PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

Group 3

Researchers:

Aguisanda, Estelle Michylla S.

Baysa, Geraldine Izzy U.

Dela Cruz, Angel Keena A.

Eladistu, Kryzell Avie S.

Guevarra, Venvenus B.

Guevarra, Vince Angelo T.

Quintana, Gannie Krobert B.

ADVISER

ARNOLD J. MARAMAG
PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

CERTIFICATE OF ACCEPTANCE

This study entitled “Piezoelectric Tile; Footstep Power Generator”, is reviewed by

the Research Committee and was presented to the panel of judges during the final

Research Congress on June 14, 2023 and is recommended for approval.

This is in compliance with the requirements of Research II for the school year of 2022

to 2023.

RESEARCH EVALUATION COMMITTEE

RACHELLE E. TABLAN ARJAY S. DAPLAS

Research Panel Research Panel

ARNOLD J. MARAMAG
Research Adviser

JEFFREY C. MABINI
SSHT/STE Program Head

RODERICK A. TADEO, PHD

Head Principal IV

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the following individuals and

organizations for their unconditional support and guidance in the completion of this

research project:

First and foremost, is our appreciation to our Research II adviser, Sir Arnold J.

Maramag, for his assistance, encouragement and patience throughout the entire process.

His extraordinary intellect in our research had helped steer to where our research is today.

We would also like to acknowledge our 30 respondents from OCNHS, for their

participation in our research, as their involvement and constructive feedback helped us

gather our needed data.

We are also grateful to the support of electronics shop Evelyn's and Vision, as well

as the wood shop (scrapan) in Olongapo City, as they had provided most of the materials

for our research.

Lastly, praises to God, the Almighty, for his showers of blessings, as well as for

our family and friends that have been our utmost emotional and moral support throughout

this challenging journey, that is our research.

Thank you all for your invaluable contributions to this research.

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………………………..0

CERTIFICATE OFACCEPTANCE ……………………………………………………1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………………………………..………………...2

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………………...3

ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………..………..5

CHAPTER

1. INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study …………………………………………………......6

Statement of the Problem ……………………………………...……………..8

Hypothesis ………………………………….…………………..…………….8

Research Paradigm …………………………………………………………...9

Definition of Terms ………………………………………….……………...10

Significance of the Study …………………………………..…………….….12

Scope and Delimitation ……………………………………………….….…13

2. METHODOLOGY

Detailed Methodology ……………………………………………..………..15

Research Design …………………………………………………………….21

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Amount of Pressure …………………………………….…….………...…...25

Volts Harnessed ……………………………………………….…………….29

Frequency of Steps ………………………………………………………….35

Durability ……………………………………………………………..……..36

Acceptability and Performance ……………………………………………..37

CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………………………..38

RECOMMENDATIONS …..……………………………………………….……....39

4. REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………….40

5. APPENDICES

Appendix A ...…………………………………………………….………………42

Appendix B …………………………………………………………….…………44

Appendix C ………………………………………………………………….……44

CURRICULUM VITAE ………………………………………………………….....45

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 PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

Title: Piezoelectric Tile; Footstep Power Generator

Name: Aguisanda, Estelle Michylla; Baysa, Geraldine Izzy; Dela Cruz, Angel Keena;
Eladistu, Kryzell Avie; Guevarra, Venvenus; Guevarra, Vince Angelo; Quintana, Gannie Krobert
Address: 1255 RIZAL AVENUE EXTENSION, OLONGAPO, ZAMBALES
School: OLONGAPO CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

The economy is driven to use limited non-renewable resource applications due to the unending
need for energy. With this, the idea of using the vibrations produced by the common activity of human
motion, that is walking, as a means of generating mechanical motion, for it's the effective, renewable, and
inexpensive source available. This study utilized piezoelectric ceramic transducer disks that can transform
mechanical energy into electrical energy, it would be placed between two 12x15 inch pieces of wood that
are adhered by the use of spring, to create the tile. In order for the electrical energy that is being produced
by the piezoelectric tile to be usable, it’s compulsory to convert the produced energy, by the conversion of
AC-DC. Therefore, a PCB (printed circuit board) along with electronic components is used. A Simple
Purposive sampling was utilized and the student at OCNHS, was grouped in three according to the range
of their weights. The first group, with the range of 30-50 kg consisted of ten students. Second group, ten
students around 51-70 kg. Lastly, the third group which is 71+kg, comprised of ten students. All in all, the
result of the rechargeable battery is that it stored 2.25 volts. Providing that the piezoelectric tile is an
excellent alternative power source for places that are greatly populated, as it relies on the footsteps of
passersby. Public areas such as schools, parks, and malls are suitable for this invention because it can
provide energy to light up light sources or any electronics.

As part of this project, the student directly handled, manipulated or interacted

with (check all that apply).
Human Subjects Pathogenic agents Recombinant DNA

Non-human vertebrate animal Controlled substances Human/Animal issues

Students independently performed all producers as outlined in this Yes No

abstract
This project was conducted at the Registered Research Institute. Yes No
Is this project a continuation? Yes No
We hereby certify that the above statements are correct and the information provided
in the abstract is the result of one year’s research. We also attest that the above properly
reflects our own.

Angel Keena Dela A. Cruz Kryzell Avie S. Eladistu Vince Angelo T. Guevarra

Date Signed: June, 2, 2023

Keywords: Footstep, Generator, Piezoelectric, Tile, Volts

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

With the surfacing of numerous variables of technology, implementation and

consumption has had an abrupt increase. Along with the never-ending demand for energy,

it is to no surprise that a variety of energy sources has become a necessity as conventional

power sources (e.g., batteries), because of the fact that small-sized and low power

electronic devices have been established to be lacking. The involvement of energy

harvesting has led to a great deal of studies on alternative sources; the idea in mind is to

lean on renewable sources, unlike its counterpart of non-renewable resources, which

ultimately has a limit.

At most, we've been introduced to solar, wind, geothermal, and tidal energy, but

these sources unfortunately are limited to applications that are in sunlit and breezy areas.

As to why, the need to take a different course of action is unavoidable, which led to the

introduction of the most common activity done by humans, walking. The load from human

footsteps can be a source of a significant amount of freely available mechanical vibration

energy. With this, it begs the question on how to convert the wasted energy of walking

into electricity. The principle of piezoelectric effect does just that, for the content of

piezoelectric is substantial for its efficiency in converting external force (mechanical

energy) to electricity, as to why activating a power generator which’ll produce electrical

energy can be made possible through mechanical energy harvesting of piezo.

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

Piezoelectricity is derived from the Greek word “piezein” that means to squeeze or

to press. This was founded by Pierre and Paul-Jacques Curie in 1880, when they simply

started investigating the phenomena of producing a spark by striking particular materials.

