C.R.

E NOTES
FORM ONE
EDITION ONE

OCTOBER 9, 2015
PERSONAL
WWW.ATIKASCHOOL.COM
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...............................................................................................

INTRODUCTION TO CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS EDUCATION ........................................ 1

Meaning of Christian Religious Education ......................................................... 1

THE BIBLE............................................................................................................... 3

What is the Bible? .............................................................................................. 3

The Bible as a library.......................................................................................... 4

Human Authors ............................................................................................. 4

MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE BIBLE........................................................................ 5

DIVISIONS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT .................................................................. 6

(i) Law books .................................................................................................. 6

(ii) Historical Books ........................................................................................ 6

(iii) Poetic books ............................................................................................ 7

(iv) Prophetic books ...................................................................................... 7

Note: The following are the books of the Bible referred to as the writings; ....... 8

DIVISIONS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT................................................................. 8

(i) Biographical Books .................................................................................... 8

(ii) Historical Books ........................................................................................ 8

(iii)Pauline Epistles ......................................................................................... 9

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 (iv) General Epistles ........................................................................................9

(v) Prophetic books ........................................................................................9

TRANSLATIONS OF THE BIBLE FROM ORIGINAL LANGUAGES TO THE PRESENT

LOCAL LANGUAGES ................................................................................................9

Versions of the Bible used in Kenya Today ........................................................11

The effects of the translation of the Bible into African languages ....................11

Areas/ places where the bible is used in Kenya today ......................................12

Ways in which Christians use the bible to spread the gospel ............................12

Reasons why Christians use the bible in worship ..............................................13

CREATION AND THE FALL OF HUMAN KIND .........................................................14

First Account of creation ..................................................................................14

The meaning of Biblical Accounts of creation...............................................15

Comparison betwee the two accounts of creation.......................................17

Responsibilities given to human beings at creation ..........................................19

Relationship between human beings and the environment from the creation
stories ...............................................................................................................19

The teachings about human beings from the Biblical creation accounts .....20

Teachings about marriage from the biblical stories of creation, ......................20

Ways in which Christians continue with god’s work of creation .......................21

Reasons as to why man is considered the most special creation of God ..........21

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 TRADITIONAL AFRICAN VIEW OF CREATION .................................................... 22

Common ideas in Traditional African views of creation .............................. 22

Similarities between the traditional African myths and the Biblical accounts
of creation ................................................................................................... 23

Differences between the traditional African myths of origin and the Biblical
creation stories/African myths .................................................................... 24

Teachings from the Biblical creation Accounts ............................................ 24

THE ORIGIN OF SIN AND ITS CONSEQUENCES ..................................................... 26

Causes of sin .................................................................................................... 26

The consequences of sin .................................................................................. 26

GOD’S PLAN OF SALVATION OF MANKIND .......................................................... 28

TRADITIONAL AFRICAN CONCEPT OF EVIL ....................................................... 29

Similarities and differences between traditional African view of evil and

biblical concept of sin .................................................................................. 30

Ways of dealing with evil doers in traditional African communities ................ 31

Ways in which the church today disciplines errant members .......................... 31

How the church helps to bring back members who have fallen from faith ...... 32

FAITH AND GOD’S PROMISES: ABRAHAM ........................................................... 32

Background to the call of Abraham ................................................................. 32

The call of Abraham (Gen. 12:1-9) ............................................................... 33

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 Lessons learnt about God from the call of Abraham ....................................33

Lessons Christians learn from the call of Abraham .......................................33

Definition of the term faith in God ...................................................................34

Importance of Faith in Christian life today ...................................................34

Abraham’s acts of faith in God .........................................................................34

How Abraham demonstrated his faith in God in the incident when he was
willing to sacrifice his son .................................................................................35

Lessons Christians learn from the incident Abraham was willing to sacrifice his
son ....................................................................................................................36

Ways in which Christians express their faith in God today ...............................36

GODS PROMISES TO ABRAHAM .......................................................................36

Relevance of the promises to Christians today ............................................38

Elements of covenant .......................................................................................39

God’s covenant with Abraham .........................................................................40

Importance of the covenant .........................................................................41

Covenants in modern life ..................................................................................41

Importance of covenants in modern life ...........................................................43

JEWISH CIRCUMCISION ....................................................................................43

Importance of circumcision to Abraham and his descendants ....................44

JEWISH VERSUS AFRICAN PRACTICE OF CIRCUMCISION ..............................44

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 THE SINAI COVENANT: MOSES ........................................................................ 45

The call of Moses ......................................................................................... 45

Reasons why Moses was reluctant to accept God’s call .............................. 46

Attributes of God learnt during the call of Moses ....................................... 46

What Moses learnt from this incident/call about God ................................ 47

THE TEN PLAGUES ............................................................................................... 48

Attributes of God learnt from the ten plagues ............................................ 51

THE PASSOVER ................................................................................................. 52

Attributes of God shown in the Jewish Passover ......................................... 53

THE EXODUS .................................................................................................... 54

a). Crossing the red sea. (Exodus 14:5 – 31) .................................................... 54

b). Provision of water (Exodus 15:22 – 27, 17:1 – 6) ........................................ 55

c). Provision of manna and quails (Exodus 16:1 – 35) ...................................... 55

d). Defeat of the Amalekites (exodus 17:8 – 16) .............................................. 56

Summary of the ways in which God took care of the Israelites during the
Exodus ......................................................................................................... 56

Problems Moses faced as he led the Israelites during the Exodus .............. 57

Problems encountered by Christians in their commitment to Christ today. 57

THE MAKING OF THE SINAI COVENANT (EXODUS 19, 24:1 – 8) ....................... 58

Steps in the formation/ sealing of the covenant ......................................... 60

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THE TEN COMMANDMENTS (EXODUS 20:1 – 17) ................................................60

Duties to God ...................................................................................................61

Duties towards man .........................................................................................62

THE BREAKING OF THE SINAI COVENANT .........................................................64

Effects of worshipping the Idol/Bull .................................................................65

THE RENEWAL OF THE SINAI COVENANT .........................................................65

THE WORSHIP OF THE ISRAELITES IN THE WILDERNESS .......................................67

A. Sacrifices and offerings ................................................................................67

C. Altars ............................................................................................................69

D. Prayer and Songs..........................................................................................69

E. Holy day of worship ......................................................................................69

F. The Tent of Meeting (EX 26) .........................................................................70

Elements of the Jewish worship found in the Christian worship today ............70

ISRAELITES NEW UNDERSTANDING OF THE NATURE OF GOD .............................72

LEADERSHIP IN ISRAEL: DAVID AND SOLOMON ...................................................73

The Roles of the Judges/ Characteristics of judges ...........................................73

REASONS FOR KINGSHIP IN ISRAEL...................................................................74

KING SAUL’S SUCCESSES AND FAILURES ...........................................................75

King Saul’s failures/ weaknesses ..................................................................76

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 KING DAVID’S IMPORTANCE ............................................................................ 77

King David’s achievements as the king of Israel ........................................... 77

David’s weaknesses ......................................................................................... 79

The importance of David as an ancestor of Jesus Christ .............................. 79

Promises God made to David through Prophet Nathan .............................. 80

QUALITIES OF A GOOD LEADER DRAWN FROM DAVID’S LEADERSHIP ........ 82

KING SOLOMON’S ACHIEVEMENTS AND FAILURES ......................................... 83

King Solomon’s achievements ..................................................................... 83

King Solomon’s failures................................................................................ 84

Lessons Christians learn from King Solomon’s reign .................................... 85

THE DIVISION OF THE KINGDOM OF ISRAEL .................................................... 86

Factors that led to the division/reasons for the rise of schism in Israel .............. 86

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE TEMPLE IN ISRAEL ................................................. 87

Factors that led to spread of idolatry in Israel ............................................. 88

Influence of the local Canaanite Religion..................................................... 90

B. The religious schism between Judah and Israel ....................................... 91

Ways in which King Jeroboam contributed to religious schism between

Judah and Israel. .......................................................................................... 91

Factors which lead people away from the worship of God today ................ 91

THE EFFECTS OF IDOLATRY IN ISRAEL .............................................................. 92

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 ELIJAH’S FIGHT AGAINST FALSE RELIGION AND CORRUPTION .........................94

Prophet Elijah’s mission ...................................................................................94

A) FIGHT AGAINST FALSE RELIGION .................................................................94

Elijah’s fight against corruption ....................................................................96

Forms of punishment prophesied by Prophet Elijah to king Ahab and Jezebel

.....................................................................................................................97

Forms of corruption in the society ...............................................................98

Ways of fighting against corruption in the country today ............................98

Problems Elijah faced in Israel ......................................................................99

THE RELEVANCE OF ELIJAH’S PROPHETIC MISSION TO CHRISTIANS TODAY ...100

Qualities of Prophet Elijah that a Christian leader should posses ..............101

SELECTED ASPECTS IN AFRICAN RELIGIOUS HERITAGE; .....................................101

Attributes of God as understood by African people ...................................101

THE AFRICAN UNDERSTANDING OF THE HIERACHY OF BEINGS ....................104

THE ROLES OF GOD, SPIRITS AND ANCESTORS ...............................................107

a. Roles of God ...........................................................................................107

B. The role of Spirits ...................................................................................107

C. Roles of ancestors ..................................................................................108

RESPONSIBILITY OF THE LIVING TOWARDS GOD, SPIRITS AND ANCESTORS ..108

GOD ............................................................................................................108

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 SPIRITS ....................................................................................................... 109

ANCESTORS................................................................................................ 109

TRADITIONAL AFRICAN WAYS OF WORSHIPPING GOD ..................................... 110

VENERATING AND COMMUNICATING WITH SPIRITS AND ANCESTORS............. 113

Ways in which traditional African communities demonstrated their respect to

ancestors and spirits ...................................................................................... 113

AFRICAN MORAL AND CULTURAL VALUES..................................................... 114

(i) The meaning of life and its wholeness in the traditional African society
................................................................................................................... 114

(ii). The African concept of community and kinship system ...................... 115

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO HARMONY AND MUTUAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE

AFRICAN COMMUNITY .................................................................................. 116

RITES OF PASSAGE ......................................................................................... 119

BIRTH ............................................................................................................. 119

Rituals observed after child birth ............................................................... 120

NAMING..................................................................................................... 122

How names are given to children in T.A.S ................................................. 123

CHANGING ATTITUDE TO BIRTH AND NAMING ......................................... 123

INITIATION ................................................................................................. 124

COMMON RITUALS PERFORMED DURING INITIATION ............................. 125

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 SIGNIFICANCE OF INITIATION RITES ...........................................................125

ROLE OF INITIATION IN INCULCATING MORAL VALUES ..............................127

Ways in which initiation rites have changed today ........................................128

MARRIAGE ......................................................................................................128

MORAL VALUES INCULCATED BY MARRIAGE .............................................129

DEATH ............................................................................................................129

DEATH RITES IN AFRICAN TRADITIONAL SOCIETY (A.T.S) ...............................130

ROLE OF DEATH IN CREATING MORAL VALUES ..........................................131

Practices in T.A.C that show their belief in life after death .................................132

i. Naming children after the dead. ................................................................132

ii. Invoking the names of the dead during problems./ inviting them to
important occasions. ..........................................................................................132

iii. Burrying the dead with some property. .....................................................132

iv. Offering sacrifices to the dead. ..................................................................132

v. Pouring libation to the living-dead. ............................................................132

vi. Taking care of their graveyards. .................................................................132

vii. Fulfillingthe wishes / will of the dead/ carrying out the demands of the
dead. 132

viii. Talking of the dead as having gone for a walk. .......................................132

ix. Washing the dead body/ oiling/ giving a descent burial to the dead. ........132

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 AFRICAN MORAL VALUES .............................................................................. 140

CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN THE AFRICAN UNDERSTANDING OF VARIOUS

ISSUES ................................................................................................................ 143

Community .................................................................................................... 143

Old age and the aged ..................................................................................... 143

Land ............................................................................................................... 143

Property ......................................................................................................... 144

Widows and orphans ..................................................................................... 144

Dress .............................................................................................................. 145

Dowry or bride price ...................................................................................... 146

Medicine ........................................................................................................ 146

Leisure ........................................................................................................... 146

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 INTRODUCTION TO CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS
EDUCATION
Meaning of Christian Religious Education
Christian
The word comes from Greek word “Christos” which means someone who
has been chosen to follow Christ. Therefore, a Christian is a follower of
Christ.
Religion
It is the service and worship of God through approved systems of beliefs,
practices and patterns of behavior.

Education
Is the systematic training/instruction of pupils especially/mainly in schools
and colleges?
Therefore, Christian Religious Education (CRE) is the;
a) Systematic study of religious beliefs and practices based in the life
and teaching of Jesus.
b) Study of God‟s revelations to people through personal experiences,
his creation, the Holy Spirit, Jesus Christ and the word of God.
Reasons for studying Christian Religious Education
1. By studying CRE, a learner gets to know God‟s power, character
and how God reveals himself to humankind.
2. CRE helps learners to know God‟s will for humankind and how He
expects us to live.
 This will help learners to develop faith in God.
3. Helps learners to acquire spiritual insight which is used in making
appropriate decisions on how to handle issues that face them in life
e.g. drug abuse, incest, corruption, and homosexuality.
4. The subject helps the learner to acquire basic principles/rules that
guide a person to develop morally, emotionally, intellectually and
physically.

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5. Helps learners become more aware of their internal / inner state and
this creates self awareness, leading to the development of self-
respect, self-worth and identity.
6. Helps the learner to understand and to respect the differences
among people in the society.
7. It also helps the learner to tolerate one another and appreciate one
another consequently relating well with others and even resolve
differences.
8. The study of CRE promotes national unity.
 We get to understand that God created all people regardless of
gender, race, and religion.
9. On a boarder sense, it promotes international consciousness.
 This comes as a result of the awareness that all human beings were
created by the same God.
10. It provides an important background for entry into careers and
ambitions e.g. law, clergy, CRE teaching, and administration.
11. By studying the subject one knows more about the Bible and the
personalities in it.
12. Helps to explain certain mysteries in life e.g. origin of mankind,
why people die, and the destiny of human beings.
13. Helps the learner to appreciate/understand the environment as the
creation of God and the need to conserve/ preserve/care for it.
14. It equips the learner with appropriate skills, attitudes and
knowledge which are important for economic development.
 Such virtues include handwork, diligence, honesty, tolerance, and
respect among others.
15. C.R.E. contributes to the national goals of education e.g. patriotism,
nationalism.

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 THE BIBLE
What is the Bible?
 The word Bible is derived from the Greek word, “Biblia”, which
means a book.
 The Bible is accepted by Christians worldwide as the word of God.
 Is also referred to as the Holy Bible, The Promise, or The Holy
Scriptures.

Why the Bible is referred to as the word of God

(Hebrews 1:1-2, 2 Timothy 3:16,
Rev 22:18)
The Bible can be said to be the word of God because of the following
reasons
1. Through it God speaks to human beings through his son, Jesus
Christ.(Heb 1:1-2)
2. All scripture was inspired by God .(2 Timothy 3:16)
3. The human authors/writes were under the influence of the Holy
Spirit.
4. The Bible deals with God‟s revelations to human beings and their
responses.
5. The Bible contains the true message of God for our daily living.
6. God himself wrote the Ten Commandments.
7. All the scripture is quite useful in training/teaching, rebuking and
correcting human beings so as t make them righteous.
8. There is a striking consistency in thought and
development/movement in the Biblical themes because all authors
were inspired by one God.
9. What is written actually happens. It is fulfilled and never changed.
10. It contains words spoken by God Himself like, “Thus, says the
Lord…….”
11. It clearly explains the nature/quality of God to us, for example,
 God is powerful – omnipotent.
 God is all-knowing – omniscient.
 God is everywhere – omnipresent.

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 12. Attempts to destroy the Bible have failed.
14. It reveals Jesus Christ as the Word of God.
15. The information in the Bible was revealed to the authors through
dreams, visions and natural phenomena.

The Bible as a library

The following are some of the reasons why the Bible is considered as a
form of a library.
1. The Bible is a collection of 66 books.
2. The Bible was written using different literary styles e.g. poetic,
prayers.
3. The different books were written by different authors from different
backgrounds.
4. The books were written at different times in history over along span
of time.
5. The books in the Bible are arranged in order from the Old
Testament to the New Testament.
6. The books were written in different places.
7. The books of the Bible cater for different audience e.g. priests,
women, men etc.
8. The books are arranged according to different subjects for example:
books of law, books of history, wisdom writings, among others.

Human Authors
(2 Peter 1:20-21)
1. God used various human authors to write His message which is
found in the different books of the Bible.
2. Some of the authors were kings, scribes, apostles and disciples.
3. The writers lived at different times in history from the time of
Moses to the Gospels.

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 4. The nature of the content written was influenced by the historical,
political and religious factors of the time.
5. All the writers of the Bible were Jews except Luke who was a
Gentile.
6. All books of the O.T. were written in Palestine except Ezekiel and
Deutro- Isaiah which were written in exile.
7. The N.T. books were written in many parts of the Roman Empire.

The literary forms used in the writing of the Bible

1. Poetry-e.g. Job.
2. Prayers-e.g. Psalms.
3. Wise sayings-e.g Proverbs.
4. Philosophical essays-e.g. Ecclesiastes.
5. Prophetic Speeches-e.g. Jeremiah.
6. Love Songs-e.g. Song of Solomon.
7. Religious Epics-e.g.Kings.
8. Legislative Texts-e.g. Leviticus.
9. Epistles/ letters-e.g. Corinthians.
10. Gospels-e.g. Luke‟s Gospel.

MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE BIBLE

The Bible is divided into two main sections i.e.
(a) The Old Testament.
(b) The New Testament.
 The word „Testament‟ means covenant, agreement or promise.
 The Old Testament has 39 books while the New Testament has 27.
 The Roman Catholic Church Bible contains other books known as
apocrypha books.
 Apocrypha is a Greek word which means hidden/secret writings.
They are also referred to as Deutro-canonical books. These include:
 Tobit.  1 Maccabees.
 Judith.  2 Maccabees.
 Ecclesiasticus.  Book of Wisdom.
 Baruch.  1 Esdras.

