B.Tech.
1: Building Materials
DIVISION 04
MASONRY
Contents
Mortars and Plasters
Masonry
Estimate
History of Masonry
the art of building with stone, bricks,
concrete blocks or other similar
materials.
this art of building has its origin as
early as 4,000 B.C. from the land of
Mesopotamia, China, and Egypt as
manifested by some stone edifice still
existing today.
History of Masonry
In 2600 B.C., cut stones were used on a wide scale
construction of temples and monuments as observed in
the construction of the pyramids of Egypt.
History of Masonry
Later in the new development of
masonry construction, dry
stones were widely used by the
Mayans, Aztecs, Inca, and other
early Americans in their
construction of public buildings,
monuments, and buildings
chiefly used for religious rites.
History of Masonry
Dry stone masonry or mortar-
less construction was also
adopted in Greece, Egypt,
Ethiopia, China, and other
places.
History of Masonry
Use of mortar was
introduced by the Romans
who also perfected the
technique of using
masonry facing on a core
of concrete and rubbles.
History of Masonry
Vaults and domes of concrete or masonry embedded
in concrete were used to roof large public building
structures.
Masonry Building Materials Includes
Stone
Concrete Blocks
Tiles
Terra Cotta
Adobe Stone
1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS
A construction materials used in
building and finishing surfaces in
construction projects. They serve
different purposes and have distinct
properties, but both involve a mixture
of various components, including
cementitious materials and
aggregates.
MORTARS
A building material primarily used
for bonding masonry units like
bricks, blocks, or stones together to
create walls or other structures.
It provides cohesion and strength to
masonry elements.
MORTARS
Components
Mortar typically consists of cement,
sand, and water. Depending on the
specific application and requirements,
other additives like lime or plasticizers
may be included.
MORTARS
Types
There are different types of mortar
based on the specific construction
needs. Common types include Type N,
Type S, Type M, and Type O mortar,
each with varying proportions of
cement and sand to achieve different
levels of strength and durability.
MORTARS
Applications
Mortar is used to lay bricks or blocks,
set stones, and create a strong bond
between masonry units. It also plays a
role in providing weather resistance
and preventing moisture infiltration.
MORTARS
Mixing
Mortar is mixed on-site by combining
the dry ingredients (cement and sand)
and gradually adding water to
achieve the desired consistency.
Proper mixing is essential to ensure
the mortar's strength and durability.
MORTARS
Curing
After application, mortar needs to be
cured by keeping it moist for a
specified period to allow it to gain
strength and durability.
PLASTER
A finishing material used to cover and
protect interior walls and ceilings. It
provides a smooth, even surface for
painting or decoration.
PLASTER
Components
Plaster typically consists of gypsum, lime,
or cement as the binder and sand as the
aggregate. The exact composition can
vary depending on the type of plaster.
PLASTER
Types
There are different types of plaster used
for various applications. For example,
gypsum plaster is commonly used for
interior wall and ceiling finishes, while lime
plaster may be used for historic
preservation or exterior applications.
PLASTER
Applications
Plaster is applied in layers to interior
surfaces to create a smooth and
aesthetically pleasing finish. It can be used
to cover drywall, masonry, or other
substrates.
PLASTER
Mixing
Plaster is mixed with water to create a
workable paste that can be applied to
surfaces. The consistency of the mix is
important for achieving a smooth finish.
PLASTER
Drying
Plaster sets by chemical reaction
(hydration in the case of gypsum plaster)
and should be allowed to dry and cure
properly before any finishing work, such as
painting or wallpapering, is done.
PLASTER
Lime Plaster
Gypsum Plaster
Portland Cement Plaster
Sgraffito
PLASTER
Lime Plaster
(hydrated lime and water), mixed on the
job with sand and gypsum plaster, used
for two and three-coat finish surfaces for
interior walls and ceilings.
PLASTER
Gypsum plaster
Plaster of Paris mixed with clay, lime and
other materials in combinations covered
by trademarks or patents. Mixed on the
job with water, sand, lime putty, hair or
fiber for two or three-coat finish surfaces
for interior walls and ceilings; or used dry
as ingredient for hard or sand float finish
with lime plaster
PLASTER
High-strength Gypsum Plaster
Same as gypsum plaster but mixed to
meet established standards. Mixed on the
job with water, sand, lime putty, hair or
fiber for two and three-coat finish surfaces
for both exteriors and interiors.
Significantly more water-resistant than
ordinary gypsum.
PLASTER
Fibered gypsum plaster
A type of gypsum-based plaster that
includes added fibers to enhance its
strength, durability, and crack resistance.