As they figured out that quartz once struck generates a spark, a new concept is defined and

also refined to better illustrate this discovery of piezoelectricity. In which the piezoelectric

effect is the prompting of polarization (electrical charge) from the obtained mechanical

stress.

With that, studies started connecting the conviction of storing the electrical charges

that’s powered by mechanical stress to be used as a replacement for energy sources. With

the world’s growing population of 54% of people living in urban areas, an alternative

energy source is essential. That gives rise to the piezoelectric materials to be used as

mechanisms to transfer mechanical energy, usually ambient vibration, into electrical

energy that can be stored and used to help propel varieties of application, such as the

notion of self-powered wireless electronic devices, emission release on the transportation

section on Metro stations (i.e., building industries), critical sensing from security to

healthcare, and many more.

Its properties of high stability in performance and reliable power source, proves its

efficiency in being a power generator. Surely enough, it’ll help resolve as well as decrease

issues that pertains to energy (electricity), the moment one utilizes piezo as the main

component for designing a footstep power generator.

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

Statement of the Problem

This study focuses on assessing the capability of piezoelectric tile as a footstep

power generator.

In detail, this study aims to answer the following questions:

1. How competitive is the piezoelectric tile model with concrete structures be

described in terms of:
1.1 durability;
1.2 acceptability and performance; and
1.3 aesthetics?

2. What is the effectiveness of piezoelectric tile; footstep power generator, in terms of:
2.1 amount of pressure;
2.2 amount of volts harnessed; and
2.3 frequency of steps?

Hypothesis

Ho: There is no significant relationship of the piezo as a power generator in terms

of: (a) acceptability and performance, (b) amount of pressure, (c) frequency of steps, (d)

durability and (e) amount of volts harnessed.

Ha: There is a significant relationship of the piezo as a power generator in terms of:

(a) acceptability and performance, (b) amount of pressure, (c) frequency of steps, (d)

durability and (e) amount of volts harnessed.

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

Research Paradigm

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Its effectiveness as a Footstep

Power Generator in terms of:

Amount of Pressure
Piezoelectric Tile Amount of Volts Harnessed
Frequency of Steps
Durability
Acceptability and
Performance

Figure 1. Research Paradigm of the Independent and Dependent Variable’s Relationship

Figure 1 displays the conceptual framework between the independent and

dependent variable. As seen on the paradigm, the lines signify the correlation or

connection between the variables' characteristics. The manipulation of the piezoelectric

tile is the independent variable, whilst the measurement of its effectiveness is the

dependent variable, as it assesses the credibility of piezoelectric tile as a footstep power

generator.

In concrete definition, the overall structure of the piezoelectric tile is manipulated

to determine its effect on the dependent variables, which happens to consist of the amount

of pressure, amount of volts harnessed, frequency of steps, durability, and acceptability

and performance. To be specific, the amount of pressure is measured by taking note of the

subject's weights leading to the calculation of the ANOVA, along with the pressure

applied of each weight. The amount of volts harnessed is analyzed by its storage in the

rechargeable battery. Another is the frequency of steps, of which the participants take in

turn to step on the tile four (4) times to come up with the approximate voltage produced

per step. Lastly, both the durability and acceptability and performance is observed by the

results of the Likert scale, answered by those that had participated.

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

Footsteps
(Mechanical Movement)

Piezoelectric Tile PCB

(AC-DC)

9V
Rechargeable Battery

Figure 2. Piezoelectric Tile Block Diagram

The block diagram indicates the flow of energy into the piezoelectric tile. Starting

from the mechanical movement of footsteps being applied to the piezoelectric tile. With

the concept of piezoelectric effect, the piezo is able to convert that mechanical movement

into energy, particularly the raw energy being AC. Leading to the utilization of the PCB,

which inhibits a rectifier to convert the AC to DC, by blocking the negative charge so that

only the positive charge is flowing. Ultimately, being stored in the 9V rechargeable battery.

Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of the research, the following terminology are defined

technically and operationally.

Piezoelectric Tile. Used to attach the piezo materials and serve as a footstep power

generator, by harnessing volts from the human motion of walking.

Footstep Power Generator. This gives the subject of the piezoelectric tile, for this is the

step utilized to store the harnessed volts.

Piezo. A Greek word meaning “Pressure” or “Push”. This is used as the main

component/material of the overall piezoelectric tiles’ model.

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

Piezoelectric. The electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials.

Piezoelectric Transducers. Based on the fact that when a mechanical force is applied on

a piezoelectric crystal, a voltage is produced across its faces.

Printed Circuit Board (PCB). A non-conductive material with conductive lines that can

be printed or etched. This is used to minimize the wiring between the battery and the tile

and this will also be converting the harnessed alternate current to direct current.

Transduction. Refers to the conversion of one form of energy into another.

Volts. The International System of Units of electric pressure; the way electricity circulates

throughout a system.. These are the harnessed measurements in the piezoelectric tile,

that’ll assist in indicating its capability in generating energy from the pressure applied.

Pressure. This refers to the amount of force applied perpendicular to the surface of an

object per unit area. It’s one of the variables that indicates the efficiency of the tile.

Acceptability and Performance. The quality of being satisfactory and able to be agreed

to or approved of. This is also one of the variables that would examine the tile’s efficiency

towards its people, exclusivity and its ability.

Durability. Refers to the quality of being able to last a long time without becoming

damaged. Assess the tile’s durability in withstanding factors that may cause breakage.

Rectifier. An electrical device that converts alternating current, which periodically

reverses direction, to direct current, which flows in only one direction. The 4 diodes on the

PCB will serve as the rectifier which would then convert alternative current to direct

current.

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

Significance of the Study

The economy is driven to use the limited non-renewable resource applications due

to the need for energy. And yet this research on the design of a piezoelectric power source

with great stability and dependability demonstrates its prowess in mechanical harvesting.

With this is the introduction of an effective renewable energy source that can fulfill the

economy’s energy needs. In summary, the researchers proposed the idea of using the

vibrations produced by the common activity of human motion, i.e., walking, as a means of

generating electricity, for it's the inexpensive source available in the surroundings. In

which the fundamental transduction of this device can be approached in a variety of ways:

to the capacitive component that supplies charges and a transducer capacitance value.

Therefore, the assessment of this study is beneficial to the following:

Researchers. It helps the researchers gain experience and in honing their skills and

knowledge in regards to the field of electronics. The model itself assists the student and

serves as a stepping stone towards achieving an alternative renewable energy source.

Architects. They’ll find this study to be helpful since it marks a significant advancement

in building design and planning, given it supports creative structures that encourages

straightforward but clever and sustainable structures for urban buildings.