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  2 Esdras
The books of the Bible can be grouped into different disciplines, these are;
 Law  Prophecy
 History  Biography
 Poetry

Note;
 Canonical books are books accepted by all Christians as Holy
Scriptures.
 They make up the canon of the Old Testament and the New
Testament.
 The word „Canon‟ in Greek means;
- Rule
- Standard
- Guidance

DIVISIONS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT

The books of the Old Testament are divided into four main categories and
these are:

(i) Law books

These are the first 5 books of the Bible that are believed to have been
written by Moses. These are:
a. Genesis. d. Numbers.
b. Exodus. e. Deuteronomy.
c. Leviticus.
They are also referred to as the Torah or Pentateuch or Mosaic Law.

(ii) Historical Books

They are 12 Historical books and they record the history of the
Israelites from the time they entered Canaan and settled until after the
Babylonian exile. These are:-

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 a) Joshua. e) 1st and 2nd Kings.
b) Judges. f) 1st and 2nd Chronicles.
c) Ruth. g) Ezra.
d) 1st and 2nd Samuel. h) Nehemiah.
i) Esther.

(iii) Poetic books

 They are 5 and contain words of wisdom.
 They are poetic in nature and these are:-
a) Job. d) Ecclesiastes.
b) Psalms. e) Songs of Songs.
c) Proverbs.

(iv) Prophetic books

They contain the prophecies of the people of Israel. They are further sub-
divided into two i.e.

(a)Major Prophets
They are referred to as Major Prophets because their messages cover a
longer historical period and are 5 in number i.e.
a) Isaiah. d) Ezekiel.
b) Jeremiah. e) Daniel.
c) Lamentations.

(b). Minor Prophets

The messages of this prophets cover a shorter historical period
They are twelve i.e.
a) Hosea e) Amos
b) Nahum f) Zephaniah
c) Joel g) Obadiah
d) Habakkuk h) Haggai

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 i) Jonah k) Micah
j) Zechariah l) Malachi

Note: The following are the books of the Bible referred to as the
writings;
(i) Job

(ii) Psalms

(iii) Proverbs

(iv) Ecclesiaste

(v) The Song of Solomon/ Song of Songs

DIVISIONS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT

It is divided into 5 major categories. These are:-

(i) Biographical Books

 They are referred to as Gospels.
 These Gospels were written by the disciples of Jesus Christ.
 They tell the life story and ministry of Jesus Christ.
 They are 4 in number i.e.
a) Mathew. c) Luke.
b) Mark. d) John.
 The first three books in the New Testament are also referred to as
the synoptic Gospels.

(ii) Historical Books

 It outlines the history and development of the church after Jesus‟
ascension.
 It is one book namely:
- Acts

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  The author is Luke.
 It deals with the history of the early church after the ascension of
Christ.

(iii)Pauline Epistles
These are 13 letters written by Paul to the congregation and individuals
to address certain problems that arose among them.
They are:
a) Romans f) 1st and 2nd Timothy
b) Colossians g) Ephesians
c) 1st and 2nd Corinthians h) Titus
d) 1st and 2nd Thessalonians i) Philippians
e) Galatians j) Philemon.

(iv) General Epistles

These letters are not addressed to specific churches or individuals but to
all Christians to encourage them.
Are eight namely:-
a) Hebrews. d) 1st, 2nd and 3rd John.
b) James. e) Jude.
c) 1st and 2nd Peter.

(v) Prophetic books

There is only one book i.e. Revelation.
It presents God‟s will for the future.

TRANSLATIONS OF THE BIBLE FROM ORIGINAL

LANGUAGES TO THE PRESENT LOCAL LANGUAGES
The word translate means:

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 To change something written/spoken form from one language to
another without changing the original meaning.
 The following is the development of Bible Translation from its
original language to the present:
(i) The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew and a few
parts in Aramaic
 The original (70) translators (Septuaginta) did the first translation of
the Bible from the original Hebrew into Greek.
 This translation was known as the Septuagint.

(ii) The second translation around 4th Century was spearheaded by a

Christian scholar called Jerome.
 This translation was called vulgate.

 The translation was used up until the 16th century

(iii)In the 16th Century; after the reformation (Religious changes in
Europe by Protestants who wanted to break apart from catholic
teachings), many countries translated the Bible into their own
languages e.g.

 Translation of the Bible into English (King James Version).

 Translation of the Bible into German (by Martin Luther).

(iv) During the missionary era, the Bible had to be translated into the
languages of people being evangelized.

 The British and Foreign Bible Society was founded in 1804 to

coordinate all the translation functions.
(v) In East Africa, Johann Ludwig Krapf translated the New Testament
into Kiswahili.

(vi) The first translation of the complete Bible into some African
language in East Africa was into Luganda in 1896

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 (vii) In Kenya, the Bible has been translated into the following
African languages;

 Kikuyu – 1951.
 Kamba – 1956.
 Dholuo – 1963.
 Kalenjin – 1968.
 Luhya - 957.

Versions of the Bible used in Kenya Today

Some of the versions used in Kenya today include;
a. The Revised Standard e. The New King James
Version. Version.
b. The Good News Bible. f. The Living Bible.
c. The Jerusalem Bible. g. The Gideon Bible.
d. The New International h. The Common Bible.
Version. i. The African Bible.
j. The New American Bible.

The effects of the translation of the Bible into African languages

1. Africans could now read the Bible in a language of their own and
understood it better.
2. Communication was improved and more Africans accepted the
gospel message.
3. Christianity became a more native religion and Africans began to
participate actively in preaching the gospel.
4. Africans became more critical on certain issues like equality and
leadership and demanded for better treatment.
5. Africans re-discovered their cultural identity, which the
missionaries were trying to undermine e.g. Polygamy and use of
African names.
6. It led to increased demand for formal education by Africans and
therefore more schools were constructed.

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 7. The enlightened Africans who would not accept the condemnation
of their culture formed the independent churches and schools.
8. It also promoted revival movement and Africans took up leadership
positions in such revival movements.
9. It led to the development of African languages as the Bible was
used as a learning resource.
10. Led to the establishment of Bible Translation Society, which
employed Africans.
11. It also led to the establishment of printing presses to assist in the
high demand for and the distribution of the Bibles
12. Led to the development of the spirit of the ecumenism. E.g. many
churches came together to translate the Bible.
13. Contributed to the development of African theology; research and
study were conducted in African Religions.
14. African people became more aware/enlightened and confident of
their own dignity and rights before God. This contributed to the
struggle for independence from the colonial rule.

Areas/ places where the bible is used in Kenya today

1. In the courts of law. 6. At home for personal use.
2. In schools and colleges. 7. In parliament.
3. In state house/ during 8. At home for personal use.
state functions. 9. In parliament and
4. In churches. 10. In hospitals.
5. During crusades.

Ways in which Christians use the bible to spread the gospel

1. Used in instructing new converts.
2. Used during preaching/teaching by priests/pastors.
3. Used in the teaching of C.R.E in schools and colleges.
4. Used as a reference book in disseminating information./in search of
knowledge.
5. Used in writing Christian songs and hymns.
6. Used in administering oaths.

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 7. Used in writing Christian literature.
8. Reading it out to fellow Christians.

Reasons why Christians use the bible in worship

1. It is the word of God.
2. It makes them identify with God/Jesus as well as enhancing their
unity.
3. To recite prayers from it e.g. the Lord‟s Prayer.
4. It has guidelines and rituals e.g. the Lord‟s Supper and marriage.
5. It is a source of belief about God/Jesus/Holy Spirit and the church.
6. It outlines church leadership, e.g. roles of pastors, evangelists and
deacons.
7. It is a source of Christian customs, e.g. giving of offerings,
dedication of children and celebration of Eucharist.
8. It is a source of miracles/ healing and other blessings.
9. To strengthen their faith and hope in God.

Reasons why Christians find it difficult to read the Bible

1. Lack of discipline and commitment to read the Bible.
2. Being too busy with work.
3. Availability of several entertainments e.g. movies or newspapers
that take most of people‟s time/ worldly pleasures.
4. Most people don‟t see the importance of of reading the Bible
frequently.
5. People find it difficult to understand the Bible.
6. Some churches don‟t provide guidelines on how to read the Bible.
7. Most people believe that pastors and church leaders are the only
ones who are supposed to read the Bible.
8. Some people are smi-illiterate.
9. Some people don‟t have the scriptures in the language they
understand.

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CREATION AND THE FALL OF HUMAN KIND
First Account of creation
Genesis 1-2:3
Introduction:
a. In the beginning, the universe was formless and chaotic. This
became the beginning of God‟s creative action.
b. God was the only/sole creator and he created by a simple utterance,
“Let there be……,”
c. Creation was done in six days as follows;
Day One: Light and Darkness.
Day Two: Sky.
Day Three: land, sea and vegetation.
Day Four: Sun, moon and stars.
Day Five: Birds and sea creatures.
Day Six: Animals and human beings in His image.
Day Seven: God rested.

NOTE: The first account is God centered and describe God as the
sole/only creator.
After each work of creation, God emphasize the goodness of his
creation and always ends with; “and Gods saw that it was good…..”
He created out of nothing by his command.

Second Account of Creation

Gen 2:4 – 25
It is a man centered story and everything is created to serve the needs of
man.
 The earth is described as waterless and uncultivated desert.
 God made man from clay or dust and put the breath of life in him.
 God planted a garden called Eden in the East where he put man to
cultivate and guard it.

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  God made fruit tree to produce food and in the middle of the garden,
he put the tree of knowledge of good and evil.
 God created animals and asked man to name them.
 He commanded man to eat all the fruits except fruits from the tree of
knowledge of what is good and evil.
 A river flowed through and watered the garden.
 The river then split into four rivers:-
a. Pishon c. Gihon
b. Euphrates d. Tigris
 God then discovered that man was lonely and made him fall into
deep sleep and created a woman out of his ribs as a companion and
helper.
 He initiated marriage because he is a caring and loving God.

The meaning of Biblical Accounts of creation

1. God worked as a spirit e.g. in the beginning the spirit of God was
hovering over the waters.
2. God created the universe all alone. He is the sole creator.
3. He created by word of mouth and out of nothing and substance.
4. He created human beings in his own image and likeness.
5. God put man in charge of the creation and man is to take care of
it.(Gen 1:26, 28)
6. After each work of creation, God emphasizes on the goodness of
creation and always ends with “And God saw that it was good”.
7. God gave people/human beings understanding, namely; of good and
evil and man had to make a choice.
8. The dignity of a woman is emphasized. She is portrayed as a
companion to man and both are equal before God and are also
complementary.
9. God is depicted as a God of order.
10. He created the earth with a plan e.g. He created light first to be
used by human beings.
11. The seventh day is set aside by God as a holiday or sacred for rest
and worship.

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16
Comparison betwee the two accounts of creation

Similarities
1. In both, God is portrayed as the only sole creator.
2. In both, man is portrayed as a special creature; Man was created in
God‟s image and likeness and there was nothing else created in that
way.
3. Both outline the creation of the living and non-living things i.e.
heaven, man, plants and animals etc.
4. In both, Man shares in life with God. God breathed life into man‟s
nostrils and created him in his own image.
5. In both cases, the earth was empty, formless.
6. In both cases, Man is given special privileges and responsibilities
and is to multiply and fill the earth.
7. In both stories, God existed before creation.
8. In both mankind is created into full sexuality (male and female).

Differences
1. The creation of the firmament, the sun, the moon, stars, fish and
creeping animals is only mentioned in the first story.
2. The planting of the Garden of Eden and the making of the river is
only mentioned in the second story.
3. The creation in the first account is out of nothing (word) but out of
substance in the second account e.g. the creation of man.
4. In the first account, creation took place for six days and God rested
on the seventh day (Sabbath) while there is no mention of duration
and the Sabbath day in the second story.
5. The first account is God-centered i.e. God is pictured as the one
doing the work of creation while the second account is man-
centered i.e. man is created first and the rest of the creatures are
then made to serve the needs of man.

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 6. Marriage is meant for procreation in the first account (Genesis 1:38)
while it is meant for companionship in the second story. (Genesis
2:23 – 24)
7. In the first account man was created last but in the second account
man is created first.
8. In the second story there is mention of the forbidden tree of
knowledge of good and evil which is not mentioned in the first
account.
9. In the first account God affirms the goodness of all that he created
but this is lacking in the second account.
10. The privileges and responsibilities given to man are more
emphasized in the first account. (Genesis 1:26 – 30)
11. In the second account human beings are forbidden to eat the fruits
of the tree in the middle but in the second, they can eat all plants
yielding seeds and none is forbidden.

Attributes of God from the Biblical Creation Accounts

Genesis 1 and 2
Attribute refers to the characteristic/ nature / quality or attribute of
someone.
The two creation accounts bring out the following qualities of God;

1. He is the only God.

2. God is moral and is concerned with the behavior of human kind.
3. He is the sole creator and created out of nothing/substance.
4. He is a God of order, a planner and organizer of the universe e.g.
He created in stages.
5. He is good and the source of goodness and real happiness. (Genesis
1:10).
6. He is a personal God and likes having a loving relationship with
him.
7. He is all-powerful-omnipotent e.g. He created out of a word.

8. He is a spirit and Omni-present or is spiritually present everywhere.

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  In the beginning the spirit of God was hovering over the waters.
(Genesis 1:2).
9. God is self-existent. He was there from the beginning.
10. He is the source of life.
 He breathed life into man‟s nostrils.
11. God is all knowing/ omniscient.
12. God is immortal (cannot die) /eternal.
13. God is a worker. His creativity is described as work.
14. God is the provider/sustainer of the universe.
 He provides life, food and companionship to mankind.
15. God is Holy.
 He consecrated the 7th day and made it Holy and set it aside for rest
and worship.
16. God deserves, honour, respect and obedience from human beings.
17. God is the author of human sexuality.
 He created man and woman and made them equal.

Responsibilities given to human beings at creation

1. To procreate/ multiply.
2. To cultivate the land and guard it.
3. To name the living creatures.
4. To eat from all plants.
5. Not to eat from the tree of knowledge of good and evil.
6. To rule/ be in charge/ have dominion over other creatures.
7. To marry and procreate/ multiply.
8. To care for the environment.
9. To obey God.

Relationship between human beings and the environment from the

creation stories
1. Both human beings and the environment were created by God/ have
a common origin.
2. Human beings are superior to all other creatures.
3. Human beings should take care of the environment/ conserve/
preserve it.

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 4. Human beings have authority over the rest of creation.
5. Human beings should enjoy/ use God‟s creation/ rest of creation
was made for human beings.
6. All creation is very good/ human beings should treat the rest of
creation with reverence/ respect.
7. Human beings and the environment are interdependent/ owe their
existence to each other.
8. Human beings and the rest of God‟s creation have a common
destiny.
The teachings about human beings from the Biblical creation accounts
1. Human beings are created in the image/ likeness of God.
2. They have the breath of life from God.
3. They have the authority/ dominion over God‟s creation.
4. They communicate/ fellowship with God.
5. They are special/ the greatest of God‟s creation.
6. They have the ability to think/ reason/ make choices/ decisions in
their lives.
7. They are blessed by God.
8. They have been given special place to stay/ Garden of Eden.
9. Human beings are to use other creation/ plants for their benefits.
10. They are to take care of the creation and till the land/ work.
11. Human beings are to procreate/ multiply through marriage.
12. Man and woman are to complement/ provide companionship for
each other.
13. Human beings are God‟s creation i.e. both man and woman.
14. The woman is created out of the man‟s rib.

Teachings about marriage from the biblical stories of creation,

GEN. 1:26-29; 2:18-25

 Marriage is monogamous.
 Marriage is between a man and a woman.
 It is a permanent union/ no divorce/ it is a covenant.
 Marriage is for procreation.

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  It is a continuation of God‟s work of creation.
 Husband and wife should not be ashamed of one another.
 Man and woman are to complement each other/ help each other/ are
equal.
 Marriage is for companionship.
 Marriage is for love/ mutual relationship.
 Marriage is sacred/ is ordained by God.

Ways in which Christians continue with God’s work of creation

 Through procreation.
 By planting trees/ crops/ afforestation.
 Through generation of electricity.
 By helping the needy.
 Through provision of medical care.
 Through advancement of science and technology.
 Through discovery and space exploration.
 Through provision of education and training.
 By establishing income generating projects in rural areas.
 Through cleaning of the environment.
 Through building and construction.
 Through growth and development of industries.
 By conserving and managing wildlife.

Reasons as to why man is considered the most special creation of

God
 He was created in God‟s image and likeness.
 He has the will to choose between good and evil.
 God gave him the breath of life/ share in the life of God.
 He can worship/ fellowship.
 He can reason/ is rational.
 He was given control over the earth.

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  He is a caretaker of God‟s creation.
 All creation is for his benefit.
 Consultations were made before his creation.
 He was told to procreate/ co-creator.
 He was created with a mate/ social being.

TRADITIONAL AFRICAN VIEW OF CREATION

 This refers to the traditional African ideas about creation.
 The African creation stories are different from one community to
another and myths are used to explain them.
 A myth can be defined as a story that explains the origin of
something, some customs and practices.
 It has a deeper meaning and even tries to explain the origin of a
community.

Common ideas in Traditional African views of creation

1. African communities acknowledge God as the creator of the
universe.
2. God is the sustainer of his creation for example, He provides for
human beings.
3. God is the only creator and created the earth independently.
4. God‟s work of creation is continuous and he does so through
humankind e.g. through pro-creation.
5. It is God who set up human customs and traditions which
humankind should follow.
6. Man was created with a mate.The woman is supposed to be his
companion and helper.
7. The creation of man was after the rest of the creation.
8. To sustain him, plants and animals were created for food.

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Similarities between the traditional African myths and the Biblical
accounts of creation
1. In both, God pre-existed the creation of the universe.
2. In both cases, God is portrayed as the creator of the universe and
man and He did it independently/alone.
3. In both, God had a plan of creation; He did it in an orderly way.
4. In both cases, man has a close relationship with God although Man
is not the same with him.
5. In both, Man occupies a special place in God‟s creation.
6. In both, this good relationship remained until man disobeyed God/
broke the rules set for him and the consequences of the
disobedience were punishment.
7. In both cases, man was created in order to complete God‟s plan e.g.
through pro-creation and maintaining the environment.
8. In both cases, man has a duty/obligation to worship or have
fellowship with God and be obedient e.g. in the Bible God set
aside a day for worship while African communities worshipped
God in many ways e.g. through prayers, sacrifices e.t.c.
9. In both cases, God created man first and at a certain point created a
woman as a companion. Therefore God is the one who
institutionalized marriage.
10. In both cases, man was supposed to live forever until a misfortune
happened and death was introduced into the world.
11. In both, creation is a continuous process and man is a pro-creator
with God through procreation and taking care of the environment.
12. In both cases some attributes / characteristics of God are common
e.g. He is the provider, a moral God, sole/ only creator.
13. In both cases God gave mankind skills and gifts e.g. skill of
cultivation and land respectively.

