-F
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 12 | REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
UTERUS
- Muscular organ that nourishes and supports the
growing embryo.

3 Sections
a. Fundus
- Region of the uterus farthest from the cervix
- Essential for labor and delivery of a newborn.

b. Corpus (body of the uterus)

UTERINE TUBES
- The main body of your uterus. This is where a
- “Fallopian tubes”
fertilized egg implants during pregnancy.
- Serves as the conduit of the oocyte from the
ovary to the uterus.
c. Cervix
- Allows fluids to leave and enter the uterus.
a. Isthmus
- During childbirth; cervix widens.
- A sperm reservoir where sperm adhere
transiently to the epithelium and are released at
Ligaments
the time of ovulation.
- Ligaments that maintain the position of the
uterus in the abdominopelvic cavity.
b. Infundibulum
- Catches and channels the released eggs.
a. Broad ligament
- The wide distal (outermost) portion of the
- Contains the blood vessels to the ovaries,
fallopian tube.
fallopian tubes, and uterus.

c. Fimbriae
b. Round ligament
- Catch the egg that one of your ovaries releases
- Helps maintain the anteversion position of the
during ovulation.
uterus during pregnancy.
- Your fimbriae then sweep the egg (ovum) into
the fallopian tube where the egg can be fertilized.
c. Uterosacral ligament
- Connects the lower part of your uterus (cervix) to
d. Ampulla
the base of your spine (sacrum).
- Allows digestive juices to meet and break down
food after it travels from your stomach to your
small intestine.

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Adriel Vamos | BSN 1-F
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 12 | REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
BREAST (mammary glands)
- A highly evolved and specialized organ present in 2. Follicular Phase
pairs, one on each side of the anterior chest wall. - The maturation of ovarian follicles to prepare one
- The organ's primary function is to secrete milk. of them for release during ovulation.
- The follicular phase is also known as the
Alveoli (mammary) - the site of milk production proliferative phase.
and storage in the mammary gland.
3. Ovulation
Lactiferous ducts - Responsible for delivering the - When a mature egg is released from an ovary
milk to the surface of the skin and out of the and moves along a fallopian tube towards your
mother through tiny pores in the nipple. uterus.
Lactiferous sinus - These ducts enlarge to form 4. Luteal Phase
the lactiferous sinus before they open separately - The follicle that burst and released the egg
into the nipple. (during ovulation) develops into a small yellow
structure, or cyst, called the corpus luteum.
Suspensory Ligaments – Attach each ovary to
the pelvic sidewall. This ligament is to contain the
ovarian vessels and nerves. CLINICAL TERMS

a. Oogenesis
- Production or development of an ovum.

b. Oogonia
- Immature female sex cell

c. Ovulation
- Menstrual phase; release of egg from the ovaries

d. Oocyte
- Sex cell in the ovary, that may undergo meiotic
division to form an ovum.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
- The menstrual cycle is the monthly series of
changes the body goes through to prepare for
pregnancy.

4 Stages of the Menstrual cycle

1. Menstruation
- The menstrual phase is the first stage of the
menstrual cycle.
- This phase starts when an egg from the previous
cycle isn't fertilized.
- Because pregnancy hasn't taken place, levels of
the hormones estrogen and progesterone drop.

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Adriel Vamos | BSN 1-F