Electrical Engineers. The fundamental transduction of piezoelectric in generating volts

and its general design supplies, one’s lack of understanding regarding energy efficiency.

Inventors. The final design of the Tile Footstep Power Generator can be a foundation to

more expansive versions with different applications.

Schools. It’s significant to numerous learning institutions around the world, more

specifically in public schools as the final product of this study serves as a generator to

power electronic devices used in schools and lessen the monthly and also costly expenses

the government and sometimes guardians have to pay.

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

Scope and Delimitations

The general intent of this study is the capability of piezo as a tile footstep power

generator. This raises the possibility of utilizing the mechanical energy generated by

people by their steps, which may then be transformed into the deformation and mechanical

energy required to operate electrical equipment. With this, the world is open to a more

efficient renewable source that's able to satisfy the depletion of energy and wider

applications in energy harvesting. The data is gathered between the dependent and

independent groups in terms of the competence and structure of the design. It is

experimented with and tested throughout the study to establish its efficiency. As a result,

this study uses an experimental data collecting method in which variables are altered to

see how they affect other variables. This study is tested at the school of OCNHS and the

participants are selected with the use of a purposive sampling, i.e., the students in OCNHS

in order to assess the functioning of the innovation, the compatibility of its components

and materials, and the safety and usability of the final product for the general public as

well as for public structures. The researchers, students, household communities, aspiring

researchers and inventors are all significant in this study. The duration of the research

started of the school year, September 2022, until the end of the year, hopefully before July

2023.

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

METHODOLOGY

This section advances and discusses the approach utilized in the research. It depicts

the accumulation of the materials, draft to be followed, assembly, testing, up to the

analysis of data.

Gathering of Materials

Blueprint Design Schematic

Diagram

Assembly of
Tile PCB
Piezoelectric Tile

Gathering of Participants

Testing I Multimeter

Data Analysis

Troubleshooting

Testing II Multimeter

Data Analysis

Results and Discussion

Figure 1. Methodology Flowchart

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

Detailed Methodology

A. Gathering of Materials

Piezo and Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

The materials that are to be of use in the study were collected, by the means of

online shopping and electronic shops. The ordered material on Shopee consisted of 40

piezoelectric ceramics (piezo-disk) and arrived 5 days prior. The 4x4 PCB along with the

ferric chloride, capacitor (47uF), diode (1N4007), resistor (1K), and rechargeable battery

1.2 V, was bought in the electronic shops of Evelyn’s and Vision.

Figure 2. Piezoelectric Ceramics

Wood Tile

Six palochina wood blocks were bought in an unnamed wood shop (scrapan). This

is then separated to form tile 1 and tile 2. Tile 1 contained two palochina blocks that both

measured 10x7 inches as well as a third that measured 7x5 inches. Tile 2 consisted of two

palochina blocks that both measured 15x12 inches with a third that measured 12x10 inches.

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

B. Blueprint Design

The blueprint design serves as a guide, basis, and reference when creating the

piezoelectric tile. It’ll serve as a detailed visual representation of how the researchers aim

the model to look like. The schematic diagram below showcases the circuit design for the

PCB (4x4) used in the piezoelectric tile. Components such as piezo, diodes with the value

of 1N4007, capacitor with the value of 47 uF, resistor with the value of 1K and a

rechargeable battery with the value of 1.2V. Diode’s 1,2,3 and 4 purpose is to convert

alternating current to directing current, by trapping the negative charge so that only the

positive charge flows instead. Diode 5 is utilized to ensure that there aren't any other

charges in the current. In addition, the capacitor is utilized to secure a smooth ripple.

Additionally, the resistor is utilized to limit the volts being harnessed. Lastly, the

rechargeable battery is used for storing the volts harnessed.

Figure 3. Piezoelectric Schematic Diagram

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

C. Assembly of Piezoelectric Footstep Tile

Piezoelectric Tile

The designed 3D Model on the structure of the tile served as a blueprint in the

assembly, hence a 3D dimensional blueprint would be more practical as it can display the

front, side and back view of the tile and other angles with no trouble. Tile 1 was

constructed by taking 10 pieces of piezo and soldering it to one another. The wires were

connected with a parallel circuit in mind. The wires are then attached to the 7x5 inches of

palochina wood. This is then placed atop one of the 10x7 inch wood, while four identical-

sized springs are glued to the four corners of the second 10x7 inch wood. Lastly, the other

ends of the springs are glued to the first 10x7 inch wood, in which the 7x5 inch wood is

placed upon. This exact process is also done to tile 2, with the exception of the size of the

palochina wood and the amount of 30 pieces of piezo.

Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

The PCB is scrubbed and washed with the scouring pad (dark green layer) of a

sponge and is then dried using a soft cloth. For the process of etching, the PCB is then

soaked onto the ferric chloride for 10 minutes to remove unwanted copper and leave only

the circuit trace. Afterwards, the annular rings of the PCB are drilled using a PCB drill and

the components are soldered into their respective places using an iron lead. Finally, with

the alligator clips attached to one of the legs of the two diodes the researchers were able to

connect it to the piezo on either of the piezoelectric tiles of 1 and 2. In addition, to convert

AC (alternating current) into DC (direct current), the PCB served as a rectifier to ease the

process. As shown in the schematic diagram, the four diodes acted as a one-way valve to

let the desired flow of the current pass onto one direction (forward-biased) and block it

from flowing to the opposite direction (reverse-biased). As a result, a DC output is

obtained which is then stored onto the rechargeable batteries for later use.
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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

Figure 4. 3D Model of Piezoelectric Tile

D. Gathering of Participants

Utilizing a purposive sampling, the researchers are able to freely choose the

participants to partake in the testing of the model. In this case, students at OCNHS are

chosen as a representative out of the 5,450+ students at OCNHS. This proves to be the

most useful way of mustering participants as the researchers are able to measure their

weight.

E. Testing 1

Test I is used as a foundation to assess the efficiency and feasibility of the

piezoelectric tile's ability in terms of harnessed volts and amount of pressure. The 10

pieces of piezo are soldered to keep it intact, it is then tested by utilizing a digital

multimeter in which the black connector is connected to the black wire of the piezo and

the red connector is then connected to the red wire of the piezo. As a result, the researchers

are able to enumerate the values of volts produced from each footstep. The test consisted

of three trials that were repeated twice for certainty.

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

Figure 5. Testing of 10 Pieces of Piezo Using a Multimeter

F. Data Analysis

As previously stated the values are analyzed with the assistance of the tool,

multimeter. The written and analyzed values are saved later, for it’ll be essential in

comparing the improvements of the design. As stated, it consists of three trials that were

repeated twice for certainty.