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Differences between the traditional African myths of origin and the
Biblical creation stories/African myths
1. In the African myths, God uses materials like clay, water and plants
to create while in the first account God creates out of nothing
2. Some African myths do not specify where man came from while in
the Biblical stories God created man and gave him the breath of
life.
3. In some African myths the earth was created at one go while in the
Biblical stories the earth was created in stages.
4. In the African myths an external object/ animal causes the
separation of God and man e.g. snake while in the Biblical story
man is blamed for the separation.
5. In the African myths the woman is portrayed as inferior or
subordinate to man while in the Bible man and woman are shown
to be equal.

Teachings from the Biblical creation Accounts

We learn the following lessons from the Biblical stories of creation:
1. Human beings are given the mandate /power to subdue the earth.

 This means that human beings have been given the ability to
transform the world for their benefit through Science and
Technology.
2. Human beings were given the power to name plants and animal.
3. Human beings were given the command to care for the environment and
therefore, man has to act responsibly.

 It is therefore wrong for man to misuse the environment.

4. Human beings are social beings.

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  Male and female were created for companionship.

 Neither is complete without the other. So they should treat one

another with mutual respect for they are both equal in Gods eyes.
5. Work and leisure are Gods gifts to human kind.

 Human beings are expected to work in order to obtain their basic

needs and to transform the world.

 This is because, work was ordained by God. Work is also related to

leisure.

 Therefore the setting aside of the seventh day. It is a day of

rest/recreation and worship.

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THE ORIGIN OF SIN AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
What is sin?
Sin is the intentional, willful or knowledgeable violation of a norm.
It is a thought, word or action which is shameful or harmful to oneself,
others or to God.
It destroys the relationship between human beings and even God.

Causes of sin
Genesis 3-11
1. Rebellion against God as human beings aspired to be like God.
2. Greed for power as human beings try to usurp the power which
belongs to God alone.
3. Lack of knowledge of God.
4. Lack of trust in God‟s providence.
5. Failure to obey God by eating the forbidden fruit.
6. Lack of satisfaction.
7. Temptation by the devil.
8. Selfishness.
9. Wicked ambitions.
10. Human weakness.
11. Stubbornness.

The consequences of sin

Genesis 3, 4, 6 – 9
As soon as the human beings disobeyed God by eating the fruit of
knowledge of good and evil, the following consequences or results are
seen; some of which were immediate and others long term. These include:
1. Human beings were alienated/ separated from God.
2. Their friendship with Him changed to fear. (Genesis 3:8)
3. What had been innocent and good became shameful.

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4. Adam and Eve were now ashamed of their nakedness, something
they had not felt before they sinned against God. (Gen 3:10-14)
5. Pain will be part of human experience “…….I will greatly multiply
your pain in child bearing…..” Gen 3:16
6. The Good relationship between God and human beings got ruined.
7. The Lord God sent them out of the Garden of Eden. (Gen 3:23 –
24)
8. The perfect relationship between man and woman is damaged.

 Their relationship becomes one of hostility

9. The Lord said to the woman…., “you will still have desire for your
husband, yet you will be subject to him,”….. (Genesis 3:23 – 24)
10. People have to toil and struggle to meet their needs,”you will have
to work hard and sweat to make the soil produce anything” (Gen
3:17 – 19)
11. The earth itself is under a curse,”cursed is the ground because of
you,”…. (Genesis 3:17)
12. The relationship between human beings and the land which they
were created from become mortal enemies each struggling to take
life from the others until the ground finally regains victory.
(Genesis 3:19)
13. There arose enmity between man and wild animals (Genesis 3:15)
14. Death sentence is passed upon all the people… “You will return to
the ground….” “You are dust….” (Gen 3:19) (Roman 5:12) (1
Corinthians 8:19 – 23)
15. Murderous feelings began to get into peoples hearts e.g. Cain killed
Abel, his young brother (Gen 4:8)

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 16. Human beings changed and became prone to sin “….the
wickedness of man was great on earth…. Imagination and thought
of his heart is evil continually”. (Gen 6:5 – 6)
17. The life span of human beings was reduced Genesis 5 “….. I will
not allow people to live forever…” “…they will not live beyond
120 years….”
18. Global violence and forbidden marriages which led God to declare
global destruction. (Genesis 6:1 – 9, 18)
19. God felt regret and remorse having created human beings human
i.e. sin awakened God‟s anger. (Genesis 6:6 – 7)
20. God confused human language after the flood “…. Let us go down
and mix their language so that they will not understand one
another….” (Genesis 11:7)

GOD’S PLAN OF SALVATION OF MANKIND

The need for salvation of humankind started after Adam and Eve
committed the first sin. God‟s plan of salvation can be outlined as follows:
 Man was given punishment instead of total destruction by God/
God still gave Adam and Eve a chance to survive.
 God initiated the making of the covenant with Noah/ Abraham.
(Gen. 6, 12:1-9, 15:1-20).
 God sent prophets to guide His people.
 God made a covenant with the Israelites on Mount Sinai under the
leadership of Moses. (Ex. 19, 20, 24).
 Prophet Jeremiah/ Ezekiel foresaw a new covenant to be written on
men‟s hearts when the old covenant failed.
 God looked for Adam and Eve in the garden and gave them means
to obtain food/clothes when they were naked.
 He gave Adam and Eve a chance to punish Satan/ serpent by
crushing its head.

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  The teaching of messianic expectations by Prophet Nathan to
David.
 God‟s salvation was ultimately realized through Jesus Christ who
restored fellowship between human beings and God.

TRADITIONAL AFRICAN CONCEPT OF EVIL

 It is an offence against another person of the community or it is an
offence against God, the spirits or ancestors.
 African communities are aware of the existence of evil in the
society and the existence of evil in the society and they try to avoid
it.
 African communities believed that God is good and did not create
evil.
 There are many ideas concerning the origin and nature of evil.
The following are some of the beliefs about the origin of evil;
1. Many African communities believed they could be
malicious/malevolent spirits.
2. Such spirits could be having a grudge against the living who
probably failed to pour libation and to give offering.
3. Evil people e.g. wizards, witches, sorcerers who are able to tap
mystical powers and use if for evil. They therefore cause harm to
the living
4. Breaking of taboos, this result in becoming ritually unclean.
5. Curses by parents and other older relatives e.g. uncles,
grandparents, aunts etc.
6. This occurs because when one offends them e.g. through insults,
neglect and disobedience.
7. Breaking of oaths/ a solemn promise.
8. Oaths were usually made in order to seal an argument or to defend
one against malicious accusations.
9. Bad omen.
10. Certain acts, words or things which are believed to have the effect
of causing harm.

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Similarities and differences between traditional African view of evil and
biblical concept of sin

Similarities
1. In both cases, God is the Supreme Being and is good. He is not the
author of evil/sin.
2. Both believe that sin/evil arises from human beings disobedience
and greed.
3. Both agree that sin causes a lot of human suffering.
4. In both cases, evil may result from failing in a social/spiritual
obligation
5. In both cases, evil and sin results in human beings being separated
from God
6. In both cases, God is the guardian of morality, law and order
7. In both cases, God is the guardian of morality, law and order.
8. In both it destroys relationships among human beings.
9. Both create a situation of fear and mistrust among members.
10. In both cases, the ultimate result of both is death.
11. 10. Both evil and sin can result to destruction of God‟ creation
through natural calamities such as drought.
12. In both cases, evil and sin can be avoided through righteous living.
13. In both cases, there are spiritual powers associated with them.
14. In both cases, result in punishment by God.

Differences
1. African communities believed that the spirits of the dead are the
cause of evil but not so in the bible.

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 2. Some African communities believed that evil is an independent or
isolated power employed by human beings to cause harm. But it is
not so in the Bible.
3. The Bible believes that sinners will have eternal punishment but
Africans believe that punishment is only in the present world.
4. Biblically people are sinners as descendants of Adam and Eve i.e. sin
is passed on from one generation to another. This is not the case in
African society.
5. Although sin has separated humankind from God, Biblically there is a
plan of salvation/ redemption, however, there is no such plan in
African system.

Ways of dealing with evil doers in traditional African communities

1. Imposing heavy fines.
2. .Performing cleansing rituals.
3. Killing of the evil doers.
4. Cursing of the evil doer.
5. Administering of oaths on suspects.
6. Wearing of protective charms.
7. Ex-communicating the evil doers from the community.
8. Ridiculing them through songs.
9. Denying them leadership positions.

Ways in which the church today disciplines errant members

 They are denied the Holy Communion/ other sacraments for some
time.
 They are suspended from the church.
 They are denied leadership positions in the church.
 They are denied some services of the church.
 They are reprimanded by leaders of the church and told to repent
their sins.
 They are forced to repent in public about their wrong doings.
 They are given stern warnings.

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  They are charged a fine.
 Some churches assign the certain chores to perform as punishment.
 Some churches withdraw certain privileges from the culprits e.g.
pastors are defrocked.
 Church leaders are transferred from one station to another.

How the church helps to bring back members who have fallen from
faith
 By visiting them/ inviting them to their homes.
 By being patient/ forgiving them.
 By evangelizing them/preaching to them/ teaching them.
 By guiding and counseling them/ referring them to experts
according to their needs.
 Praying for them.
 By inviting them back to church.
 By encouraging them to repent/ confess.
 By offering them material needs/aid.

FAITH AND GOD’S PROMISES: ABRAHAM

Background to the call of Abraham
Gen 11:24 – 32.

 Abraham was the son of Terah who lived in the city of Ur.
 Abraham was an Amorite/ a Semitic tribe who occupied the fertile
crescent of the Middle East.
 Abraham‟s father migrated to Haran with his family.
 Their religion was polytheistic.
 Sacrifices were made to gods including human sacrifices. After the
death of Terah, Abraham was left in charge of the family.
 Abraham was married to Sarai but they had no child.
 Abraham lived with Lot, his nephew, a nomadic and pastoral way
of live.
 Abraham was called by God to leave Haran to go to Canaan.

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  He was 75 years when he left Haran for Canaan.

The call of Abraham (Gen. 12:1-9)

 God called Abraham in Haran after the death of his father.
 He commanded Abraham who was 75 years old then to leave his
family to an unknown land.
 During the call, God made the following promises to him:
1. A great nation.
2. Many blessings.
3. A great name.
4. A source of blessings.
5. Blessing to those who bless him.
6. Curse to those who curse him.

 Abraham obeyed and set off for the unknown land with his wife,
nephew Lot, servants and his flock.
 In Canaan God appeared to him at Bethel and Sechem where he
was shown the land that would belong to his descendants.
 Abraham built two altars at the two places and worshipped God.

Lessons learnt about God from the call of Abraham

1. God demands obedience from those He calls.
2. He is a faithful God.
3. He rewards those who obey Him.
4. God is a source of blessings.
5. He reveals Himself to humankind.
6. He punishes evil.

Lessons Christians learn from the call of Abraham

1. Christians should obey God.
2. They should have practical faith in their lives.
3. They should ask for blessings from God.

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 4. They should be ready to face challenging situations as a fact of their
faith.
5. They should honour God when rewarded/ blessed.
6. They should be prepared to be used by God for His purpose.

Definition of the term faith in God

Faith
It means having complete trust in something or in someone.
It is a strong belief and unquestionable confidence. (Heb 11:1 – 6)
Faith persuades us to believe in what we have not yet seen and enables us
to act on it.

Importance of Faith in Christian life today

1. Enables Christians to overcome temptations.
2. Gives Christians strength and courage in their lives.
3. Inspires Christians to do the will of God.
4. Enables Christians to fellowship with one another.
5. Makes Christians to lead a prayerful life.
6. Promotes unity and oneness among the Christians.
7. Enables Christians to preach the word of God.
8. Enables them to do wonders and miracles.
9. Leads to growth and development of the Church.
10. Makes Christians live righteous lives.
11. Enables Christians transform the lives of others as role models.
12. Enables them to know the truth and insight about God.
13. Enables them to praise and glorify God.
14. Makes Christians hope for the Kingdom of God as a reality.

Abraham’s acts of faith in God

Gen 12:1 – 9, 15:1 – 6, 17:23-24 21:1-7, 22:11 – 19
Abraham is referred to as the father of faith.

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He demonstrated his faith in God in the following ways:
1. He was willing to leave his motherland and go to a strange land.
2. Abraham readily believed all promises God made to him.
3. By faith Abraham trusted in God‟s voice.
4. By faith Abraham built two altars for God; one at Bethel and
another at Sechem.
5. Abraham entered into a covenant relationship with God.
6. He was willing to change their names from Abram to Abraham and
Sarai to Sarah.
7. He offered the best of his flock as a sacrifice.
8. He obeyed God‟ call for personal relationship/ left polytheism for
monotheism.
9. He was ready to sacrifice his son Isaac when instructed by God.
10. He was willing to obey God‟s command of circumcision.

How Abraham demonstrated his faith in God in the incident when

he was willing to sacrifice his son
Genesis 22:1-19.

 Abraham collected wood for a burnt offering.

 Abraham went with his son, Isaac and servants a three days‟
journey.
 He informed his servants to wait for him and his son as they go and
worship.
 When Isaac enquired about the lamb for the sacrifice, Abraham told
him that the lord shall provide.
 Abraham built an altar and laid the wood in order.
 Abraham bound Isaac and laid him on the altar.
 He took the knife to slay his son, but the angel of the Lord stopped
him.
 Abraham took a ram from the bush and offered burnt offering
instead of Isaac.
 He named the place “The Lord will provide”.

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Lessons Christians learn from the incident Abraham was willing to
sacrifice his son
 They should obey/honour God.
 They should have faith in God.
 They should be patient and wait upon God/should not give up.
 They should be prepared to face difficult situations/perseverance.
 They should be ready to give up everything.
 They should rely on God‟s guidance.
 They should be wise when dealing with issues affecting their lives.
 They should involve family members in worship.
 They should rely on God‟s providence.

Ways in which Christians express their faith in God today

 Praying to God.
 Giving offering and tithes.
 Reading the Bible/Bible study.
 Preaching the gospel.
 Singing Christian songs.
 Attending fellowships.
 Helping the needy.
 Leading holy life/obeying God‟s laws.
 Repenting their sins.
 Partaking sacraments e.g. the Lord‟s Supper, baptism e.t.c.
 Caring for God‟s creation.
 Celebrating Christian festivals.

GODS PROMISES TO ABRAHAM

Gen 12:1 – 3, Gen 15:1 – 21, Gen. 17:1 – 8, 15-18.
Promise

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 An assurance to someone
 Is a written/spoken declaration/commitment that one will definitely
do or not do something.
Gods‟ promises to Abraham were irrevocable commitments. These
are as follows;

1. God would give him land to dwell in. His descendants

would also be given the land of Canaan to dwell in.
2. God would make Abrahams name famous.
3. God would establish an everlasting covenant with Abraham
and his descendants He shall be their God.
4. God would be a „shield‟ to Abraham that He would protect
him.
5. God would make Abraham‟s descendants a great nation.
6. God would give Abraham and his wife Sarah a son of their
own.
7. God would make his descendants to be enslaved for 400
years in a foreign land.
8. However God would deliver / free them and go back to their
land with a lot of wealth.
9. God would punish the nation that enslaves Abraham‟s
descendants.
10. God would make some of Abraham‟s descendants‟ kings.
11. God would bless Abraham.
12. God would bless those who blessed him.
13. God would curse those who cursed him.
14. God would make all the families of the earth receive
blessings through Abraham.
15. Abraham would live long and die in peace.
16. He would have many descendants.

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Relevance of the promises to Christians today
The promises made to Abraham are important to Christians in several
ways. These include:
1. God chose Abraham from among people who were idol
worshippers so that he could serve him. In the same way God
continues to call people from different backgrounds to serve him
in different ways e.g. evangelism, pastor, priest e.t.c.
2. God‟s promise to Abraham that he would be his shield of
protection he is inherited by Christians; God continues to protect
Christians under all circumstances.
3. Through God‟s dealings with Abraham God shows that he values
personal relationship with humankind. Christians believe that God
is interested in establishing such relationships with them.
4. 4 .Abraham‟s call demanded that he breaks from his earlier life
e.g. he had to leave home, relatives and friends and go to the
unknown land. Christians are also called to leave their past sinful
lives and put their faith in God the almighty.
5. God promised Abraham the land of Canaan. Historically this was
fulfilled and Christians also hope for a new learn – heaven, which
is the New Canaan.
6. God promised Abraham that he would be a father of a great
nation. Christians today see themselves as the great nation of God
and the descendants of Abraham.
7. God‟s promise to punish those who enslaved the Israelites shows
that God is against any form of human oppression.
8. Christians are expected to respond to the promises of God by
faith, trust and obedience as Abraham did.

Meaning of the term Covenant

It is an agreement between two or more parties by which they exchange
and accept obligations to one another.
It is a serious or solemn agreement between two persons or groups of
people

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Other words used are “testament” “pact” or „treaty”
It brings together two or more parties that have been separate before.
There are two types;

(i) Conditional covenant

It is an agreement/ a covenant between two or more parties which in fact
are equal.

(ii) Unconditional covenant

It is a covenant between two unequal parties for example between God and
his people.
Examples of well-known covenants in the Bible;
1. Covenant with Noah / Noaic in which God entered into a relationship
with the whole world and promised to preserve the life of people
(Gen 9) The sign of this covenant is the rainbow.
2. The covenant with Abraham in which God promised to fulfill the
promises he made with him. The sign is circumcision.
3. The covenant with the people of Israel at Mt. Sinai/ Mosaic in which
God promised to be their God the Israelites promised obedience
(Exodus 24). The sign is the law / the Ten Commandments.
4. The covenant with King David in which God promised him that his
dynasty will continue forever. (2 Sam 7:14 – 16)
5. The covenant with Jeremiah in which God promised to make a new
covenant with the Israelites where each individual will know God
personally. (Jeremiah 31:3 – 34)

Elements of covenant
1. Two or more parties are involved.
2. Those involved commit themselves to a binding agreement.
3. Involves promises or oaths.
4. It usually has some physical sign or symbol.
5. It involves a witness or witnesses.
6. It is usually sealed.
7. A ceremony or a ritual is performed to enforce it.