Gypsum plaster, in its pure form, is
relatively soft and can be prone to
cracking and damage, especially in areas
with high stress or movement.
PLASTER
Lightweight gypsum plaster,
fire-resistant plaster.
Gypsum plaster mixed on the job with
water, perlite, vermiculite or other
suitable mineral aggregate.
perlite. an amorphous vermiculite. clay mineral
volcanic glass that has a similar to montmorillonite in
relatively high water content, structure and, in some cases,
typically formed by the composition
hydration of obsidian
PLASTER
Plaster of Paris
For ornamental plaster work and
castings.
PLASTER
Acoustic Plaster.
For acoustic treatment of interior walls and
ceilings.
Helps to increase the intelligibility of voice,
music, and other sounds under desirable
environment.
Acoustic plasters are also fireproof and
LEED rated. However, it can be more fragile,
being affected by physical stress and
humidity.
PLASTER
Sgraffito (in Italian "to scratch")
A technique either of wall decor, produced
by applying layers of plaster tinted in
contrasting colours to a moistened
surface, or in pottery, by applying to an
unfired ceramic body two successive
layers of contrasting slip or glaze, and
then in either case scratching so as to
reveal parts of the underlying layer
MORTARS AND PLASTERS
2. MASONRY
is a built-up construction or
combination of building
materials as clay, concrete,
or stone set in mortar; or
plain concrete.
MASONRY
MASONRY TERMS & DEFINITION
a. Bed – The horizontal surfaces on
which the stones or bricks of walls
lie in the courses.
MASONRY
MASONRY TERMS & DEFINITION
b. Course – A continuous layer of
bricks, stones, or other masonry
units
MASONRY
MASONRY TERMS & DEFINITION
c. Wythe or Tier – Each continuous,
vertical section of the wall, one
masonry unit thick.
MASONRY
MASONRY TERMS & DEFINITION
d. Bond – That connection between bricks, stones or other
masonry units formed by lapping them one upon another
carrying up the work, so as to form an inseparable mass of
building, by preventing the vertical joints falling over each
other (also called a breaking joint).
MASONRY
MASONRY TERMS & DEFINITION
e. Stretcher – A brick or block
masonry laid lengthwise of a wall
MASONRY
MASONRY TERMS & DEFINITION
f. Header – A brick or block
masonry extending over the
thickness of the wall
MASONRY
MASONRY TERMS & DEFINITION
g. Heading course – A course in
which the bricks or other masonry
units are all headers.
MASONRY
MASONRY TERMS & DEFINITION
h. Soldier – A unit laid on its end
with its face perpendicular to the
face of the wall.
MASONRY
MASONRY TERMS & DEFINITION
i. Quoins – The corner stones at the
angles of buildings, usually
rusticated so as to project from the
normal surface of the wall.
MASONRY
MASONRY TERMS & DEFINITION
j. Bond Stones – Stones
running through the
thickness of the wall at
right angles to its face,
in order to bind it
together
MASONRY
MASONRY TERMS & DEFINITION
k. Blocking or Blocking Course – A
course of stones placed on top of
cornice crowning the walls
MASONRY
STONE
Stone, together with wood and clay, are the
basic building material of man. The history of
architecture until as late as 1900 was largely the
history of stone in architecture.
Stone was the structural material, the exterior
and interior finishing material, the flooring
material and in many cases the roofing material.
MASONRY
STONE
MASONRY
STONE
Stone commonly used for architectural purposes include
Granite
Limestone
Marble
Sandstone
Travertine
Slate
MASONRY
STONE
They are commonly classified as:
Rubble Stone. Stone delivered
from the quarries rough and
irregular shape.
MASONRY
STONE
Rubble Work.
Masonry of rough, undressed
stones.
When only the roughest
irregularities are knocked off, it is
called scabbled rubble, and
When the stones in each course are
rudely dressed to a nearly uniform
height, range rubble .
MASONRY
STONE
Random work.
Stones fitted together at
random without any attempt to
lay them in course.
MASONRY
STONE
They are commonly classified as:
Dimension Stone. Stone cut
into specific size, squared to
dimensions, and to a specific
thickness
MASONRY
STONE
Ranged work or coursed ashlar – Uniform
courses with stones uniform in size.
Broken range ashlar – Course laid with the
horizontal joints uninterrupted but the width of
the courses and the length of the stones are
varied to produce a wall with a less regular
pattern.
MASONRY
STONE
Random course their rectangular shape and are laid on horizontal
beds but no effort is made to continue the horizontal beds through in
an uninterrupted manner. Large stones combine with small ones in a
convenient and, if possible, an interesting manner.