G. Troubleshooting

To assess any issues on either of the assembled tiles, in terms of the amount of

pressure and volts harnessed, a troubleshooting took place. During the troubleshooting, a

multimeter was manipulated. It was done by connecting the exposed copper on the black

and red wires on the piezo to the negative probe (black) and positive probe (red),

respectively. As different subjects with different pressure walked on either of the

piezoelectric tiles, a variety of volts is portrayed on the multimeter, indicating the lack of

complication on both tile 1 and tile 2.

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

H. Testing 2

The weight of thirty students in the OCNHS is written down and classified into

three groups: (a) 30-50 kg, (b) 51-70 kg, and (c) 71+ kg. As tile 1 is the prototype of the

piezoelectric tile, the finished PCB is connected to tile 2. The subjects took turns, i.e., in

ascending order of weights, in stepping on to the tile for four times. After each classified

group, the rechargeable battery is measured using a multimeter to estimate the volts

harnessed, whilst also taking into account the initial voltage of the rechargeable battery of

2.04 volts.

Figure 6. Testing of 30 Pieces of Piezo Using a Multimeter

I. Data Analysis

By finishing Test II, the researchers are left with the task of once again listing

down the values that’s collected by the piezoelectric tile as well as calculating both the

weight and volts harnessed that was written down, that’ll then conclude the data gathering.

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

Research Design

This research engaged on the experimental design by manipulating the overall

outline of the piezoelectric footstep tile, in order to establish its property in effectively

generating power. Quantitative research is utilized, for the results are collected and

analyzed. It's deemed that the experimental approach is the most qualified, as it assists the

researchers in performing tests, which has an impact on the designs' general assembly. As

aforementioned, the evaluation between the relationship of the two variables is determined

by the devised blueprint that lay-outs the construction of the piezoelectric tile. It is then

subjected to a binary of trials with a troubleshoot in between, to lessen the probability of

miscalculations and mistakes, in which the examined data either prove or disprove the

hypothesis. This research also needs the cooperation of certain participants, i.e., students

of OCNHS as to why the researchers required the use of a purposive sampling, to further

eliminate mediocre results and focus all the attention on the data that’ll impact the concept

of whether the piezoelectric tile is sufficient enough to be a footstep power generator.

Figure 7. Pilot Piezoelectric Tile Model

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

Amount of Pressure

In the case of the dependent variable, amount of pressure, it can be acquired from

certain forces. It'll be utilizing the forces' weight by testing how much pressure is needed

to generate electrical energy (electricity) in the forms of volts and it is also a determinant

of whether to accept the null or alternative hypothesis.

First, the researchers gathered through a purposive sampling, a part of the

population of OCNHS to apply pressure on the piezoelectric tile in order to determine the

weight the tile can withhold. Succeeding is the organizing of the variety of materials in

ascending order of weight, which then follows the actual experimentation of these sources

of force. After each applied pressure, the researchers evaluated the harnessed volts to

compare the significant differences of each source of force, while also taking into account

the formula of pressure, to determine the applied load of each weight of the participants.

Amounts of Volts Harnessed

The amounts of volts harnessed are assessed in order to determine the amount of volts

each group produces. In this case, it signifies that it functions with its main purpose which

is to harness electrical energy. Measuring the volts harnessed would be done by utilizing

the PCB, which is when the produced electrical energy is stored inside a battery

(rechargeable battery) in which a multimeter is utilized as a measuring tool. Volts is the

unit of power for the energy that this DV produces. Furthermore, the volts harnessed for

each step serves to be essential in determining the consistent number of needed volts for it

to produce electricity.

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

Frequency of Steps

Given the respective measurement of the final model of 12x15 inches, it's deemed

appropriate for each of the participants to step on the tile four (4) times. This is essential as

it reveals how frequently a certain weight or a particular pressure applied is needed to

increase the voltage of a rechargeable battery. This reveals the approximate voltage

produced per step of each 10 participants in consideration to the average (mean) pressure

calculated of each respective group.

In the long run, estimating the frequency of steps enables a deeper understanding

on challenging the piezo in withstanding constant applied pressure. It correlates to its

importance of generating energy, regardless of how seldom or frequently it is stepped

upon. As to why each group, considering it contains ten participants, is constantly

applying pressure on the tile 40 times, seeing as there are three (3) groups it’s about 120

times. With that, it’ll also include the calculation of the approximate voltage produced per

step of each group.

Durability

The research addresses on the way to maximize the advantages of piezoelectric

energy harvesting floors in interior spaces. Moreover, the energy generated by the

Piezoelectric Tile depends upon the weight of the person, type of movement, and

maximum deflection, thus it is necessary to be durable. The tile was put to the test by

supporting an array of weights of 25 students, and the figure above signifies that the tile

can sustain moderate to high foot exercise with or without footwear on. Students with

weights ranging from 30 to 113 kg were asked to exert various types of force on the
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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

piezoelectric tile. They were then requested to submit their observations by filling out a

Google answer sheet, wherein they were asked to rate their overall experience with the

tile's durability under various stress conditions (such as jumping, jogging in place,

stomping, etc.) and as well as its suitability for use compared the PEI Ratings. Therefore,

this means that the Piezoelectric tile has no risk of breaking regardless of heavy foot

activity.

Acceptability and Performance

Acceptability and Performance is the variable to which the tile is rated to be

suitable for its functionality and inclusivity. The multimeter was utilized to see the number

of volts harnessed in the battery. Which means that the tile is durable enough to handle

aggressive force regardless of its weight. The tile can be utilized in public places as it can

store energy by the pressure of the footsteps whether it is running, jumping, or walking.

The piezoelectric tile is also put to the test by using a survey questionnaire by means of

google forms. In which all of the 25 respondents are to rate the tile's performance in terms

of its functionality as a footstep power generator and its effectiveness to withstand

different exposures to environments such as weathering and terrain. The respondents are to

also rate its inclusivity for people who have mobility challenges or visual impairments.

The data collected from the survey provides valuable insights and help identify areas of

improvement, ensuring the tile's optimal functionality and effectiveness in various

scenarios and for a diverse range of users.

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Amount of Pressure

The gathered data among the students in OCNHS, is utilized to conclude for the

ANOVA. This then helps in comparing the variances of the different range of weights of

certain groups. As mentioned, the range of weights are divided into three groups and

through the table above, the significant difference in the range of weights to the pressure

applied is eminent, as it corresponds to the amount of voltage produced in the mechanical

movement of stepping.

Table 1. ANOVA Summary Table on the Range of Weights

Source of Variation df Sum of Squares Mean Squares Fcom

Treatment 2 10,205 5,102.5 96.31

Error 27 1,430.5 52.98

Total 29 11,635.5

The summary table reveals that there remains a significant difference on the three

(3) range groups in the amount of pressure being applied, seeing that the F computed value

has a great margin from the F tabulated. With this, it opens the opportunity to calculate the

pressure applied of each participant to utilize in the observing and analyzing of the volts

harnessed by the corresponding groups, later on.