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 8. It has serious/ negative consequences experienced by those who
break it and benefits for those who keep it.

God’s covenant with Abraham

Gen 15:1-19
Abraham wanted an assurance from God that the Almighty would fulfill
his promises.
God commanded Abraham to prepare to offer a sacrifice.
Abraham was asked to bring the following
1. Three year old heifer.
2. Three year old she-goat.
3. Three year old ram.
4. Turtle dove.
5. Young pigeon.
 He was to cut these animals into halves except for the birds and
arrange them in two rows.
 He laid the cut halves one against each other in two rows out in the
sun.
Birds were killed but were offered whole.
 Abraham fell into a deep sleep during which God gave him more
promises.
 God the passed between the sacrificed animals in the form of a
smoking fire pot and a flaming torch.
 This was an unconditional covenant because it is God who was to
bear the consequences.
 Abraham had been assured of the fulfillment of the covenant.

Note
The physical manifestations of God are commonly referred to as
Theophany. The following are well known examples of theophanies in the
Bible;
1. The burning bush in the call of Moses. (Exodus 3:2 – 4)

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 2. The pillar of fire and a pillar of cloud as recorded in the story of
Exodus. (Exodus 13:20 – 22)
3. Thunder, lightning, smoke at Mount Sinai. (Exodus 19:16 – 22)
4. The mighty wind, earthquake a still voice in the story of Elijah. (1
Kings 19:11 – 12)

Importance of the covenant

1. It marks God‟s initiative to enter into a personal relationship with
humankind which had been destroyed.
2. It signified the reward of obeying and having faith in God.
3. It confirms that God was willing to fulfill the promises He had made
to Abraham.
4. Through the covenant with Abraham, all nations of the world were to
receive God‟s salvation.
5. It shows that God may elect an individual and use him/her for His
purpose.
6. By entering into a covenant with Abraham, God was confirming His
choice of Abraham as the one to fulfill His plan of salvation.

Characteritics of God’ covenant with Abraham

1. It was unconditional- it had two unequal parties i.e. God and
Abraham.
2. It had promises which were given by God.
3. It had an outward sign which was circumcision.
4. It was sealed through the blood of the sacrifice.
5. It was voluntary- Abraham entered it willingly.
6. It was binding- it was to be kept even by Abraham‟s descendants.
7. It was initiated by God.

Covenants in modern life

These include;
1. Baptism/sacraments.
2. Marriage.
3. Ordination.

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 4. Oath of loyalty to state/ oath of allegiance.
5. Trade agreements/ treaties.
6. Peace treaties.
7. Land buying contracts.
8. Employment contracts.

1. Baptism

 Is an agreement between God and the believer to shed the life

without Christ and take on life with Christ.
 The believer makes vows to remain faithful to God and obedient to
his will.
 The believer promises to keep the commandment of God and to
serve him.
 The covenant is enacted through the ceremony of baptism.
 The pastor/priest and the congregation serve as witness.

2. Marriage
 It involves the bride and bridegroom.
 These are two parties that were separate before coming together.
 The two exchange vows in the presence of the pastor and the
congregation.
 God is also a witness at this covenant.
 Wear rings and exchange marriage vows.
 A marriage certificate is the sign.

3 Oath of allegiance/loyalty
 It involves national leaders taking up positions of public service e.g.
the head of state, Ministers, etc.
 This agreement is made between them and the people they will
serve.
 An oath is taken during the swearing in ceremony.
 They promise to serve the nation and its citizens faithfully.

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4. Ordination
Made by leaders who are taking up leadership in the church.
They take up vows in which they promise obedience and loyalty to God,
their supervisors and
Body of Christ

Importance of covenants in modern life

1. Through baptism, Christians are encouraged to have the right
relationship with God and be able to work for the good of the society.
2. Through Baptism one is able to acquire Christian principles/rules
with inspires one to live a virtuous life. This helps one to fight
against evils e.g. sexual immorality, drug abuse, and corruption.
3. It makes people to be committed to their work.
4. Makes people to have confidence in their leaders.
5. Helps to create a peaceful environment.
6. Brings unity between individuals and communities that were
separated before.
7. Strengthens one‟s faith in God.
8. Enlightens citizens on their rights.

JEWISH CIRCUMCISION
Gen 171-16
Circumcision
The word literally means to cut around or to cut the foreskin.
As a sign of the covenant, God instructed circumcision for Abraham and
his descendants.

Elements of Jewish circumcision

1. Every male among Abraham‟s descendants had to be circumcised.
2. They would be circumcised by the flesh of their foreskins.
3. Circumcision would take place when a male was 8 days old.
4. Circumcision was also required of all male servants of Abraham.

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 5. The practice would be a mark/symbol of an everlasting covenant
between God and Abraham‟s community.
6. Any man who was not circumcised would be cut off from Abraham‟s
descendants because he had broken the covenant.

Importance of circumcision to Abraham and his descendants

1. It was an outward sign of Abraham‟s and his descendants‟ covenant
relationship with God.
2. It was an outward sign of a male Jew‟s true belonging to the Jewish
community.
3. It was an outward sign of the inner faith for Abraham and his
descendants that they were called to a life of obedience to God.
4. It identified the Israelites as God‟s chosen race.
5. Through it, Abraham and his descendants were assured of inheriting
God‟s blessings.
6. It confirmed that Abraham was obedient and faithful to God.
7. It was a sign of continued love and protection from God which the
Israelites were to enjoy.
8. It signified purity/ cleanliness.

JEWISH VERSUS AFRICAN PRACTICE OF CIRCUMCISION

Similarities
1. In both cases, it promotes one into full membership of the
community.
2. In both cases, it is a mark of identification of a person to a particular
community.
3. In both, it is carried out on male children.
4. In both cases, circumcision has a religious significance.
5. In both cases, special people/ religious leaders/heads of the
community carry out the operations.
6. In both cases, it unites the members with the ancestors.
7. In both cases, members receive new names.

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 8. In both cases, the rite is carried on from generation to generation/ is
compulsory/ whoever fails to observe it is considered an outcast.
9. In both cases, the ritual is a communal affair.
10. In both cases, it involves the cutting of the foreskin.

Differences
1. In some African communities, they circumcised both boys and girls
while the Jewish community circumcised boys only.
2. The African communities circumcised mainly teenagers while the
Jews circumcised infants at 8 days.
3. Jewish circumcision is a religious requirement while the African
circumcision is a cultural requirement/ rite of passage.
4. In the African communities the initiate would later be entrusted with
new roles/responsibilities e.g. marriage, inheritance of property etc
which was not the case for the Jewish community.
5. 5. Among the Jews it was commanded by God while in African
communities it originated from ancestors.

THE SINAI COVENANT: MOSES

The call of Moses
Exodus 3:1-22
The call of Moses took place as follows;

 Moses had gone to look after his father-in-law‟s flocks near Mt.
Horeb/ Mt. Sinai which means mountain of God.
 An angel appeared to him as a burning bush which was not being
consumed.
 Moses moved near to see what was happening and God called him
by his name in the middle of the Burning bush.
 He was instructed not to move any closer and to remove his shoes
because the place where he was standing was Holy ground.
 God assured Moses that he was the God of Abraham, Isaac and
Jacob.

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  Moses hid his face because he was afraid to look at God.
 God told him he had seen the suffering of his people (Israelites) and
was ready to liberate them from Egypt.
 God commanded Moses to go to Egypt to free the Israelites.
 Moses protested that he was not worthy but God gave him the
assurance that;
1. God would protect him and be with him.
2. They would worship God at Mt. Sinai after leaving Egypt.
 Moses asked God what his name was and God replied, “I am who I
am,” meaning:
1. God was what He was in the past and will always be the
same i.e. God is eternal.
2. God does not change with time or situations.
3. There is no human description of God.
 God then assured Moses that the Israelites would respond positively
while Pharaoh would be stubborn until several miracles were done.
 Moses was given two signs as a proof that he was God‟s messenger.
1. His rod/ walking stick/ staff turned into a snake;
2. His hand was affected by leprosy.
 Moses being a stammerer was given Aaron as his spokesperson.
 Moses later left for Egypt with his family.

Reasons why Moses was reluctant to accept God’s call

1. He was a murderer.
2. He was a fugitive / a run away.
3. He was a stammerer.
4. He was not sure of God/ God‟ name.
5. The people would doubt him.
6. He knew Pharaoh would refuse to let the people go.
7. He felt he was worth the task.

Attributes of God learnt during the call of Moses

1. God isHoly/pure. He told Moses to remove his shoes for he was
standing on a Holy place.

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 2. God ears the cries of his people/answers prayers Vs.7.
3. Just/God punishes the wrong doers.
4. Deliverer.Vs.8.
5. God of History, vs. 15 and Vs. 6
6. Caring/loving/ merciful/ compassionate.Vs.7.
7. Faithful/ fulfills promises e.g. fulfilled the promise made to Abraham.
8. Demands faith and obedience from those he calls/sends.
9. Transcendent/mysterious/beyond human understanding e.g. burning
bush.
10. Personal/knows us by name e.g. called Moses by his name.vs.4.
11. Uses human beings to accomplish a task e.g. Moses/God
commissions people to perform certain tasks/ works through people
He chooses.
12. Empowers those He sends/doesn‟t give people impossible tasks e.g.
enabled Moses to perform miracles e.g. changing stick into snake.
13. Awesome/demands respect vs.5/ worthy of respect.
14. Knows our suffering vs.7. He had seen the affliction of His people in
Egypt.
15. Has power over nature/all powerful vs.2 e.g. bush burning though not
getting consumed/ almighty/ omnipotent.
16. Eternal. vs. 14 I AM WHO I AM.
17. All-knowing i.e. knows us by name, our sufferings e.t.c.
18. Protects his people vs. 12 e.g. promised to protect Moses.
19. God is omnipresent.
20. Uses events to reveal Himself to people e.g. burning bush.
21. God is miracle working God.

What Moses learnt from this incident/call about God

1. God is a God of History i.e. He is a God of Abraham, Isaac and
Jacob.
2. God is loving and caring and is concerned with the welfare of his
people.
3. God is transcendent i.e. He is beyond human understanding and
description.

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 4. God chooses whoever he wills to carry out his plans e.g. He chose
Moses, a murderer, fugitive stammerer.
5. God expects total faith and obedience from the people he chooses to
serve him.
6. God fulfills his promises i.e. he was ready to deliver the Israelites
from bondage/ slavery he had promised Abraham.

Christian values learnt from the call of Moses

1. Humility.
2. Courage.
3. Faith.
4. Love/ mercy/ care.
5. Honesty.
6. Obedience.
7. Reverence/ respect/ honour/ God-fearing.
8. Service.
9. Holiness.
10. Inquisitiveness/ knowledge/ curosity.
11. Patience/ persistence.
12. Justice.

THE TEN PLAGUES

Exodus 7:14-11:1-10
Introduction

 When Moses reached Egypt, he gathered all the Israelite elders then
told them what God had sent him to do.
 He performed all the miracles God had shown him and the Israelite
elders believed in his mission.
 When Pharaoh was approached to let the Israelites go, he became
stubborn and increased the workload for the Israelites
 Moses had to perform plagues on Egypt. (A plague may be a
disease or an unfortunate occurrence in one‟s life) (Exodus 7:4 – 5)

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  The signs and the wonders of the plagues were to make the Israelite
and Egyptians know that only Yahweh was worthy of the title God.

1. The plague of blood (Exodus 7:14 – 25)

 Moses was commanded by God to tell Aaron to strike the waters of
the Nile.
 He did this in the presence of Pharaoh and the waters of the Nile
turned into blood.
 All the fish died and there was no water to drink. This lasted seven
days.
 He did not release the Israelites.

2. Plague of frogs (Exodus 8:1 – 15)

 The Lord commanded Moses to tell Aaron to stretch his hand over
the streams, canals and ponds.
 Aaron did as was commanded and there were frogs all over the land
of Egypt.
 On seeing this, Pharaoh pleaded with Moses and Aaron to pray to
the Lord to get rid of the frogs and he would release them.
 They prayed and all the frogs died when Pharaoh saw that the frogs
were dead, he changed his mind.

3. Plague of gnats (Exodus 8:16 – 19)

 Gnats are small two-winged biting flies.
 The Lord instructed Moses to tell Aaron to strike the ground.
 Aaron did and all the dust in Egypt turned into gnats.
 The gnats covered the entire land.
 Even the magicians accepted it as God‟s work, but Pharaoh still
refused to let the Israelites go.

4. Plague of flies (Exodus 8:20 – 32)

 The Lord warned Pharaoh through Moses that he would send
swarms of flies to the Egyptian houses. But the Israelites houses
would be spared.

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  When this happened, Pharaoh sent for Moses and Aaron and
promised to let them to go and worship so that the flies would go
away.
 Moses prayed and the flies went away. However, Pharaoh changed
his mind and again refused to let the Israelites go.

5. Death of livestock (Exodus 9:1 – 7)

 God sent a plague that killed all the Egyptian animals. Their cows,
donkeys, camels, sheep, goats and horses were all killed.
 The Israelites were not affected. Still Pharaoh refused to release
them.

6. Plague of boils (Exodus 9:8 – 12)

 Moses threw ashes into air as God had instructed.
 This produced boils which became open sores on the skin of the
Egyptians.
 Unmoved by the suffering of his people, Pharaoh would still not let
the Israelites go.

7. Plague of hail (Exodus 9:13 – 35)

 Moses raised his stick and there was a hailstorm with lightning and
thunder. The people, animals and plants that were struck were
killed and destroyed.
 Pharaoh promised to let the Israelites go but as soon as Moses had
prayed and all the hail and thunder stopped. Pharaoh changed his
mind yet again. He did not let the Israelites go.

8. Plague of Locusts (Exodus 10:1 – 20)

 Locusts covered the whole land and ate all the crops in the fields.
 The locusts ate all that had not been destroyed by the hail.
 Pharaoh once more pleaded for the plague to be lifted.
 As soon as locusts were out of Egypt, Pharaoh changed his mind.
He still would not let the Israelites out of Egypt.

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9. Plague of darkness (Exodus 10:21 – 29)
 God instructed Moses to stretch out his hand to heaven.
 There was total darkness in Egypt for 3 days. The Israelites had
light where they were living.
 Pharaoh remained unmoved and would still not let the Israelites go
out of Egypt.

10. Death of first-born sons (Exodus 12:1 – 31)

 The last plague is the death of the Egyptians male first born.
 The Lord would kill all the first born sons and first male animals of
the Egyptians at midnight.
 The Israelite males would be spared.

Attributes of God learnt from the ten plagues

1. God empowers the people he sends to perform miracles and do his
work. He gave Moses the rod with which to work and cause the
plagues.
2. God is almighty/all powerful/ omnipotent and no other forces or
power can challenge him. The magicians could not match his powers
and accepted that God‟s powers are great (Exodus 8:18 – 19).
3. God is determined to fulfill his plans/to save his people no matter
how hard the task may appear to the human eye. He does not give up
on his people. Exodus 8:22, 9:6, 10:23.
4. God gives everyone a chance to repent. He forgives the repentant.
Each time Pharaoh promised to release the Israelites, God relieved
the Egyptians from the plagues.
5. God is God of justice/ he punishes the wrong doer and protects the
oppressed. He afflicted the Egyptians who had enslaved his people.
He spared the Israelites.
6. God fulfill his promises/ He is faithful. The Israelites finally left
Egypt as God had promised Exodus 3:7 – 10, Genesis 15:13 – 14,
26:3 – 4.
7. God expects total obedience and faith from the people he sends.
8. God is a loving/ caring God. He sees the plight and suffering of his
people and works to release them from their suffering.

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 9. More powerful that the Egyptian gods.
10. God was aware of the problems of the Israelites.
11. Determined to save his people.
12. God was working through Moses. This strengthened faith of the
Israelites on Moses their liberator

THE PASSOVER
Exodus 12:1 – 31
Passover is derived from Hebrew word Pasach meaning “to pass” with the
aim of sparing or protecting.

Preparations for the Passover

God instructed Moses to prepare the Israelites for the tenth plague.
Moses called all the elders of Israel and gave them the following
instructions.
1. On the tenth day of that month each man had to choose either a lamb
or a young goat for his household. If his family was too small to eat a
whole animal, then he and his next-door neighbor were to share the
animal.
 The animal chosen was to be a male, one year old and
without blemish.
 Using a young animal signified the innocence of the
sacrifice while an animal without blemish signified purity of
the sacrifice.
2. The animal chosen was to be killed on the eve of the 14th day of that
month/eve of the night of the Exodus.
3. The blood of the animal was to be smeared on the door posts and
lintel of Israelites‟ houses.
 The blood was to act as a sign of distinguishing the
Israelites houses from those of the Egyptians so that the
angel of death would spare them when he killed the first-
born sons of the Egyptians.
4. The lamb/animal for sacrifice was to be roasted whole i.e. with its
head, legs and inner parts.

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  Roasting was the quickest method of cooking since the
Israelites were in a hurry.
5. The meat was to be eaten that night with unleavened bread and bitter
herbs.
 The bitter herbs signified the bitter experience of slavery in
Egypt.
6. Everything was to be eaten and whatever remained was to be burnt.
7. They were to eat the sacrificial meat after they had dressed up and
packed their luggage (Vs 9 – 11)
8. The Israelite women were to ask for Jewellery, Silver and clothing
from the Egyptian women on the eve of their departure.
 These items were to act as compensation for the free labour
the Israelites had given Egypt.
9. Everyone was to remain indoors until morning in order to be
protected from the angel of death.
10. The Passover was to be to be commemorated annually and its
significance taught to the coming generation.