MASONRY
STONE
Rustic or Rock work - Courses of stone
face which is jagged, so as to present a
rough surface.
Rustication occurs when heavier stones or
areas of stone project from the normal
face of the surrounding wall or of the joint
themselves.
MASONRY
STONE
BRICKS
Are structural units of clay or shale
formed while plastic and subsequently
fired.
The manufacture of brick consists
essentially of screening, grinding, or
working the clay to the desired
consistency for moulding, whether by
hand or machine.
MASONRY
STONE
BRICKS
After moulding, the bricks are dried and
then burned in kilns for many hours at
high temperatures, approximately 2000°F.
These processes purify the raw products,
make it uniform and homogeneous, burn
out all combustible matter, and result in a
product which is both stable and
physically permanent .
MASONRY
BRICKS
The types of bricks most frequently used in architecture are:
Common or building brick. Used for all
purposes, including facing.
Facing brick. Specially processed to give
certain specific surface characteristics.
Used for exposed masonry surfaces.
MASONRY
BRICKS
The types of bricks most frequently
used in architecture are:
Glazed brick. These have a smooth
outer surface with a dull satin or
high gloss finish. They are load
bearing, fire resisting, and
impervious. They are usually formed
with vertical hollow cores through
the body with scoring on the back.
MASONRY
BRICKS
The types of bricks most frequently
used in architecture are:
Fire (refractory) brick. These are
ordinarily made from a mixture of
flint clay and plastic clay, and are
used for the lining of furnaces,
fireplaces, and chimneys.
MASONRY
BRICKS
The usual methods of laying brick are as
follows
Common Bond. Consists of five
stretcher courses and then a
header course. It is generally
begun with a row of headers at
the bottom course
MASONRY
BRICKS
The usual methods of laying brick are as
follows
English Bond. Consists of
alternate courses of stretchers
and headers.
MASONRY
BRICKS
The usual methods of laying brick are as
follows
Flemish Bond. Consists of
alternate headers and stretchers
in each course .
MASONRY
BRICKS
The usual methods of laying brick are as
follows
Herringbone. The bricks are laid
diagonally to form a herring-
bone pattern.
MASONRY
BRICKS
The usual methods of laying brick are as
follows
Mortar joints between brick
courses are usually from 4.5mm
(3/16”) to 12mm (½”).
MASONRY
BRICKS
Concrete Hollow Block (CHB)
A hollow masonry unit, with two
or three cells or cores, made of
the following ingredients: water,
Portland cement, and various
types of aggregate such as sand,
gravel, and crushed stone.
MASONRY
BRICKS
Concrete Hollow Block (CHB)
Lightweight concrete hollow
blocks are also manufactured
with such aggregates as cinders,
expanded slag, expanded shale
or clay. Expanded blast furnace
slag rates the highest in fire
resistance, and due to its cellular
structure, has high sound and
thermal insulation quality.
MASONRY
BRICKS
Concrete Hollow Block (CHB)
Standard CHB sizes are from
thicknesses of 100mm (4”),
150mm (6”) and 200mm (8”) x
height of 200mm (8”) x length of
400mm (16”).
CHB of 100mm (4”) thickness
should be used only for interior
partition walls where weather-
tightness is not required.
MASONRY
BRICKS
The different types of concrete
hollow block include:
Stretchers
MASONRY
BRICKS
The different types of concrete
hollow block include:
Corner blocks
MASONRY
BRICKS
The different types of concrete
hollow block include:
Beam or lintel blocks
MASONRY
BRICKS
The different types of concrete
hollow block include:
Headers
MASONRY
BRICKS
The different types of concrete
hollow block include:
Jamb blocks
MASONRY
BRICKS
“DURISOL” BLOCK
lightweight block made from fiber and
cement.
“DURISOL” block units are two-core,
100mm (4”) or 150mm ( 6”) x 87mm (7-
1/2”) x 600mm (24”).
Reinforcement shall be 10mm ∅
vertical bars at 720mm (36”) on center
and at every 4th course. Every 4th
course should be a beam block course.
Cores shall be solidly filled with cement
mortar.
MASONRY
BRICKS
“DURISOL” BLOCK
Structural clay tile are hollow masonry
units, open at two ends with interior
webs or partitions 19mm (¾”) to 25mm
(1”) dividing the block into longitudinal
cells.
In its manufacture, the various shapes
of clay tile are formed through special
dies and then wire-cut into the
required lengths.
MASONRY
ESTIMATES