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

Table 2. Weights of Group 1 Corresponding to the Pressure Applied

Group 1 Weight (kg) Pressure (Pa)
B7 50 kg 4,083.33 Pa
B12 38 kg 3,103.33 Pa
G1 44 kg 3,593.33 Pa
G3 36 kg 2,940 Pa
G4 40 kg 3,266.66 Pa
G6 50 kg 4,083.33 Pa
G8 44 kg 3,593.33 Pa
G10 48 kg 3,920 Pa
G12 45 kg 3,675 Pa
G13 50 kg 4,083.33 Pa
T = 10 students μ = 44.54 kg μ = 3,634.16 Pa

To understand the pressure that was applied to the piezoelectric tile, the formula

for pressure was utilized, in which the force, i.e., weight multiplied by the acceleration due

to gravity, is divided by the area of the tile that is 0.12 m2.. As such the average pressure

applied from group 1 is 3,634.16 Pa, bearing in mind the mean of 44.54 kg.

Table 3. Weights of Group 2 Corresponding to the Pressure Applied

Group 2 Weight (kg) Pressure (Pa)
B1 67 kg 5,471.66 Pa
B2 64 kg 5,226.66 Pa
B4 59 kg 4,818.33 Pa
B9 60 kg 4,900 Pa
B10 67 kg 5,471.66 Pa
G2 54 kg 4,410 Pa
G5 59 kg 4,818.33 Pa
G9 58 kg 4,736.66 Pa
G15 54 kg 4,410 Pa
G16 58 kg 4,736.66 Pa
T = 10 students μ = 60 kg μ = 4,899.99 Pa

26
PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

Utilizing the formula for pressure, the corresponding pressure applied by each

participant was determined. This was further deepened by solving for the average pressure

applied of the entirety of group 2 of 60 kg, which resulted in 4,899.99 Pa.

Table 4. Weights of Group 3 Corresponding to the Pressure Applied

Group 3 Weight (kg) Pressure (Pa)
B3 87 kg 7,105 Pa
B5 91 kg 7,431.66 Pa
B6 89 kg 7,268.33 Pa
B8 113 kg 9,228.33 Pa
B11 96 kg 7,840 Pa
B13 92 kg 7,513.33 Pa
B14 86 kg 7,023.33 Pa
G7 75 kg 6,125 Pa
G11 82 kg 6,696.66 Pa
G14 79 kg 6,451.66 Pa

T = 10 students μ = 89 kg μ = 7,268.33 Pa

To establish the average pressure applied in group 3, the formula for pressure was

employed. In which the weight of the respondent is multiplied by the acceleration due to

gravity which is 9.8 m/s2. After obtaining the result, it is then divided by the area of the

tile which is 0.12m2 obtaining an answer of 7,268.33 Pa for the amount of pressure

enforced by group 3.

Table 5. Weights of OCNHS Students (30) Corresponding to the Pressure Applied

Participants Weight (kg Pressure (Pa)
B1 67 kg 5,471.66 Pa
B2 64 kg 5,226.66 Pa
B3 87 kg 7,105 Pa
B4 59 kg 4,818.33 Pa

27
PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

B5 91 kg 7,431.66 Pa
B6 89 kg 7,268.33 Pa
B7 50 kg 4,083.33 Pa
B8 113 kg 9,228.33 Pa
B9 60 kg 4,900 Pa
B10 67 kg 5,471.66 Pa
B11 96 kg 7,840 Pa
B12 38 kg 3,103.33 Pa
B13 92 kg 7,513.33 Pa
B14 86 kg 7,023.33 Pa
G1 44 kg 3,593.33 Pa
G2 54 kg 4,410 Pa
G3 36 kg 2,940 Pa
G4 40 kg 3,266.66 Pa
G5 59 kg 4,818.33 Pa
G6 50 kg 4,083.33 Pa
G7 75 kg 6,125 Pa
G8 44 kg 3,593.33 Pa
G9 58 kg 4,736.66 Pa
G10 48 kg 3,920 Pa
G11 82 kg 6,696.66 Pa
G12 45 kg 3,675 Pa
G13 50 kg 4,083.33 Pa
G14 79 kg 6,451.66 Pa
G15 54 kg 4,410 Pa
G16 58 kg 4,736.66 Pa

T = 30 students μ = 64.53 kg μ = 5,267.50 Pa

The formula for pressure is applied in which case the overall force is divided to the

area of the piezoelectric tile, which is 0.12 m2. Concluding that for 30 students that

averaged approximately 64.53 kg kg, applied 5,267.50 Pa of pressure.

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

B. Volts Harnessed

After each of the separated groups stepped on the tile the values were marked

down. The data analyzed on the ten students, which were counted to 30-50 kg is shown in

Table 1. Although it stored 2.72 volts, keep in mind the initial voltage on the battery of

2.04 volts, as to why it’s calculated that 0.68 volts were stored to the average of 44.54 kg.

Succeeding that is Table 2, which indicates the ten students that were classified into the

51-70 kg group, with the average of 60 kg, and an increase of 0.75 volts. Finally, are the

ten students that had 71+ kg in Table 3, which overall had an average of 89 kg which was

able to harness 0.82 volts.

Overall, the students of OCNHS, which has an average weight of 64.53 kg was

able to produce 2.25 volts in the rechargeable battery, which is indicated in Table 4.

Participants were gathered to assess the efficiency of the piezoelectric tile, by their

differing weights and pressure applied. The subjects that were chosen, was utilized as a

purposive sampling, since the participants themselves have a variety of weights that is

enough to represent the whole population of OCNHS.

To be specific, the thirty participants were classified into three groups : (a) 30-50

kg, (b) 51-70 kg, and (c) 71+ kg. The groups were necessary to estimate the specific volts

a certain range of weight produces into the piezoelectric tile.

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

Table 6. Total Voltage Stored of Group 1 (30-50 kg)

30-50 kg
Total Voltage
Group 1 Weight Volts Harnessed - Initial Voltage
Stored
B7 50 kg
B12 38 kg

G1 44 kg

G3 36 kg

G4 40 kg

G6 50 kg 2.72 volts -2.04 volts +0.68 volts

G8 44 kg

G10 48 kg

G12 45 kg

G13 50 kg

T = 10 students μ = 44.5 kg

For the first group, it consisted of exactly 10 students that were within the range of

30-50 kg. Solving for their average, it got 44.54 kg. Once all of the subjects in the group

walked on the tile, the multimeter was used to measure the number of volts the

rechargeable battery harnessed. It showed 2.72 volts, however there is an initial voltage of

2.04 volts that needs to be subtracted to reduce chances of making the wrong calculations.