Note
 On that night the Angel of death “passed over” the houses of the
Israelites and killed the entire male first born of the Egyptians,
including Pharaoh‟s son.
 There was great wailing in Egypt.
 Pharaoh summoned Moses and released the Israelites.
 The Israelites left Egypt for the Promised Land through the
wilderness/Exodus.

Attributes of God shown in the Jewish Passover

1. God is caring i.e. preserved the life of the Israelites.
2. God loves.
3. God is powerful i.e. took care of nature.
4. God is provider of life i.e. killed the Egyptians.
5. God is the creator and controller of human life.
6. God is universal e.g. controlled lives of the Egyptians and Israelites.

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 7. God is omnipresent i.e. everywhere including to the Israelite and the
Egyptians.
8. God is faithful to his promises.
9. He punishes the disobedient.

THE EXODUS
Introduction

 An Exodus is a mass movement of people from one place to another

 The Israelites hurriedly left Egypt.
 They carried with them unleavened bread.
 The women took away the jewellery and clothing they had borrowed
from the Egyptians as compensation for years of slavery, (had been
slaves for 430 years)
 The journey of the Israelites through the harsh wilderness, fighting
hostile local people, was a difficult one.
 Whenever they forgot the mighty deeds God had done for them God
gave them a solution to their problems and restored their faith in him.
 Moses served as mediator between them and God.
 They were directed by God in the wilderness by a pillar of cloud
during the day and a pillar of fire during the night. (Exodus 13:20 –
22, 14:19 – 20).

a). Crossing the red sea. (Exodus 14:5 – 31)

 Immediately the Israelites left Egypt Pharaoh and his people
regretted letting them go.
 He pursued them with intension to bring them back.
 The Israelites had camped by the sea.
 God instructed Moses to lift his rod above the waters of the Red Sea
to divide them.

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  The waters separated into walls.
 The Israelites crossed the sea on the dry ground between the two
walls.
 When the Israelites had crossed over the other side, Moses stretched
out his hand over the water and brought the walls back.
 The Egyptians who were still in the middle drowned and the
Israelites sailed.
 The Israelites saw God‟s mighty work in saving them.

b). Provision of water (Exodus 15:22 – 27, 17:1 – 6)

 After the Israelites had travelled in the desert for 3 days without
water, they were thirsty.
 The water they found was bitter and could not drink.
 Called the place “Marah” meaning “bitter”.
 The Israelites started murmuring in complain.
 God instructed Moses to throw a splinter of wood into the water and
it became sweet.
 At Elim there were 12 springs of water.
 God provided more water when they had almost reached Mt. Sinai.
 He instructed Moses to strike a rock and water came out of it for
people to drink (Ex. 17:1 – 7).

c). Provision of manna and quails (Exodus 16:1 – 35)

 As the Israelites were travelling through the desert, they ran out of
food.
 They were hungry and again complained to Moses.
 Their complaints displeased the Lord, though he had saved them
many times they still did not trust him to provide for them.
 He nevertheless promised to provide for them with food whether
they obeyed him or not.
 The next morning God provided them with manna which they
collected and ate.

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  In the evening, he provided them with quails.
 The provision of manna and quails lasted for 40 years.
 On the sixth day of each week, he gave them two portions; one for
the sixth day and the other for the seventh or Sabbath day.
 They were supposed to stay indoors on the Sabbath day to worship
and remember God.

d). Defeat of the Amalekites (exodus 17:8 – 16)

 Amalekites were desert nomads who attacked the Israelites in the
wilderness.
 When the Amalekite army came against Israel, Moses ordered
Joshua to gather men among them to go and fight them.
 During the battle, Moses held up his rod.
 Each time he raised his hands, the Amalekites were defeated.
When he brought down, the Israelites would be defeated.
 Aaron and Hur saw this; they decided to support his hands until the
Amalekites were defeated. God promised to destroy the Amalekites
forever.

Summary of the ways in which God took care of the Israelites during the
Exodus
 He guided the Israelites by a pillar of cloud during the day.
 He provided a pillar of fire to guide them during the night.
 God sent an angel who engulfed the Egyptian soldiers in darkness
to delay their attack on the Israelites.
 He gave them priests to be intermediaries between them and God.
 God split the waters of the Red Sea to create a dry path for the
Israelites to pass.
 He punished the Egyptian soldiers who were pursuing the Israelites
by drowning them in the Red Sea.
 God changed bitter water into sweet waters for the Israelites to
drink at Marah.
 God provided Manna and quails as food for the Israelites when they
were hungry.Healing those who were bitten by snakes.

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  God assisted the Israelites to defeat the Amalekites
 He provided them with strong leaders like Moses.
 God gave them the 10 commandments to guide them on their
relationship with him and one another.

Problems Moses faced as he led the Israelites during the Exodus

 Lack of water for the Israelites/ bitter water.
 Lack of food for the Israelites.
 Complaining/ grumbling by the Israelites/ refusing to heed to
instructions/ stubborn/ stiff necked.
 Warring tribes in the desert/ Amalekites.
 Settling disputes among the people.
 Travelling in hostile/ harsh climatic condition.
 Lack of faith from the people/ worship of the golden calf/ breaking
God‟s commandments.
 Rebellion/opposition from his family.
 Threat from the Egyptian army.
 Bites from snakes.

Problems encountered by Christians in their commitment to Christ today

1. Temptations from the devil/ worldly pleasures.
2. Weakening of faith in God in times of hardships.
3. Opposition/ persecution/ oppression because of what they stand for.
4. False teaching/ heresy/ false prophets who contradict true Christian
message.
5. Division/ quarrels/ disagreements within the church.
6. Materialism/ greed for wealth/ struggle for power in the church/ in
the society.
7. Challenges from science/ technology which seems to replace the
power/ authority of God.
8. Natural calamities; epidemics, diseases, drought, feminine, floods,
earthquakes which make some Christians question the existence of
God.

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 9. Problems of the destiny of a person after death /Where do people go
after death?
10. The wicked seem to prosper /why do the wicked prosper?
11. Bad examples set by the church leaders who are supposed to be the
shepherds of the people/ mislead people e.g. through
misinterpretation of scriptures.
12. Challenges from other religious/ denominations and the secular
society/ traditional culture.
13. Hypocrisy in the church.
14. Financial constraints/ lack of resources in meeting their obligations.
15. Marginalization in the church membership/ activities.

Why the Exodus is important to the Israelites

i. It marked the end of their suffering/ oppression in Egypt.
ii. It signified they were a special nation chosen by God.
iii. It was a fulfillment of the promises God had made to Abraham.
iv. It proved that God was more powerful than other gods/ supreme.
v. It showed/ proved to them that Moses was a chosen leader of Israel
as a nation.
vi. It made them understand the nature of God.
vii. It taught them that God needed obedience from human beings.
viii. They received the Ten Commandments which guided them in their
relationship.

THE MAKING OF THE SINAI COVENANT (EXODUS 19,

24:1 – 8)
(a) .Preparation

 God made a covenant with the Israelites at Mount Sinai in the

wilderness. He brought them here so that he could enter into a
personal relationship with the whole community of Abraham‟s
descendants.

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  God called Moses to the mountain to ask him if the Israelites were
willing to obey. If they would obey Him, God made the following
promises to them;
i. He would make them His people.
ii. He would make them a kingdom of priests.
iii. He would make them a holy nation.
In readiness for the making of the Sinai Covenant, Abraham made the
following preparations:
1. They had to purify themselves i.e. washed the clothes and
themselves.
2. Moses marked a boundary at the foot of the mountain/ a holy
boundary to prevent any person or animal going up the mountain.
3. To be ready on the third day for the Lord come down on the
mountain.
4. Men were advised not to touch a woman/ no sexual relationship.
5. They were to report to the mountain on hearing the sound of the
trumpet.
6. On the 3rd day Moses took the Israelites to meet their God.
7. God manifested his presence in the form of:
ii. Thunder.
iii. Lightning.
iv. Earthquake.
v. Thick cloud that covered the whole mountain.
vi. Fire.
vii. Smoke.
viii. A loud trumpet blast that made the people tremble.
8. Moses went up the mountain and was given the Ten
Commandments
9. Moses came back from the Mt. and told the people about the laws
and ordinances which were to guide them as a covenant people. All
the people answered in one voice and said “All the words
which the Lord has spoken we will do,” (Exodus 24:3 – 4)

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Steps in the formation/ sealing of the covenant
(Exodus 24:1 – 8)

 Moses told the people the 10 commandments. They all agreed to obey.
 Moses wrote down God‟s laws and commands.
 The next day/morning Moses built an altar and put twelve stores/pillars
around it; the 12 stones symbolizes the twelve tribes of Israel.
 Young men sacrificed bulls/ oxen to offer burnt offerings and peace
offerings.
 Moses collected the blood into two basins.
 He poured half of the blood into the altar. This was a sign that God was
involved in the covenant formation.
 He read the Ten Commandments book of the covenant to the people to
make sure that they understood. The people agreed to obey.
 He sprinkled/threw the remaining blood upon the people. This showed
people‟s involvement in the covenant formula.
 The use of the blood showed the seriousness of the covenant. Whoever
broke this covenant meant loss of his life.
 The use of live animals showed that God is the life giver.

THE TEN COMMANDMENTS (EXODUS 20:1 – 17)

 The main laws which God gave to Moses are known as the Ten
Commandments/ Decalogue.
 It is an absolute law i.e. unconditional whereby everything had to
be followed without question.
 The Ten Commandments were divided into two major parts.
a. Duties towards God (Ex 20:3 -11) – the 1st 4 commandments
about the relationship between God and man.
b. Duties towards man (Ex 20:12 – 17) – the last 6
commandments about the relationship between man and
fellow man.

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Duties to God
1. “You shall have no other gods before me”.
Application
 It means that God is only one.
 There was need to remind the Israelites that he was the God who
brought them out of Egypt and cared for them in the wilderness.
 The Israelites were to worship him alone.
 Any attempts to consider anything else God is wrong.
 We have one God who is the creator and sustainer of all things
 Anything we cherish more than God has become a god.
 It prohibits against Polytheism i.e. “The Lord is one” Deuteronomy
6:4
2. “You shall not make yourself a graven image”
Application
 This is prohibition against idolatry because God is invisible. (Ex
19:19, Deut 4:12 – 16)
 Any representation of God is wrong because it might tempt us to
worship it which is disrespect to God.
 Yahweh was not like the Egyptians or Canaanite gods which were
depicted in images.

3. “You shall not take the name of the Lord your God in Vain”
Application
 It prohibits against taking the name of the Lord in vain/ swearing.
 This commandment forbids the use of God‟s name in a careless
manner without regard to his holiness.
 One should not swear in God‟s name.
 In Mathew 5:33 – 37 Jesus stresses that Christians should be
honest, sincere and always speak the truth.
 We need then to respect God‟s name and the greatness of his name.

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4. “Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy”
Application
The Sabbath Day was instituted by God at creation God rested on this day
after creation thus we should not work or involve ourselves in any work.
- It is time to rest/ relax and reflect on what God has done.
- People are expected to honour it by worshipping God.
- Reminder of God‟s sacrifice.
Significance of the Sabbath to the Jews
i. They remembered the day God rested after his creation.
ii. Day for worship/ thanksgiving/ prayer.
iii. It is in obedience to one of the commandments.
iv. Day for rest/ leisure.
v. Holy day dedicated to God.
vi. Shows that man has his origin in God and is therefore
responsible to God.
Duties towards man
5. “Honour your father and mother that your days may be long”
Application
God‟s gift of life is passed on through our parents as they take care and
bring up children. God takes care of us through our parents.
 Dishonor to parents leads to disgrace.
 The family is the foundation of the society.
 Good respect to our parents leads to right conduct.
 Obedience to parents leads to long life and prosperity in the land.
 Parents deserve honour; respect and children should help their
parents.

6. “You shall not kill”

Application

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It is God alone who gives life and it should be Him alone to take it. The
life of a person is sacred. Christians are called upon to preserve, respect
and protect life.

7. “You shall not commit adultery”.

 It is wrong to have sexual intercourse with somebody else‟s wife or
husband. Such an act sows discord in the community.
 This command safeguards marriage and family.
 Purity is demanded of Christians both in their outward life, thoughts
and desires.

8. “You shall not steal”

Application
 Affirms that God is the one who provides us with all that is required
to maintain life.
 Stealing indicates lack of trust in God‟ providence.
 This command prohibits theft.
 It is protection against property.

9. “You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor”

Application
 False accusations destroy respect and love among God‟s people.
 Christians should show love, honesty, faithfulness and truthfulness.
 The need for justice in courts.

10. “You shall not covet your neighbor’s property”.

Application
 Prohibition against covetousness. Desire for that which belongs to
another Num 11:11.
 This commandment condemns greed of any nature.
 Greed is motivated by selfishness and hence leads to sin.

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THE BREAKING OF THE SINAI COVENANT
(EX 32:1 – 35
 Moses went up the mountain to God so as to be instructed on how
to lead the Israelites on their last part of the journey to the Promised
Land.
 Moses overstayed up the mountain until some Israelites became
impatient and restless.
 -The multitude started murmuring against the God of Moses/
Yahweh and desired to go back to Egypt.
 They asked Aaron to make for them a physical god to worship.
 Aaron made an idol god in form of a calf. He used the ornaments
they had brought from Egypt.
 The idol represented power and strength.
 Their worship was accompanied by singing, dancing, drinking,
eating and indulged in revelry/sex around the calf.
 This was blasphemy before God/idolatry.
 Meanwhile God told Moses to go down for the people had sinned
and rejected him.
 - Moses was annoyed and dropped the tablets on which the laws
were written they broke into pieces.
 He ground the bull-calf and mixed with water and forced the people
to drink.
 Moses called the faithful followers of Yahweh. Only the Levites
came forward.
 Moses ordered the faithful people to kill the sinners.
 Moses returned to God and asked for forgiveness on behalf of the
people.
 God promised to rub the names of the sinners from the book of
heaven.
 God told Moses to continue leading the people.

Why did the Israelites demand for an Idol/possible reasons for breaking
the Covenant?

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  Moses overstayed up the mountain.
 -They needed another leader because they did not know what had
happened to Moses.
 They lacked self-control/ were impatient.
 They lacked faith in God/ unfaithful.
 They did not understand the nature of their God e.g. powerful God.
 It is possible that they were misled by foreigners who joined them
on their way to Canaan.
 Aaron was a weak leader and accepted to make the golden bull-calf.
 They had been exposed to idolatry in Egypt.
 The availability of raw materials e.g. Jewellery they had brought
from Egypt.

Effects of worshipping the Idol/Bull

1. God was annoyed with the Israelites and wanted to
destroy/consume them and start raising a new generation through
Moses.
2. Moses pleaded with God to forgive them and God withdrew his
wrath/ God forgave them.
3. Moses was annoyed when he found the Israelites worshipping the
idol and he threw down the stone tablets breaking them.
4. Moses burnt the Golden Bull-calf into ashes mixed with water and
ordered the Israelites to drink.
5. God forgave those who repented after worshipping the Golden calf.
6. Moses separated those who repented; the Levites included, and
ordered the unrepentant group to be killed.
7. The Lord sent a plague upon the people because they had
worshipped the idol.

THE RENEWAL OF THE SINAI COVENANT

EX 34:1 -35

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 God forgave the people and Moses.
 The Ten Commandments were re-written on two stone tablets that
God had asked Moses to cut.
 Moses went up the mountain with the two stone tablets alone and
no man or animal was allowed to be seen around the mountain.
 God declared that he could make a covenant with the Israelites.
 He gave Moses the Ten Commandments the second time.
 God revealed his nature to Moses as:
 Merciful/compassionate God.
 Gracious God.
 Slow anger
 Abounding in love
 Faithful to his promise
 Forgiving wickedness, Rebellion and sin.
 Just and jealous/punishes sin
 He promised to take the Israelites to the Promised Land
and protect them against the Canaanites.

 The Israelites were given conditions to fulfill after the renewal these
are:
1. Obey what God commands them.
2. Not to worship any other gods.
3. Not to make any cast idols.
4. To keep the Feast of Unleavened Bread.
5. To rest on the seventh day.
6. To dedicate all their first born children and that of the flock to God.
7. To offer to God the first fruit of their harvest.
8. Not to enter into any covenant relationship with the inhabitant of
Canaan e.g. not to intermarry with foreigners.
9. To destroy the worshipping place of idols.
10. Not to make molten gods to worship.
11. Three times in a year the male folk were to appear before God.
12. Not to offer the blood of His sacrifice with leaven.
13. Not to boil a kid in his mother‟s milk.

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Giving of more promises by God
God then gave them the following promises if they obeyed Him;
 God would bless them and make them more prosperous.
 God would preserve them as a chosen nation.
 God would do great and awesome things among his people.
 God would help them settle the Promised Land by driving out the
inhabitants/their enemies e.g. Canaanite, perizites etc.

THE WORSHIP OF THE ISRAELITES IN THE

WILDERNESS
(EX 20:22 – 26, 23:14 – 20)
 Worship refers to reverence paid to God/ respect given to God in
recognition of Him as the creator and controller of the
universe and the strong feeling of love for God.
 The Israelites must have known God well e.g. they knew him as
provider, protector, God of justice, the mighty and all powerful
God.
 All these qualities of God must have made them respect him and
love him deeply.
 During their period in the wilderness, the Israelites worshipped God
as individual and as a community. This occurred at specific places.
 All worship involved:

A. Sacrifices and offerings

 Animals were used in sacrifices.
 In an offering agricultural produce was used.
Sacrifices included:
1. burnt offerings/holocaust
 The sacrificial animal was completely burnt i.e. entirely removed
from human possession and given to God.
 It could be given by an individual or by the community.

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2. Atonement/ sin offering
 Offered when one had sinned either against God or against his
fellow man and wanted his sins to be forgiven.
 The one who had sinned brought an animal before God and it was
offered as a sacrifice.
 The animal died on behalf of the person who sinned.

3. Peace offering/ communion sacrifice/ fellowship offering

 Part of the meat of the sacrificial animal was eaten by the people
and other parts which consisted of fat and blood was burnt on the
altar for God.

4. Gift offering
 The best animal or grain that God had blessed the concerned party
was chosen and offered to God as a thanksgiving.

5. Meal offering/ drink offering

 It involved both vegetable and animal offerings.
 Meat offering could be offered together with fresh agricultural
produce.