As to why, with 10 students the rechargeable battery stored 0.68 volts.

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

Table 7. Total Voltage Stored of Group 2 (51-70 kg)

51-70 kg
Total Voltage
Group 2 Weight Volts Harnessed - Initial Voltage
Stored

B1 67 kg

B2 64 kg

B4 59 kg

B9 60 kg

B10 67 kg

G2 54 kg 3.47 volts -2.04 volts +0.75 volts

G5 59 kg

G9 58 kg

G15 54 kg

G16 58 kg

T = 10 students μ = 60 kg

In group 2, it indicates the ten students who fall into the 51-70 kg scale. The

average was calculated by adding all of the given values and dividing by the number of

students, giving us 60 kg. With this average, the 10 students were able to harness 3.47

volts, which gained 0.75 volts.

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

Table 8. Total Voltage Stored of Group 3 (71+ kg)

71+ kg
Total Voltage
Group 3 Weight Volts Harnessed - Initial Voltage
Stored
B3 87 kg

B5 91 kg

B6 89 kg

B8 113 kg

B11 96 kg

B13 92 kg 4.29 volts - 2.04 volts +0.82 volts

B14 86 kg

G7 75 kg

G11 82 kg

G14 79 kg

T = 10 students μ = 89 kg

As table 3 consists of ten students, the average was promptly calculated to be 89 kg

with the number of volts harnessed mounting up to 4.29 volts, indicating 0.13 volts

obtained.

Table 9. Total Voltage Stored of All Groups (30)

All Groups
Total Voltage
Participants Weight Volts Harnessed - Initial Voltage
Stored
B1 67 kg
B2 64 kg

B3 87 kg
4.29 volts - 2.04 volts 2.25 volts
B4 59 kg

B5 91 kg

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

B6 89 kg

B7 50 kg

B8 113 kg

B9 60 kg

B10 67 kg

B11 96 kg

B12 38 kg

B13 92 kg

B14 86 kg

G1 44 kg

G2 54 kg

G3 36 kg
4.29 volts - 2.04 volts 2.25 volts
G4 40 kg

G5 59 kg

G6 50 kg

G7 75 kg

G8 44 kg

G9 58 kg

G10 48 kg

G11 82 kg

G12 45 kg

G13 50 kg

G14 79 kg

G15 54 kg

G16 58 kg

T = 30 students μ = 64.53 kg

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

Finding the average of the thirty students to be 64.53 kg, the measured value on the

multimeter displays 4.29 volts, but the initial voltage is deduced resulting in the total

voltage stored in the rechargeable battery of thirty students to be 2.25 volts.

Figure 1. Relationship of Weights to the Amount of Volts Harnessed

Interpreting the values, the relationship of the piezoelectric tile in being able to

serve as a footstep power generator as an alternative energy source, especially to the

mechanical movements of crowded or public areas, i.e., parks, malls, and in this case,

schools. As well as indicate the relation, which is the proportional connection of the

varying weights to the volts harnessed, as seen on Figure 1. Relatively, the extensiveness

of a weight corresponds to a significant applied pressure, which in turn sparks a major

harnessing of energy (volts).

The piezoelectric tile was able to generate 2.25 volts with a total of thirty

participants. Although the value may appear minimal, it represents just around a small

section of the Olongapo City National High School population. If one takes into account

the 5,450+ students and staffs of the said learning institution, the volts harnessed would

scale up to around 9,080+ volts. In short, the piezoelectric tile has proven to be efficient

when it comes to producing volts and is an effective alternative energy source for the

economy.
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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

C. Frequency of Steps

The calculation above with regards to the weight and the corresponding pressure

applied had assisted in approximating the volts harnessed by each of the participants four

steps on the tile. As seen on the table, with each number of steps corresponding to the

average pressure applied, result in the total volts harnessed wherein the approximate

voltage produced per step of each corresponding group is revealed.

Table 10. Approximate Voltage Produced Per Step of All Groups

Average (μ) Approximate
Amount of No. of Volts
Group Pressure Voltage Produced
Students Steps Harnessed
Applied Per Step
1 (30-50 kg) 10 40 3,634.16 Pa 0.68 volts 0.017 volts
2 (51-70 kg) 10 40 4,899.99 Pa 0.75 volts 0.019 volts
3 (71+ kg) 10 40 7,268.33 0.82 volts 0.021 volts

Given the equal distribution of students to each group, the number of steps will be

of equilibrium as each student is instructed to step on the tile four (4) times, concluding

the estimated voltage produced per step by each group. Analysis of the findings showed

that group 3 (71+kg), given the calculation of average pressure applied, has the most

voltage produced per step. In which, reinforces the concept that the size of a weight

corresponds to a substantial amount of pressure being exerted, which causes a significant

amount of energy (volts) to be captured.

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

D. Durability

A total of 30 respondents were gathered to answer the survey provided by the

researchers through Google Forms, taking into account that the individual must’ve stepped

on to the piezoelectric tile before in order to answer the questions. The first three questions

of the survey were inquiries about the durability of the piezoelectric tile while the last

three questions of the survey were inquiries about the acceptability and performance of the

piezoelectric tile, both of which used a Likert scale in order to determine the opinions and

attitudes of which were most favorable for the respondents.

The Likert scale was classified into four groups. For the durability of the piezoelectric

tile, the Likert scale ranged from (1) being poor to (4) being very durable. The same

procedure was also done for the acceptability and performance of the piezoelectric tile, in

which the Likert scale ranged from (1) being strongly disagree to (4) being strongly agree.

Computing the range of the given data, a 0.75 range can be obtained on both categories.

Legends were also utilized for an easier identification of acronyms and values.

Table 11. Weighted Mean for Durability

Rating Scale Overall

4 3 2 1 WM DE

1. Considering one's overall experience, how 14 12 4 0 3.33 Very

durable would you rate the model? Durable

2. How durable would it be if an intense force 15 14 0 1 3.43 Very

acted upon it (jumping, jogging in place, Durable
stomping, etc.)

3. How is the design's durability compared to the 14 11 5 0 3.3 Durable

PEI Ratings of Group III, IV, and V?

Very
OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN RATING 3.35 Durable

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

Legend:

WM- Weighted Mean

DE- Descriptive Equivalent

4- (3.26-4.00) Very Durable

3- (2.51-3.25) Durable

2- (1.76-2.51) Slightly Durable

1- (1-1.75) Poor

Computing the weighted mean of the 30 respondents, a total of 3.35 can be obtained

from the given data. Allocating the results into the computed range, the durability of the

piezoelectric tile can be classified as very durable.