6. Incense offering
 Incense is a substance composed of sweet smelling herbs.
 It was burnt before God and it was a sign of God‟s holiness and his
acceptance of the sacrifices.

B. Festivals
A festival is a celebration commemorating a past event.
There were a number of festivals in the Israelite community. These
included:
1. The Passover/Feast of unleavened bread.
 This feast was held annually at the beginning of each year/ once a
year.

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  Unleavened bread would be eaten for 7 days of the first month in
every New Year.
 The feast was a commemoration of the Israelite liberation from
Egypt.

2. The feast of weeks/ Pentecost.

 This feast originally marked the end of the wheat harvest.
 Later it was conducted 50 days from the Sabbath following the
Passover hence name Pentecost.

3. The Feast of Tabernacles.

This feast marked the end of agricultural year.
 It took place in autumn when the fruits had been safely gathered/
harvested.

C. Altars
Altars marked an earthly meeting place between God and the people.
 The Israelites built an altar in places where they received a
Theophany/ God revelation.
 e.g. Abraham built two altars, one at Shechem and another one at
Bethel when God revealed to him that he would give him the land
of Canaan
 The practice of building altars continued to the time the Israelites
settled in Canaan Ex 20:24 – 25.
NB: Altars were also places of sacrifice.

D. Prayer and Songs

People communicated to God through prayer and song. This was mostly
used by priests and their leaders e.g. Moses and Joshua.

E. Holy day of worship

The Israelites set a day of worship. Every week they worked for six days
and on the seventh day they rested and worshipped the Lord/ Sabbath rest.

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F. The Tent of Meeting (EX 26)
 It was a portable structure in which the Israelites worshipped God.
 The outer court contained the altar for incense, the golden stick and
the bread of the presence table.
 The inner court was known as the most Holy place because it
contained the Ark of the Covenant.
 - The Ark of the Covenant was covered with pure gold and the
inside contained the two stone tablets in which the Ten
Commandments were written.
 It was taken care of by the Levites and the priest from the time of
Moses.
 The Terbanacle symbolized the presence of God among his people.
 Priests would go inside the Terbanacle to offer prayers and
sacrifices to God on behalf of the people.

Elements of the Jewish worship found in the Christian worship

today
There are a number of elements of Israelite worship which have been
carried over from the time of the Exodus to Judaism the early church and to
the present time. These elements include:
1. 1. The Passover feast which found its origin from the Passover
which marked the liberation of the Israelites from Egypt. This is
referred to as the Lord‟s Supper in the N. T and Christian
worship.
2. Use of prayer and songs in worship.
3. Observing the Lord‟s Day / Sabbath by modern Christians.
4. Offerings are also given in form of money, goods and services
tithes.
5. Altars. Most Christian churches have altars also called sanctuary.
NB: The worship of God by the Israelites was more similar to that
one of the Traditional African worship.
6. Observing the Ten Commandments.
7. Burning of incense e.g. catholic church.

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 8. Spiritual leaders e.g. pastors, priests.
9. Dedication of children to God.

Summary of the ways Israelites worshipped God in the wilderness

1. Through offerings, incense, grain gift.
2. Through sacrifices/ Holocaust, atonement.
3. Through festivals/ feasts e.g. Passover, feast of weeks, Terbanacle.
4. Had the Tabernacle/ the tent of meeting.
5. Use of prayers; for thanksgiving and asking for God‟s protection.
6. Use of songs and dances.
7. Built altars to signify the presence of Yahweh/ approached the altars
with respect/ earthly meeting place where they had Theophany.
8. Male folk presented themselves to God three times a year.
9. Observed the Ten Commandments/ had laws.
10. Assembled at the foot of Mt. Sinai where they received the Ten
Commandments.
11. Burnt incense to the Lord/ Yahweh.
12. Observed the Sabbath as a day of worship by keeping it Holy and
dedicating to God.
13. Paid tithes for the upkeep of the Tabernacle.
14. Consecrated the Tent of meeting.
15. Levite priests led the Israelites in worship/ Religious leaders e.g.
Aaron, Moses, Levitical Priests.
16. Made the Ark of the Covenant and carried it whenever they went
which symbolized God‟s presence.
17. The dedication of the first born male children to God in memory of
the Passover in Egypt.

How Christians show respect to God

i. They set aside a day of worship.
ii. Set aside holy places of worship.
iii. They do not mention God‟s name in vain.
iv. They pray to him asking for forgiveness/ confessing to Him.
v. Live exemplary lives/ role models.
vi. Giving offering/ tithes.

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 vii. Praise Him for His wonders.
viii. Taking care of the environment.
ix. Looking after the needy.
x. Preaching/ spreading His word.

ISRAELITES NEW UNDERSTANDING OF THE

NATURE OF GOD
Through the teachings of Moses and their personal experience, the
Israelites learnt the following about the nature of God:
1. He is the God of their forefathers, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.
2. God is more powerful than the other god‟s e.g. he led them across
the Red sea.
3. He fulfils his promises as evidenced by their release from Egypt.
4. God is holy as seen from the restriction from contact with the Holy
Mountain.
5. God uses his chosen people to carry out his mission e.g. Israel.
6. God is the provider as seen in his provision of food and water in the
wilderness.
7. He is a moral God as he gave the Ten Commandments to the
Israelites to guide their behavior/ God is a jealous God.
8. God is a personal God who initiates a covenant relationship with
individuals for e.g. the Sinai covenant.
9. He is the only God/Yahweh was the true God.
10. God is just as he punished idol worshippers.
11. God is transcendent and beyond human understanding as seen in the
revelation at Mt. Sinai.
12. God demands total obedience from his people as expressed in his
instruction during the making and the renewal of covenant.
13. God is awesome as shown in people‟s fear of him as seen on Mt.
Sinai.
14. God is omnipresent. He moved with them and was present in the
pillar of cloud and fire.
15. God is a jealous God as expressed in the Ten Commandments.

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 16. God forgives sinners.

LEADERSHIP IN ISRAEL: DAVID AND SOLOMON

Background to Kingship in Israel
 Refers to the manner in which a community‟s way of life is ruled or
controlled.
 When the Israelites settled in Canaan for the first 200 years they
were ruled by judges.
 The first judge was Joshua who took over after Moses died in the
wilderness.
 The period after Joshua‟s death was characterized by political and
social disorganization and was between the Israelites and their
neighbouring nations.
 To restore order, God raised judges to rule over the people of Israel
e.g.
 Othniel - Judges 3:9 – 10.
 Eliud - Judges 3:15.
 Shamgar - Judges 3:31.
 Deborah - Judges 4:4.
 Gideon - Judges 6:11 – 24, 7:1 – 2.

The Roles of the Judges/ Characteristics of judges

1. They were charismatic.
2. Temporary leaders who led the Israelites battles.
3. Upheld covenant faith.
4. Acted as God‟s spokesmen/women and.
5. Settled disputes.
6. They ruled Israel on behalf of God.
7. Some judges acted as God‟s prophets.

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 8. They acted as religious leaders and led the Israelites during
religious functions.
9. Acted as the conscience of the nation/kings.
10. Condemned idolatry and preached the worship of Yahweh.

 Prophet Samuel was the last judge. When he grew old, he

appointed his two sons as judges, but they failed as leaders.
 The people of Israel went to Samuel and demanded for a king.
REASONS FOR KINGSHIP IN ISRAEL
(1SAM 8:1 – 9)
The people requested Samuel to choose for them a king because:
 Samuel‟s sons were bad and evil leaders/failed as judges/perverted
justice and therefore the people rejected them.
 The Israelites wanted to be like their neighbouring nations/other
nations who had earthly kings.
 They needed a leader/warrior king who would lead them to war
against their enemies e.g. the Philistines.
 They wanted a stable hereditary leadership.
 They wanted a human leader who could be recognized by other
nations.
 A leader to organize them.
 Wanted a political nation governed by law and order instead of a
theocratic government.
 Samuel had grown too old and needed a replacement.
 They failed to understand that Yahweh was their unseen King. God
alone chooses rulers.

REASONS AGAINST KINGSHIP IN ISRAEL

1 SAMUEL 8:10 – 20
The following are the reasons why Samuel was unwilling to choose a king;
 Choosing a king meant rejecting of God as their
ruler/king/challenged the kingship of God over Israel.
 The king would force people into military services.
 The king would introduce forced labour in Israel.

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  The king would introduce slavery in Israel.
 The king would grab their land and property.
 The king would impose heavy taxation to maintain the army
 The king would demand free food and services.
 The king would Force people‟s daughters into inter-marriage.
 The king would take their daughters to be perfumers and cooks
in his palace.
 In becoming like other nations, the Israelites would lose their
identity as a covenant people.
 Hereditary kingship would bring oppression and dictatorship in
Israel.
 It was a way of not appreciating/ not being thankful for God‟s
deliverance from Egypt/ Exodus.
 If ruled by the king the Israelites would lose their identity as
God‟s chosen people/people of the covenant.
 The king would not be God‟s choice and thus would not rule
according to God‟s will/ demands.
 The king would deviate/ divert people‟s attention from God and
the covenant way of life.
 They will cry out to God and He will not listen.

KING SAUL’S SUCCESSES AND FAILURES

1SAM 13:1 – 14, 15:7 – 25, 28:3–19
Background to King Saul’s reign
 When the elders of Israel went to Prophet Samuel and asked him to
appoint for them a king, Samuel prayed to God seeking his
guidance.
 God told him to obey the voice of the people.
 He sent him to a man called Saul, son of Kish from the tribe of
Benjamin.
 Samuel was to anoint him to become the King over Israel.
 Samuel poured oil on Saul‟s head from a flask he had with him. (I
Sam 10:1)
 Therefore Saul became the first King of Israel.

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  Samuel made it clear to the Israelites that they still remained God‟s
people.
 An Israelite King would still remain the servant of God. The king
was to rule God‟s people according to the covenant way of life.
 He explained to the people the rights and duties of the king. He
wrote them in a book and laid it before the Lord,(I Sam 12:14 – 15.
 The initial appointment of Saul as King of Israel was in accordance
to God‟s will. He approved of Saul‟s leadership in the following
ways:
1. Saul was Yahweh‟s own choice. (I Sam 9:16; 10:24).
2. Saul received God‟s spirit, which gave him power to act as
God‟s appointee. (ISam 10:10)
3. Through Yahweh‟s help, soul fought against all Israel‟s
enemies everywhere and won e.g.
a. Fought against the Ammonites (ISam 11:1).
b.Led a successful war against the Philistines, thus
saving Israel from their enemy (ISam 14:47).
c. Defeated the Amalekites (I Sam 15).
However Saul failed and was rejected as King. He had a number of
weaknesses that led to his failure and final rejection by God.

King Saul’s failures/ weaknesses

1. He became impatient and offered sacrifices to God at Gilgal instead
of waiting for Prophet Samuel, I Samuel 13:1 – 14. He assumed
priestly duties by offering sacrifices.
2. He disobeyed God‟s command and failed to carry out the law of
total destruction of a conquered enemy/ The Law of herem or the
ban(I Sam 15:1 – 23) failing to destroy everything i.e. during the
mission against the Amalekites.
3. The spirit of God left Saul and was replaced by an evil spirit which
tormented him and made him like a madman. I Sam 16:14.
4. He was jealous of David for his success as a warrior (I Sam 18:7 –
8, 19:1 – 22)
5. He massacred the Gibeonites contrary to an Oath taken during the
time of Joshua.

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 6. Saul committed the sin of necromancy when he consulted a medium
after the death of Samuel. I Samuel 28:3 – 25

Lessons learnt from king Saul’s failures.

1. Christians should be patient and wait for God‟s intervention in times
of crisis. Saul lost patience when Prophet Samuel delayed in coming
on the appointed day.
2. Christians should be obedient and faithful in God/patient.
3. Political leaders should be more accommodating to people who hold
different views and ideas from their own.
4. Christians should be sincere in the worship of God. To be sincere
means to be truthful or honest about our actions.
2. Leaders should be God fearing so as to succeed in their leadership.
KING DAVID’S IMPORTANCE
Introduction:
He was the second King of Israel.
He was anointed by Samuel after Saul failed.
He is regarded as the most successful King in Israel.
Importance: Refers to his successes, achievement and qualities.

King David’s achievements as the king of Israel

I Sam 16:1 – 23, 2 Sam 6:1 – 15
1. He was chosen by God to be the king of Israel/anointed by God‟s
prophet Samuel.
2. David was filled with God‟s spirit right from the time of
anointing/throughout his reign.
3. He had outstanding qualities of leadership e.g. he was charismatic,
generous, patient, honorable, wise, brave, eloquent in speech, God-
fearing.
4. He knew and obeyed God/He was a man after God‟s own
heart/faithful/ trusted God throughout his life.
5. David consulted prophets of God in all undertakings.
6. David was acclaimed/accepted/chosen as King of Israel by the
whole of Israel at Hebron, 2 Sam 5:1 – 5

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7. He courageously fought and defeated his enemies e.g. the
Philistines.
8. He captured the city of Jerusalem from the Jebusites/He made it the
political administration capital for the nation and a religious centre.
9. He chose Jerusalem a neutral city of his nation. 2 Sam 5:6 – 10, 6:1
– 19
10. He recaptured the Ark of the Covenant.
11. He united his people through personal efforts.
12. He extended the boundaries of his kingdom by capturing smaller
states.
13. He established a standing army / he was a good military
commander. He broke the Philistines control over Canaan once and
for all and shut them up in coastal plain 2 Sam 5:17 – 25, 21:15
– 22.
14. He also waged successful wars against Moab, Ammon, Edon,
Amalek and Aram/Syria and concluded a treaty with the Phoenician
King, and Hiram of Tyre. David came to be recognized as the ruler
of an empire that stretched from Lebanon Mt. to the boarders of
Egypt, from Med. Sea to the desert of Arabia.
15. He established a long lasting dynasty /Davidic which lasted for 400
years.
16. He was a shrewd/ good administrator /He chose wise elders and
counselors to advice him.
17. He organized religion through the Temple music/ composed
Psalms.
18. He was humble/ repentant. He was ready to accept the sins he had
committed e.g. when he committed adultery with Bathsheba,
Uriah‟s wife and arranged for the death of her husband, he was later
remorseful. He put on Sackcloth as a sign of repentance after
Prophet Nathan rebuked him for the offence (2 Sam 12:1 – 15).
19. Divided his Kingdom into small administrative districts.
20. He came up with the idea of building the Temple for God.
21. God made a covenant with David through Prophet Nathan.

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 22. David respected the Prophets of God and always consulted them
whenever he wanted to do anything e.g. when he wanted to build
the Temple he consulted Prophet Nathan. (2 Sam 7:1)
23. He was a great diplomat and established good political relations
with the neighbouring Kings.
24. David ruled over Israel, administering Law and justice to all people,
(2Sam 8:15).
25. He insisted on taking census of all Israel 2Sam 24: 1 – 9. The
information collected was for the purpose of recruiting young men
into military service and deciding on the policy of taxation.
26. He made his nation rich by taxing his enemies

David’s weaknesses
However David had some weaknesses e.g.
1. He committed adultery with Uriah‟s wife.
2. He plotted for Uriah‟s murder.
3. He coveted his neighbor‟s wife.
4. He forced a soldier to meet the wife.
5. He broke military laws by putting Uriah in the frontline instead of
the back.
6. He married many wives which took a large portion of state money.
7. Conclusion: He repented and God forgave him.

The importance of David as an ancestor of Jesus Christ

2Samuel 7:1 – 29, Luke 1:26 – 3)
 David intended to build a splendid temple for God after he had
accomplished building a palace for himself in Jerusalem, 2 Sam 7:1
– 29.
 He felt it was not fair for the Ark of the Covenant to continue
dwelling in a tent while he himself lived in a magnificent palace.
 He consulted Nathan the Prophet to find out whether it was in order
to do so.
 The Prophet approved the idea.
 Later that night, Nathan received a revelation that stated that David
was not to build a house/ temple for God; (2 Sam 7:5 – 6)

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Promises God made to David through Prophet Nathan
In 2 Sam 7:9 – 16 is a summary of the divine promises made to David by
God. These are as follows;
1. God promised to Keep David and his descendants safe from all
enemies.
2. God would give David‟s descendants a place to settle/their own
land.
3. God promised to raise up an heir from the house of David to sit on
the throne.
4. He promised to let David‟s son be the one to build a temple for him.
God‟s relationship with this king would be like that of a father to
his son.
5. God promised to establish an everlasting kingdom for David and his
descendant rule forever.
6. God promised to make David‟s name greater or famous among all
other leaders of the earth.
7. God would protect David‟s descendants from oppression and make
them live in peace.
8. God would bury David with ancestors.
9. God would punish David‟s son when he did wrong.
10. God would always support David‟s heirs.
11. The Messiah would come from David‟s lineage.
12. God would protect David from his enemies.

The immediate fulfillment of these promises was seen in the reign of King
Solomon, David‟s son and successor.
 Solomon did build the Temple of God 1Kings 6:1.
 Solomon‟s reign was marked by a period of peace and
prosperity since David had subdued all the enemies of Israel.

David as an ancestor of Jesus Christ

1. Jesus was born in the family of David.

 Joseph was a descendant of David Luke 1:26

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2. Angel Gabriel in his annunciation message to Mary says that Jesus will
be like his ancestor David Luke 1:32 – 33.
3. Zechariah in his Benedictus says that God has raised up a savior
descended from the house of David Luke 1:69.
4. Jesus was born in Bethlehem which was also the birth place of David.
Luke 2:4.
5. The blind man at Jericho hailed Jesus as the son of David and looked to
him to restore his sight Luke 18:38.
6. Jesus was hailed by the crowd as the Messiah descended from David
during his triumphal entry into Jerusalem (Math 21:9).
7. God promised David that he would have an everlasting kingdom and
Jesus established the Kingdom which does not have geographical
boundaries/an everlasting kingdom.
8. The early apostles like Peter and Paul made a number of references to
Jesus as a descendant of David. Acts 2:29 – 35, 13:23.

Ways in which David demonstrated his faith in God/promoted worship of

Yahweh
1. He accepted to be anointed by Samuel as next King.
2. He killed a bear and lion bare handed as a shepherd of his father‟s
flock.
3. He trusted God and killed Goliath using a stone.
4. He consulted God in all his undertakings.
5. He accepted God‟s promises made to him through Prophet Nathan.
6. He brought the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem making it a
religious capital
7. Though faith in God he conquered all Israelites enemies.
8. He wanted to build God a house/temple.
9. He danced before God and made sacrifices to him after bringing the
Ark to Jerusalem.

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 10. He composed Psalms.
11. He repented after sinning.
12. He strongly believed that God had given him the power.
13. He advised his son Solomon to be confident and obey God‟s Laws
if he wanted to be a successful King in Israel.
14. He was humble before God and attributed his successes to God.
15. He taught the Israelites that Yahweh was their King.
16. He fasted and prayed.

QUALITIES OF A GOOD LEADER DRAWN FROM DAVID’S

LEADERSHIP
Good leaders should:
1. Have faith in God. A leader should be a God fearing man/seek
God‟s guidance as all authority comes from him.
2. Have courage/bravery and fearlessness in spite of many dangers: a
leader should be more courageous than his people.
3. Be just and fair. All leaders must ensure that there is fair treatment
for all in society/was a good administrator/ he never favoured
anyone.
4. David led his armies into battles. Christian leaders should be in the
forefront when their people have problems to be solved.
5. Humility. When David sinned he was ready to ask for forgiveness
from God. A leader should accept mistakes and be willing to ask
for forgiveness/ repentance.
6. David consulted the prophets of God in all his undertakings. A
leader needs to recognize God‟s chosen servants, priests; pastors
co-operate with them and constantly ask Gods guidance before
indulging in any venture.
7. Kindness. David had a forgiving heart towards some of the
offenders e.g. spared Saul‟s life 1 Sam 24:10. Therefore modern
leaders should be willing to accommodate their rivals even forgive
their offenders.
8. David felt that he was ruling for God. He was just a servant of God
not his master. A leader should lead as a servant of God.

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 9. A leader should be patriotic to his country and be ready to sacrifice
his life for the sake of unity, love and peace.
10. A leader should be patient in decision making. David gave his
people to decide whether to accept his rule or not.
11. 12. Loyalty. David drew support of his subjects and never imposed
his will on them. Modern leaders should never betray their oath of
loyalty they make to serve their subjects faithfully after taking
office.
12. Gratitude. David always thanked God for any success or favours he
received from him (Samuel 7:18 – 29). Modern leaders should not
be boastful over their personal achievements. It is God who gives
such success.
13. Obedient and humble. He humbled himself before God and his
Prophets and obeyed God‟s commands/compassionate, loving, kind
and merciful. He was tolerant with King Saul. He also helped the
needy.
14. Shrewd administrator. He chose wise leaders to help and advise
him. Modern leaders should choose wise people to advise them in
their administrative duties.

KING SOLOMON’S ACHIEVEMENTS AND FAILURES

I Kings 3-11
Solomon inherited the Kingdom from his father David.
His task was to maintain and control a peaceful territory established by his
father.
Solomon prayed to God for divine wisdom in the execution of his duties as
a result he made many achievements.
King Solomon’s achievements
1. He built a Temple for God in Jerusalem as a fulfillment of God‟s
promises to David. (I Kings 5, 6)

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 2. He collected and composed thousands of proverbs and songs which
were used in teaching and worship (3,000 Proverbs 1,005 songs)
(Prov. 1:1 – 5)
3. He established and developed trade links with other countries which
led to economic prosperity in Israel/ He was a successful merchant.
4. Solomon initiated industrial activities and exploited copper deposits
in the area of Edom which had been conquered by David.
5. He developed diplomatic relations with foreign countries by
marrying the daughters of the Kings of those countries e.g.
Married the daughters of the Kings of Egypt, Moab, Edom, Tyre
and many others I Kings 3:1, 1:1) He remained at peace with those
countries.
6. He built up a professional army equipped with horse drawn
chariots, Had 1,400 chariots and 12,000 horsemen I Kings 10:26.
7. He had government officials who assisted Solomon in his
administrative duties. (I Kings 4)
8. He was a great wise man e.g.
a. He was able to judge difficult cases and settle disputes fairly
( in the story of two women (I Kings 3:16 – 28)
b. His wisdom is seen in the way he organized trade with other
countries.
c. The queen of Sheba (Ethiopia travelled all the way to test
Solomon‟s wisdom. (I Kings 10:1 – 9)
9. Solomon brought the Ark of the Covenant to the Temple of
Jerusalem which represented God‟s presence among his people (I
Kings 8).
10. He built himself a palace that took 13 years to be completed (1
Kings 7).
11. Solomon divided the kingdom into administrative districts in order
to exploit the resources effectively.
12. Solomon initiated an ambitious building programme in which he
fortified Jerusalem and other cities.
King Solomon’s failures
Although Solomon was a successful King, he had many failures. These
include;

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 1. He married many foreign wives who brought with them the
worship of foreign gods to Israel. Ex 34:16.
2. He allowed his foreign wives to worship their gods in Israel.
3. He built high places of worship/temples for the gods of his wives.
Ex 20:4 – 5.
4. Solomon worshiped the gods of his wives alongside the God of
Israel thus broke the covenant with God.
5. He imposed heavy taxation on his subjects and his districts in order
to raise part of the government revenue.
6. Solomon overspend and misused the wealth of the Kingdom by
building a huge palace.
7. He overtaxed his subjects to maintain high standard of living in his
royal court/ was extravagant.
8. He introduced forced labour to carry on his building programmes.
E.g. palace and temple, therefore breaking the covenant rule of
brotherhood.
9. He gave King Hiram of Tyre an area of Israel‟s land to pay off his
debts thus treating the nation‟s land as his own personal property.
10. He killed his half brother Adonijah (1Kings 2) because he suspected
that Adonijah could be his rival to the throne thus committing
murder.
11. He practiced nepotism by exempting his own people from taxation
and forced labour i.e. tribes of Judah and Benjamin exempted from
forced labour and payment of taxes.
12. He hired the skills of pagan craftsmen in the construction of the
Temple and his palace.
13. He made treaties with foreign Nations/neighbouring nations against
the covenant requirements.

Lessons Christians learn from King Solomon’s reign

Christians should;
1. Be sexually pure.
2. Be Monogamous. Solomon‟s seven hundred wives led him into
worshipping their foreign gods.
3. Be just and fair.

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 4. Respect and honour God.
5. Not misuse national resources.
6. Put God above everything else.

THE DIVISION OF THE KINGDOM OF ISRAEL

I Kings 12.
The death of Solomon and the Division of the Kingdom
After the death of King Solomon, his son Rehoboam succeeded him.
Not all tribes of Israel accepted him as their King and therefore it split into
two.
The Northern 10 tribes formed Israel while the 2 Southern tribes formed
Judah. Judah retained Jerusalem as the capital city.

Factors that led to the division/reasons for the rise of schism

in Israel
1. Solomon practiced idolatry which made God to punish him by
splitting the kingdom.
2. Solomon built high places for idols.
3. The introduction of forced labour and heavy taxation led to
discontentment among the Israelites and this made them rebellious.
4. Solomon had many foreign wives who brought with them the worship
of foreign gods to Israel.
5. Rehoboam‟s failure to heed to the elders wise counsel to rule the
Israelites less harshly.
6. Rehoboam‟s acceptance of the foolish advice given by the youth to
rule the people more harshly than his father had angered the people.
7. Long standing feuds in David‟s house.
8. Jeroboam was ready to lead the rebellious groups against Rehoboam.
9. Solomon‟s favor extended towards the Southern tribes making the
northern tribes to rebel/Solomon practiced nepotism and tribalism
making northern tribes rebel.

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THE IMPORTANCE OF THE TEMPLE IN ISRAEL
The Temple of Jerusalem played important roles in religious, social and
economic lives of the Israelites.
1. 1 .It symbolized God‟s presence among his people through the Ark of
the Covenant which was kept in the Temple.
2. It was a dwelling place for God. I Kings 8:12 – 13.
3. It was a centre/house of worship and prayer for the Jews/ priests
offered sacrifices, burnt incense and prayers to God in the Temple.
4. All the Jewish Religious festivals/feasts such as Passover, Pentecost
and New Year were celebrated in the Temple.
5. The Temple was a symbol of national security because the Jews
believed that the Temple would never be destroyed.
6. Religious rites were performed in the Temple e.g. Purification and
dedication rites, naming, circumcision of baby boys and lepers were
cleansed in the temple.
7. It was a place for pilgrimage for the Jews living in Palestine and the
Jews of the Diaspora
8. It was a commercial centre and housed the Jewish treasury where
currencies were exchanged and animals for sacrifices sold.
9. It was a centre for Jewish learning where the teaching of the law was
conducted
10. It was used as a law court where social and religious issues could be
solved by the Sanhedrin/council of Jewish religious leader.
11. 11. It was a symbol of Jewish unity. It united the Jews as the people
of God, since it was built and maintained by Kings. It was a
royal sanctuary thus providing stability for the monarch.
12. It was the residence for the religious leaders and the place where
priests and prophets Lived, e.g. prophetess Anna, Luke 2:36 – 38.
13. The Jews believed that the Messiah would appear in the Temple.
14. The Temple was the only place where sacrifices to God were offered
by the priests.
15. God revealed himself to many in the Temple e.g. Hannah, Isaiah etc.

LOYALTY TO GOD ELIJAH

Elijah means “Yahweh is my God”

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Factors that led to spread of idolatry in Israel
Introduction:
Idolatry refers to worship of idols.
An idol is an image representing a god usually made using materials such
as bronze, stone or hard wood.
The images of these gods would be kept in the places of worship where the
worshipers went to ask for whatever needs they had.
The 2nd commandment Ex. 20:4 forbids making of images of anything “In
the heavens above or the earth below…”
The Israelites were forbidden from bowing down to /worshipping these
images. (Deut 5:8 – 10 and Lev 26:1)
To guard against the temptations to turn to the worship of the Canaanite
gods, Yahweh through Moses had forewarned the Israelites that when they
enter Canaan, they were supposed to destroy all the worshipping places e.g.
temples/shrines and cultic objects (Ex .34:13).
The Israelites were not supposed to:
a. Make any agreement/treaties with the foreigners.
b. Not to intermarry with the foreigners.
c. Practice polytheism /worship of many gods.
d. Copy the way other nations were ruled and governed.
e. Compromise the worship of Yahweh with that of Canaanites.
However, when the Israelites settled in Canaan the Canaanite influence on
them was great and they started to fall away from the worship of Yahweh.
The following contributed to this:

A. The local Canaanite religion

The Canaanite religion had the following features/ qualities;
1. It was predominantly a nature religion related to forces of nature
e.g. rain and drought. They were a means of maintaining the
ordered harmony of nature and the life of the community/it was
cyclic they repeated seasons.
2. It was polytheistic/ comprised of many gods and goddesses‟ e.g.
 El – The high god, the king and father
 Asherah – the “wife” of El, a goddess of fertility.-Baal – the
storm god also referred to as the god of rain and fertility.

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 He was sometimes called Baal Hadad which means god of
storm. He was represented in the form of a bull, a symbol
of strength and fertility.
 Baalath – female partner of Baal. Baalath means lady, her
personal name was
 Astarte.
 Mot – was the god of drought, famine and death.
 Anat – “sister” of Baal, a goddess of war and love.
3. Symbols/idols/images were made to represent each god/goddess
e.g.
 Baal was represented in the form of a bull and stone pillar.
 Asherah by a sacred pole.
4. Temple prostitution was part of the worship of gods and goddesses.
 -The man identified himself with Baal while the woman
identified herself with Astarte the wife of Baal. It was
believed that if a barren couple imitated Baal and Astarte
when having sex, they would be able to bear children.
5. Human/animal sacrifices were made to gods/goddesses.
6. Festivals and feasts were celebrated in honour of the gods and
goddesses e.g.
 Feast of unleavened Bread which was carried out at the
beginning of the barely harvest. -----Feast of weeks
celebrated during the wheat harvest.
 Feast of in-gathering celebrated at the beginning of the
agricultural year.
7. Rituals were performed to ensure continued fertility/well being of
the community.
8. There were prophets and prophetess for each god and goddess.
9. Each god and goddess played a specific role in the community e.g.
 Anat-Female deity rep. love
 Asherah-Female deity rep. motherhood
 Astarte- female deity represented war.
10. There was a chief god/goddess i.e. El
11. There were temples/shrines/high places of worship of the god and
goddess.

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 12. Agricultural activities were linked to appeasing Baal, the rain god.

Influence of the local Canaanite Religion

1. the new situation in Canaan made the Israel compromise the
worship of Yahweh with that of Canaanite duties leading to
Syncretism e.g. one time the Israelites recognized Yahweh as their
sole God in the time of need/crisis at other times worshipped him as
a Canaanite deity at Canaanite sanctuaries and making their own at
Gilgal, Bethel, Dan, Gibeon, and Shiloh
2. The Israelites used the items of Canaanites, sanctuaries e.g. Altar,
the stone pillar and the wooden pole belonging to the Canaanite
religion in worship.
3. The sacrifices and offerings of the Canaanites were taken over by
the Israelites e.g.
a. Peace offering for renewed communion between the deity
and the worshippers.
b. The burnt offering – given wholly for the deity.
c. Cereal offering of the fruits.
4. Israel adopted great festivals which belonged to the structure of
agriculture life in Canaan e.g.
5. Transition from pastoral life to agricultural life, they were attracted
by the agricultural successes of the Canaanites and thought this was
due to their religion and thus began copying their worship activities.
6. The Israelites were attracted to the visible gods of the Canaanites as
opposed to the invisible Yahweh.
7. The Israelites failure to effect God‟s commands to destroy all the
cultic objects and temple used in the worship of Canaanite gods.
8. The Israelites failed to understand the nature of their God: They
broke God‟s commandments which prevented them from
worshipping their gods e.g. made and worshipped the golden bull
calf.
9. The change of environment from nomadic to settled and
agricultural environment. The nature gods proved more relevant
than Yahweh (The God of the desert.)

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B. The religious schism between Judah and Israel
Schism: refers to a division within or separation from an established
church/Religion.
- The other factor that led to the spread of idolatry in Israel dates back to
around 922 B.C. when Jeroboam became the King of Israel. He made sure
that the people of his kingdom did not have any links with the people of
Judah.

Ways in which King Jeroboam contributed to religious schism between

Judah and Israel.
1Kings 12:25 – 33
1. He made two golden calves and placed one at Bethel and another at
Dan to represent Yahweh Vs 29.
2. He set up two rival places/ centers of worship and ignored Jerusalem.
V.s31.
3. He made the Israelites to offer sacrifices to the golden calves. V.s.32.
4. He chose priests from ordinary families to serve at worship centers.
Priests were supposed to come from the house of Levi. Vs. 31
5. He built other places of worship/shrines on hill tops vs. 32.
6. He burnt incense at altars of the idols/ made sacrifices to idols
himself, thus breaking the first commandment.
7. He instituted religious festivals in the months of his choice.
 From the above we conclude that Jeroboam set a bad example for
all the Kings who came after him in Israel.

Factors which lead people away from the worship of God today
1. Materialism, love/craving for earthly possessions/wealth at the
expense of spiritual development.
2. Corruption which makes people mistrust God/come to the conclusion
that God does not care.
3. Permissiveness in society which makes people lose value especially
religious values/social influence from peer groups.
4. Mass media /pornography where people spend time listening and
watching T.V, videos and films. They may influence people‟s
activities which are contrary to the true worship of God.

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 5. Urbanization leads people to lose their identity/change values which
may lead to degeneration of morals.
6. Dehumanization where the value of a person is not considered but the
service they can provide.
7. Threats to human life/human dignity; caused by wars nuclear
power/abortion which make people lose faith in God.
8. Confusion arising from religious pluralism. Some people wonder
which is the true religion as some religions advocate worship of
idols/Satan.
9. Oppression. Social/political/cultural/economics/religion suffering
might make some people loose faith in God.
10. Sexual immorality/adultery, fornication, prostitution, homosexuality
take away some people from the community of worshippers.
11. Scientific discoveries. People come to place their faith in science and
technology. They believe it can solve all their problems.
2. Addiction to drugs.
3. Social prejudices/discrimination racism/tribalism destroys the unity
of humanity.
4. Poverty dehumanizes the unit of humanity.

C. King Ahab’s marriage with a Phoenician princess

(I Kings 16:29 – 34)
The third factor that led to idolatry in Israel was Ahab‟s marriage to Queen
Jezebel who promoted idolatry in the following ways;

1. She imported her Baal religion to Israel.

2. She asked her husband, Ahab to build high places for the idols.
3. She influenced the king to make Baalism the state religion.
4. She persecuted the prophets of Yahweh.
5. She influenced King Ahab to worship Baal.

THE EFFECTS OF IDOLATRY IN ISRAEL

1. It led to the persecution of Yahweh‟s prophets. The remaining loyal
followers of Yahweh were driven into hiding.

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2. It led to the division in Kingdom as a punishment by God/Unity
was undermined.
3. Religious syncretism developed where they worshipped both
Yahweh and Baal e.g. Israelites turned to fertility gods to ensure
good harvests and looked to Yahweh in times of military crisis..
4. Israelites broke their covenant relationship with God.
5. Israelites forgot the covenant of brotherhood and practice.
6. God raised up prophets like Prophet Elijah to help bring back the
Israelites to the covenant way of life.
7. Famine and drought befell Israel leading to the people‟s suffering
e.g. 3 years drought/suffering.
8. Social evils such as bribery, sexual immorality and stealing became
rampant.
9. False prophets emerged in Israel and received state protection and
gave false messages.
10. The Israelites were defeated in battles leading to their exile in
foreign countries.
11. They introduced new religious festivals that were not in the Mosaic
Law.
12. The Canaanite agricultural calendar was adopted by Israel for the
timing of the pilgrimage festival. (Ex 34:22 – 23).
13. Names of Canaanite gods were used for Yahweh e.g. El the name of
the father of all gods was applied to Yahweh. The name Baal was
also given to Yahweh.
14. Parents began naming their children after Baal e.g. one of the
judges, Gideon was also named Jerubaal, which means “Let Baal
contend”.
15. The Canaanite sacrificial system was incorporated into Israelite
worship e.g. the different types of Israelite sacrifices such as peace
offerings, burnt offering (Holocaust) and cereal offering (Oblation)
where formerly Canaanite in origin Lev 1 and 2 but were later taken
over by Israelites.
16. Under the influence of Jezebel, King Ahab declared Baalism a
compulsory state religion. Baal was worshipped as the Lord of
heavens who sustains and gives life.