E. Acceptability and Performance

Provided by the researchers through Google Forms, the last three questions of the
survey were inquiries about the acceptability and performance of the piezoelectric tile,
utilizing a Likert scale.
Table 12. Weighted Mean for Acceptability and Performance

Rating Scale Overall

4 3 2 1 WM DE

1. The piezoelectric tile is effective in terms of 16 14 0 0 3.53 Strongly

its accessibility for individuals with mobility Agree
challenges or visual impairments.

2. Environmental factors (such as weather and 15 13 1 1 3.4 Agree

surroundings) do not have an effect on the
piezoelectric tile’s efficiency.

3. The piezoelectric tile is convenient and is 15 13 2 0 3.43 Strongly

suited for any public area. Agree

Strongly
OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN RATING 3.45 Agree

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

Legend:

WM- Weighted Mean

DE- Descriptive Equivalent

4- (3.26-4.00) Strongly Agree

3- (2.51-3.25) Agree

2- (1.76-2.51) Disagree

1- (1-1.75) Strongly Disagree

Finding the weighted mean of the 30 respondents, the computed value is acquired to be

3.45 in which if utilizing the range provided in the legend, the acceptability and

performance of the piezoelectric tile can be categorized as “strongly agree”. Indicating that

the piezoelectric tile is highly efficient in terms of its acceptability and performance.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the piezoelectric tile efficiently harvested mechanical energy from

footsteps to harness energy. It demonstrated its potential as a practical and sustainable

solution for an energy generator, whilst effectively serving as a tile.

This study was able to assess its capability by:

1. The coherent model of the tile which had consisted of concrete-like structures

that were as good as the present quality of tiles.

1.1 Withstanding the pressure applied by 25 participants that had ranged

between 30-113 kg. As well as from the weighted mean of these

participants that had resulted in 3.35 which translates to “very durable”.

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

1.2 Taking in the tile's acceptability and performance with the weighted

mean of those that had participated in the data gathering, which concluded

the value of 3.45, that is “strongly agree” once interpreted.

1.3 The tile's inventive design that's able to compete in the tile market.

2. The finalized model of the piezoelectric tile serving as a footstep power

generator.

2.1 Assessing the amount of pressure that was applied to the piezoelectric

tile by each of the 30 students. Wherein the group that is extensive in

weight corresponded to a more consequential applied pressure.

2.2 The total voltage stored on to the rechargeable battery, which resulted

in 2.25 volts that had revealed its direct relationship with the range of

weights and its corresponding pressure applied.

2.3 Primarily revealing that those that had a larger calculated mean on the

pressure applied, had the most contribution in the voltage produced per step

in response to each of the groups.

Recommendations

The recommendations the researchers have is firstly, in terms of materials is to

replace the piezo transducers with Lead Zirconate Titanate or better known as PZT, it’s

known for excellent piezoelectric properties which can be more efficient in converting

mechanical strain into electrical energy. PZT is also highly utilized as it can be obtained in

different forms, preferably a tile. Its one downfall is that it’s a brittle component, though

this can be easily resolved if a protective coating is added to enhance its durability. For the

PCB, it’s recommended having components of greater quality, a sustainable power

management and thermal management, and layout optimization, to make it more

39
PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

productive and efficient. On the tile itself, it’s suggested having a harder type of wood

specifically High-Density Fiberboard (HDF) which is wood but more heftier. Tiles like

these are manufactured from compressed wood fibers. To replace the need to use springs

that makes the tile feel bouncy, use PVDF or polyvinylidene fluoride which is a

piezoelectric polymer which can be made into a thin layer on top of the PZT which

deforms when applied pressure which’ll then generate electricity without the bounce,

whenever stepped on. In terms of the variable of durability, the lack of any access to

fatigue testing machines served as a barrier in deepening the concepts that ought to have

furthered the grasp of the piezoelectric tile model in the present quality of tiles.

REFERENCES

Abadi, P. B., Darlis, D., & Suraatmadja, M. S. (2018). Green energy harvesting from

human footsteps. MATEC Web of Conferences, 197, 11015.

https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819711015

Doungmarda, K. (2015). Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Doyle. www.academia.edu.

https://www.academia.edu/17096878/Piezoelectric_Energy_Harvesting_Doyle

James, L. (2023, February 13). A brief history of power electronics and why it’s important.

Power & Beyond. https://www.power-and-beyond.com/a-brief-history-of-power-

electronics-and-why-its-important-a-959053/

Kumar, D., Chaturvedi, P., & Jejurikar, N. (2014). Piezoelectric energy harvester design

and power conditioning. IEEE Students Conference on Electrical, Electronics and

Computer Science. https://doi.org/10.1109/sceecs.2014.6804491

Maiwa, H. (2016). Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting. InTech eBooks.

https://doi.org/10.5772/64162

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Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting. (n.d.). Google Books.

https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=en&lr=&id=mHaHzh_B8oQC&oi=fnd&pg

=PT9&dq=info%3A-

FrBzt1tet0J%3Ascholar.google.com%2F&ots=RKejJi2q3W&sig=cSsJ4ehRkzoiu

YDlnxNk70XI3XA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

Robledo, E. (2023, February 13). How Piezoelectricity Works - Fusion 360 Blog. Fusion

360 Blog. https://www.autodesk.com/products/fusion-360/blog/piezoelectricity/

Safaei, M., Sodano, H. A., & Anton, S. R. (2019). A review of energy harvesting using

piezoelectric materials: state-of-the-art a decade later (2008–2018). Smart

Materials and Structures, 28(11), 113001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-

665x/ab36e4

Scornec, J. L., Guiffard, B., Seveno, R., & Cam, V. L. (2020). Frequency tunable, flexible

and low-cost piezoelectric micro-generator for energy harvesting. Sensors and

Actuators A-physical, 312, 112148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2020.112148

Tang, G., Yang, B., Hou, C., Li, G., Liu, J., Chen, X., & Yang, C. (2016). A piezoelectric

micro generator worked at low frequency and high acceleration based on PZT and

phosphor bronze bonding. Scientific Reports, 6(1).

https://doi.org/10.1038/srep38798

Tardiveau, R., Giraud, F., Amanci, A. Z., Dawson, F., Giraud-Audine, C., Amberg, M., &

Lemaire-Semail, B. (2013). Power Consideration in a Piezoelectric Generator.

Smart Materials Research (Online), 2013, 1–7.

https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/410567

Yang, Z., Zhou, S., Zu, J. W., & Inman, D. J. (2018). High-Performance Piezoelectric

Energy Harvesters and Their Applications. Joule, 2(4), 642–697.

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

APPENDICES

A. Interview Transcript

Interviewers: Angel Keena Dela Cruz, Kryzell Avie Eladistu, and Vince Angelo

Guevarra

Consultant: Sir Christian Olaes

Date and Time: 4:30 pm, February 6, 2023

Location: Google Meet (Online)

Interviewer: Our research is entitled, Piezoelectric Tile; Footstep Power Generator,

meaning to say if someone were to step on the designed tile, the mechanical movement

applied is converted into energy. The IV in our research is the design of the Piezoelectric

Tile, how should we do the wiring of the piezo?

Consultant: I recommend that all negatives should be combined into one output, which

would have a positive outcome. It is a circuit with just one wire, connected to the PCB,

combining circuits with positive-negative, and positive-negative piezoelectric elements in

one wire.

Consultant: The PCB is because it is a flat board that has two sides, a side with a smooth

surface where you draw and the other side which is copper, where the sketch of the

schematic diagram. The components should be attached to the opposite sides, respectively,

soldered at the bottom, where their protruding feet are.

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

Interviewer: Below is our approach flowchart, which basically represents our methods.

Particularly in this assembly of piezoelectric footstep tile, we merely wanted to make sure

that what we are going to accomplish is accurate. Don't we need the wiring, which we

already know is the parallel circuit or the PCB? The PCB is designed to be connected to

similar devices in the parallel circuit's circuit.

Consultant: Right, so it appears that the piezo are connected in the example I just gave.

Once connected to the first input, which is a positive one, the other input, which is a

negative one, is connected. There is simply one wire connecting it to your circuit, and that

circuit is all there is. In other words, it is like stacking numerous piezo on a single

positive-negative wire and connecting that wire directly to the circuit. The outcome is as

stated.

Figure 1. Interview with the Consultant

43
 PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

B. Survey-Questionnaires

Table 1. Likert Scale of Durability and Acceptability and Performance

Durability

Likert Scale
Questions
4 3 2 1

1. Considering one's overall experience, how durable would you rate

the model?

2. How durable would it be if an intense force acted upon it (jumping,

jogging in place, stomping, etc.)

3. How is the design's durability compared to the PEI Ratings of Group

III, IV, and V?

Acceptability and Performance

1. The piezoelectric tile is effective in terms of its accessibility for

individuals with mobility challenges or visual impairments.

2. Environmental factors (such as weather and surroundings) do not

have an effect on the piezoelectric tile's efficiency.

3. The piezoelectric tile is convenient and is suited for any public area.

Open-ended question:

Have you encountered any challenges in utilizing the piezoelectric tile? If yes,

please elaborate.

C. Statistical Tool Computation

Table 2. ANOVA Calculation of Amount of Pressure

Amount of Pressure (ANOVA)

Grand
N K Total CM Total SS SST SSE MST MSE Fcom Ftab
Total
445
30 3 600 1,935 124,807.5 11,635.5 10,205 1,430.5 5,102.5 52.98 96.31 3.35
890
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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

CURRICULUM VITAE

NAME: Estelle Michylla S. Aguisanda

ADDRESS: #1348 Cristobal Ext. Sta. Rita, Olongapo City

CONTACT NO.: 09561793099

EMAIL ADDRESS:
[email protected]

EDUCATION

● Secondary: Olongapo City National High School

● Primary: Olongapo Wesley School

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age : 16

Birthdate : August 15, 2006

Birthplace : Olongapo City

Civil Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Sex : Female

I do hereby certify to the best of my knowledge and ability that the information
presented above are true and correct.

Estelle Michylla S. Aguisanda

Researcher

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PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

NAME: Geraldine Izzy U. Baysa

ADDRESS: #34-A, 14 St., Fontaine Ext., East Tapinac, Olongapo City

CONTACT NO.: 09167028342

EMAIL ADDRESS:
[email protected]

EDUCATION

● Secondary: Olongapo City National High School

● Primary: First School of SBFZ

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age : 15

Birthdate : July 03, 2007

Birthplace : Olongapo City, Zambales

Civil Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Sex : Female

I do hereby certify to the best of my knowledge and ability that the information
presented above are true and correct.

Geraldine Izzy U. Baysa

Researcher

46
PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

NAME: Angel Keena A. Dela Cruz

ADDRESS: Olongapo City, Gordon Heights, #83 Sander St.

CONTACT NO.: 09691617326

EMAIL ADDRESS:
[email protected]

EDUCATION

● Secondary: Olongapo City National High School

● Primary: Gordon Heights I Elementary School

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age : 16

Birthdate : August 22, 2006

Birthplace : Olongapo City

Civil Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Sex : Female

I do hereby certify to the best of my knowledge and ability that the information
presented above are true and correct.

Angel Keena A. Dela Cruz

Researcher

47
PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

NAME: Kryzell Avie S. Eladistu

ADDRESS: 1317 B Cristobal Ext. Sta. Rita

CONTACT NO.: 0927 967 1106

EMAIL ADDRESS: [email protected]

EDUCATION

● Secondary: Olongapo City National High School

● Primary: Olongapo City Christian High School

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age : 15

Birthdate : August 16, 2007

Birthplace : Olongapo City

Civil Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Sex : Female

I do hereby certify to the best of my knowledge and ability that the information
presented above are true and correct.

Kryzell Avie S. Eladistu

Researcher

48
PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

NAME: Venvenus B. Guevarra

ADDRESS: #1099F Sta. Rita Rd., Sta. Rita, Olongapo City

CONTACT NO.: 0956-395-1896

EMAIL ADDRESS: [email protected]

EDUCATION

● Secondary: Olongapo City National High School

● Primary: Sta. Rita Elementary School

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age : 16

Birthdate : February 14, 2007

Birthplace : Olongapo City

Civil Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Sex : Female

I do hereby certify to the best of my knowledge and ability that the information
presented above are true and correct.

Venvenus B. Guevarra

Researcher

49
PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

NAME: Vince Angelo T. Guevarra

ADDRESS: Blk. 8 P5-C Sta. Rita Olongapo City

CONTACT NO.: 09810576047

EMAIL ADDRESS: [email protected]

EDUCATION

● Secondary: Olongapo City National High School

● Primary: Balic-Balic Elementary School

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age : 16

Birthdate : November 28, 2006

Birthplace : Olongapo City

Civil Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Sex : Male

I do hereby certify to the best of my knowledge and ability that the information
presented above are true and correct.

Vince Angelo T. Guevarra

Researcher

50
PIEZOELECTRIC TILE; FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

NAME: Gannie Krobert B. Quintana

ADDRESS: 1824th St. East Bajac-Bajac Olongapo City

CONTACT NO.: N/A

EMAIL
ADDRESS:[email protected]

EDUCATION

● Secondary: Olongapo City National High School

● Primary: Mondriaan Montessori

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age : 15

Birthdate : July 12, 2007

Birthplace : Olongapo

Civil Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Sex : Male

I do hereby certify to the best of my knowledge and ability that the information
presented above are true and correct.

Gannie Krobert B. Quintana

Researcher

51