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 17. Queen Jezebel ordered the destruction of the altars of
Yahweh/Yahweh‟s altars were destroyed/ neglected.
18. Emergence of weak rulers through bloody coups.
19. Exile to Assyria and Babylon.
20. The 450 prophets of Baal were made officials of the royal court in
order to promote and protect the Baal religion.
21. The religion of Yahweh was now in danger of being destroyed. It is
in this context that Yahweh raised up Prophet Elijah, a Tishbite, to
return Israel to the covenant way of life.

ELIJAH’S FIGHT AGAINST FALSE RELIGION AND

CORRUPTION
Introduction
60 years after Jeroboam I was made ruler of the kingdom of Israel, a
prophet named Elijah appeared in the Northern Kingdom of Israel. He
prophesied during the time of King Ahab, son of Omri (869 – 850 BC).

Prophet Elijah’s mission

1. He was God‟s spokesman/messenger of God.
2. He spoke with the authority of Yahweh with no fear of the
consequences to himself
3. He stood for the covenant way of life at a time when it was rejected
by the Israelites.
4. Elijah pronounced God‟s judgment on Israel together with her king
for their sin.

A) FIGHT AGAINST FALSE RELIGION

1 KINGS 18:17-46
God sent Prophet Elijah to fight against widespread idolatry in Israel. He
did this through several
ways including calling for a contest between him and the prophets of Baal
at Mt. Carmel. The
contest went as follows;
 Prophet Elijah asked Ahab to assemble all the people at Mt. Carmel.

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  The king summoned all the people including the prophets of Baal to
Mt. Carmel.
 Elijah told the people to choose between worshipping God and Baal.
 He suggested to the people that two bulls be brought and each party
to offer a sacrifice to their God.
 He challenged them and said whichever party will make their God
burn the sacrifice will be the true God.
 The prophets of Baal were given a bull which they prepared and
called upon the name of their god.
 Elijah mocked the m asking them to shout louder to their god.
 They prayed, cut themselves with knives until the bled but Baal did
not answer them.
 Elijah asked the people to come to near him as he repaired the altar
of God.
 He placed the sacrifice on the altar and asked the people to pour
water on it.
 Fire consumed the sacrifice/ the wood/ the stones/ the water/ dust
around it.
 The people threw themselves on the ground and worshipped the
Lord as the true God.
 Elijah killed the prophets of Baal.

Lessons learnt about the nature of God from the contest at Mt. Carmel
 Yahweh is the only true God. Baal is not a god at all.
 Yahweh is a living God who controls force of nature/ He is the
Lord of nature/ He has power over nature.
 Yahweh is a powerful God.
 Yahweh is a merciful God who wins back way ward hearts. I Kings
18:37.
 Yahweh is a jealous God who will have no other gods beside him.
vs. 21
 Yahweh is a God of justice who punishes idolaters and other
sinners/He punishes evil.
 Yahweh answers prayer/He is a faithful God.

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  God should be worshipped.
 He works through human beings e.g. appointment of Jehu.
 God wants human beings to obey him.
 He is omnipresent.

Conditions that made it difficult for prophet Elijah to stop idolatry in

Israel
a) The existence of false prophets who gave false promises to the
Israelites.
b) King Ahab had allowed his Phoenician wife to bring the worship of
false gods and goddesses.
c) Jezebel ordered the persecution of the true prophets of God.
d) King Ahab had allowed the building of temples/ high places for the
worship of Baal.
e) The Canaanite religion had a strong influence on the Israelites.
f) The king participated in idol worship.
g) The idol gods could be seen/ touched so they appeared real.

Elijah’s fight against corruption

(I Kings 21:1 – 29)
Prophet Elijah fought moral corruption by condemning King Ahab‟s
behaviour involving Naboth‟s vineyard.

 Ahab coveted Naboth‟s vineyard, which was adjacent to the palace.

 He offered to buy it but Naboth refused because it was a family
inheritance.
 The king was depressed but Jezebel planned a corrupt scheme to
acquire it.
 She forged letters using the King‟s Seal and accused Naboth falsely
for:

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 (i) Showing disrespect to God/ Blasphemy.
(ii) Cursing the king/ treason.
 This led to the stoning to death of Naboth.
 Ahab went and possessed the land.
In so doing Ahab and Jezebel had broken the following
commandments: 1 Kings 21:1-16
 They broke the commandment of not to kill when they planned for
the stoning of Naboth.
 When they worshipped idols, they broke the commandment of not
worshipping other gods.
 They broke the commandment of not coveting a neighbor‟s
property when they wanted Naboth‟s vineyard.
 The commandment of not stealing was broken when they planned
to take away Naboth‟s vineyard.
 They used the name of God in vain when they said Naboth had
blasphemed against God.
 The commandment of not to cheat/ bear false witness was broken
when they planned/ instituting false witnesses against Naboth.

Forms of punishment prophesied by Prophet Elijah to king Ahab and

Jezebel
1 Kings 21:19-24.
 Death of King Ahab would be in the same place/ valley of Jezreel like
Naboth‟s. Vs. 19.
 Evil would be upon Ahab. Vs.21.
 God was to take away the posterity of Ahab/ his rule would come to
an end.
 Dogs would lick the blood of Ahab.
 All the male children free/ slaves would be cut off.
 The lineage of Ahab would be wiped out.
 The dogs would eat anybody who belongs to the family of Ahab who
died in the city. Vs. 24.
 The birds of the air would eat all members of Ahab‟s family who die
in the field.

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  Dogs would eat the body of Jezebel within the bounds of Jezreel. Vs
23.

Forms of corruption in the society

The following are the forms of corruption found in the society today:
 Tribalism.
 Bribery.
 Cheating in business.
 Stealing.
 Robbery with violence.
 Dishonesty/telling lies.
 Misuse of public property/funds.
 Grabbing of personal or public land.
Any form of corruption is wrong as it is an unfair dealing and causes
suffering to individuals who fall victim.
 It can also retard development in society.
 A Christian has a duty to play in building a fair and just society by
applying the life skills of critical thinking, creative thinking and
making appropriate moral decisions.

Ways of fighting against corruption in the country today

1. Condemning all the unjust practices in the society.
2. By practicing moral values such as honesty and integrity.
3. By making moral choices and informed decisions through the use of
life skills like critical thinking, creative thinking and decision
making.
4. By lobbying for the punishment of all those who abuse justice.
5. By obeying the laws of the state.
6. By exposing corrupt practices in the society.
7. By advocating for the enactment of laws that will fight corruption.
8. Praying for the corrupt to change their behaviour.
9. Setting a good example by acting as good role models for others to
copy.
10. Educating people on the evils of corruption.
11. Preaching to corrupt people to change their ways.

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 12. Providing civic education on corruption.
13. Reporting those who are engaged in corrupt practices to the relevant
authorities.

REASONS WHY ELIJAH FACED DANGER AND HOSTILITY AS A

PROPHET OF GOD
I KINGS18:19-21, 19:1-21, 21:1-26

Prophet Elijah‟s mission was to fight false religion and moral decay in
Israel. This put him in
great danger and hostility with Ahab and his family in the following ways:
1. He foretold a 3½ year drought that caused suffering to the people. I
Kings 17:1, 18:3-6, 17:7-16.
2. He was one of the prophets of Yahweh who were being persecuted by
Jezebel.
3. There were many false prophets of Baal who enjoyed state protection.
They outnumbered Yahweh‟s prophets. Baal‟s prophets supported
the Kings decision to fight Elijah.
4. He rebuked King Ahab‟s and Queen Jezebel‟s evil ways.
5. Queen Jezebel sought to kill him for killing Baal‟s prophets at Kishon
valley.
6. He hid in the wilderness to avoid persecution, where he faced the
danger of starvation.
7. He fought for the true worship of Yahweh, which angered Jezebel.
8. Prophesied doom for Ahab and Jezebel‟s family.

Problems Elijah faced in Israel

1. His life was threatened.
2. He was fearful.
3. He was hungry and thirsty in the wilderness.
4. He had no support from his fellow Jews.
5. His fellow prophets were killed.
6. His message was rejected.

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THE RELEVANCE OF ELIJAH’S PROPHETIC MISSION TO
CHRISTIANS TODAY
 Elijah was courageous and faced the king whenever he turned away
from the covenant way of life. Likewise, church leaders today should
remain courageous and firm in condemning any form of social injustice
e.g. Desmond Tutu of South Africa struggled to end apartheid which
was finally achieved in 1994.
 Elijah was loyal to God and struggled to return Israel to the
monotheistic worship of Yahweh. Modern Christian should remain
faithful to God through word and deed even if this would cost them
their lives.
 Just as God helped Elijah, when he was in difficulties by providing him
with food and drink, modern Christians should not despair in their
missionary work but lean on God for encouragement and
providence/pray to him for provision whenever they lack.
 Elijah was a man of prayer and God always answered his prayers.
Christians should pray to God in faith and God would surely answer
them. They should not give up.
 Christians should not compromise their faith in God for fear of threats,
rejection, opposition or persecution/should be loyal to God.
 Elijah lived a simple life and stood for the rights of common people in
the same way Christians should advocate for the rights of the poor and
speak against any form of oppression.
 Christians should accept their call and accept any task God gives them.
 Christians should not give false evidence against their neighbours like
Jezebel in the case of Naboth.
 Both political and church leaders should realize that all authority comes
from God and they are accountable to him for their deeds.
 Christians should be persistent like Elijah was in their struggle against
injustice.
 God communicated with Elijah in a “still small voice” indicating his
intimacy with the prophet. God is able to establish an intimate
relationship with his faithful.
 Christians should show strong faith in God and avoid all forms of
idolatry such as love for money, devil worship and drug abuse.

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 They should avoid sinful life so as to escape God‟s punishment.
 Christians should preach and win converts to God.
 Christians should be ready to suffer and face opposition in their work.
 Christians should worship one true God and put their trust in him. He
is the one who has all the powers.
 Christians should condemn all forms of social injustices such as
corruption, murder of innocent people and exploitation of the weak.

Qualities of Prophet Elijah that a Christian leader should posses

i. Truthfulness. vi. Honesty.
ii. Courage. vii. Responsible.
iii. Faithfulness/ trust. viii. Loyalty/ obedience.
iv. Kindness. ix. Respectful.
v. Loving/ caring. x. Prayerfulness.

SELECTED ASPECTS IN AFRICAN RELIGIOUS

HERITAGE;
African concept of God, Spirits and Ancestors
a) God
 All African communities believe in a supreme being who is the
origin and sustainer of all things.
 He is the creator of the universe and all that it contains.
 All Africans agree that nobody has ever seen God.

Attributes of God as understood by African people

1. God is the creator of the universe and everything in it.
2. God is a provider. He provides and sustains his creation.
3. God is merciful. He removes suffering from communities.
4. God is all powerful / omnipotent. He has power over all creation
and controls nature.
5. God is holy/ pure seen from the nature of sacrifices and the purity
of the people involved in sacrificing.

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 6. God is all-knowing /omniscient. He knows and sees everything
e.g. Zulu of South Africa refer to him as the “wise one”.
7. God is everywhere/ omnipresent in the universe e.g. when a
person is on a journey, members of the family ask God to be with
the person.
8. God is immanent because he is not limited to space and time. He
is both very far and very near.
9. God is transcendent. He is beyond human description/beyond
human comprehension and cannot be limited.
10. God is self-existent. He exists on his own and existed before
creation. He continues to exist.
11. God is a spirit. He has no physical form and is invisible.
13. God is everlasting/eternal. He is immortal and lives for ever.
14. God is good. He is not evil and did not create evil.

(b) African concept of spirits

 They are invisible beings second in Seniority in the hierarchy
of beings.
 Some spirits are believed to have been created by God as
spirits/ divinities.
 Others are spirits of people who died long ago and are no
longer remembered by the living.
 Spirits are subordinate to God and depend on him for survival.
 God uses them to perform certain things such as causing floods
and lightening.
 They can be reborn among the living.

TYPES OF SPIRITS
SPIRITS

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NATURE SPIRITS HUMAN SPIRITS
1. Sky and Nature Spirits
They are of two types
(i)Spirits of the sky
They are associated with the sun, moon, stars, thunder and
lightning.

(ii)Spirits of nature
Are associated with natural phenomena such as hills,
mountains, rocks, forests, lakes, rivers, animals and insects.
They are believed to control the force of nature
Some may be manipulated by human being for good or evil
purposes.

2. The human spirits

They are of two categories
(i) Ghost spirits
Belonging to those who died long ago and whose names cannot be
remembered.

(ii) Ancestral spirits/ living dead

These are dead people whose identities are still alive in the memories of
people

3. The divinities
Communities in Africa e.g. the Ashanti of Ghana believe in a category
of spirits between God and the spirits.

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 They are believed to have been created by God.

4. The ancestors
 They are founders of African clans and tribes.
 They are people who died and whose names and identities are
still remembered by their relative
 As spirits, they are concerned with the people‟s welfare and are
close to them.
 They speak the language of human beings when they appear to
them in dreams or visions.
 They participate in the activities of the living relatives.

THE AFRICAN UNDERSTANDING OF THE HIERACHY OF

BEINGS
A. Hierarchy of beings
The Africans understand the universe to consist of two parts.
(i) The visible/ earth.
(ii) The invisible/ sky which is regarded as the home of God.

The universe has a specific order of created beings, with God the
creator occupying the highest rank.
This ordering is what is referred to as the hierarchy of beings.
It can be divided into seven categories as follows;

i. GOD (Supreme being responsible for the existence and sustenance

of human beings and all other beings).
ii. DIVINITIES (Are spirits created by God).
iii. SPIRITS (Belonging to people who died a long time ago).
iv. LIVING DEAD/ ANCESTORS (Act as intermediaries between
human beings who are alive and the spirit world).
v. HUMAN BEINGS (Include those who are physically alive and
those yet to be born).
vi. PLANTS & ANIMALS (They are used by human beings in their
natural and religious life as food and sacrifice).

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vii. NON-LIVING THINGS (Natural and artificial beings e.g. rain,
rivers, mountains, rocks and all other lifeless bodies).

Inter-relationship of all things, living and non-living

 According to the African view of the universe, all created things
depend on each other and God.
 The universe is viewed in totality of existence.
 It is also viewed in a religious context.

(i) Human Beings and God

Many African myths of creation point to the fact that human beings are
dependent on God e.g.
 They depend on God for the most essential requirements of life e.g.
rain, air and sunshine.
 Are less powerful than God.
 Must obey God‟s laws and commandments.
 Failure to heed these regulations may lead to punishment. Those who
obey prosper.
 Must offer sacrifices to God to maintain a good relationship with him.
 Natural calamities e.g. drought, famine, floods and earthquakes are
believed to be controlled by God and are beyond people‟s power.

(ii) Human Beings and animals

Africans believe God gave human beings animals for their use and
should handle them responsibly.
The following are the uses of animals to human beings;
 Domestic animals like cattle, sheep and goats are used for food.
 Payment of dowry and settlement of disputes.
 Possession of animals is seen as a sign of prestige and wealth.
 Skins are used as clothes.
 Used to make music instruments e.g. drums.
 Used as sacrifices to God.
 Used as payment of a fine from an offender to God/ancestors or the
offended.

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  Used to predict weather patterns. Some of them are used to
communicate the social standards expected of people e.g.
Hyena - Used to discourage cowardice and greed.
Hare - Used to discourage trickery.
Tortoise - Illustrates the importance of being slow but wise.
Snake - Not killed by some communities, it is believed to
be immortal and that the ancestors may visit the
living from it.
 Some animals and birds are treated as totems by communities.
Plants and animals are used as a symbol of a family.

(iii) Human beings and plants

Human beings depend on plants in various ways e.g.
 Food.
 Fuel.
 Construction of buildings.
 Medicinal purposes.
 Totems.
 Pasture.
 Some trees are used as sacred places of worship.
 Pasture for their animals.
 Provision of shelter.

(iv) Human beings and non-living things

 Non-living things e.g. rain, rocks, mountains, hills, rivers,
moon and sun are given religious significance e.g. rain is a
great blessing from God while thunder is seen as God‟s
movement or voice.
 Rocks and mountains are viewed as God‟s manifestation to
humankind and also as dwelling places for the living dead and
spirits. Such places are used for the worship of God and are
treated as sacred.
 Heavenly bodies help human beings to determine times and
seasons.

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  Human beings depend on the sun for sunlight during the day
and on the moon and stars for light at night.

THE ROLES OF GOD, SPIRITS AND ANCESTORS

a. Roles of God
Refers to the functions/ roles of God which He plays in the world and
peoples‟ lives. They include;
 God cares for his creation and can be invoked in times of need.
 He is the giver and sustainer of life, provides necessities of life
e.g. food, air, water and fire.
 He protects human beings from evil, e.g. protects the weak and
hears the cry of those unjustly treated.
 He comforts the sorrowful e.g. heals the sick.
 He is the guardian of moral and ethical order. He punishes those
who do evil.
 He controls the spirits that are more powerful than humans.
 He gives order to the universe and controls it. His activity didn‟t
end with creation.
 Gives power to the religious specialists e.g. medicine persons,
kings, priests and prophets. He communicates with them through
dreams, trances and visions.
 He answers prayers.

B. The role of Spirits

Although spirits are invisible, they are believed to play an important
role in the lives of the living. Generally people fear spirits; they are
viewed as total strangers to the living. When they appear to humans,
people feel disturbed. The roles of spirits include;
 Some may be manipulated by human beings and cause harm to
others e.g. with sickness and death.
 Spirits can posses religious specialists e.g. medium and diviners and
give them important information on how to handle people‟s
problems.

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  Spirits relay God‟s response to human beings. In return human
beings act according to the wishes of God through the spirits.
 Bad spirits sometimes posses people.
 Spirits guard sacred places.
 They intercede for people before God.

C. Roles of ancestors
 They are believed to appear to the living in various forms e.g.
visions/dreams to enquire about the family affairs and to find out
what is going on as they‟re still part of the family.
 May cause illnesses or mental disturbances.
 Give instructions to the family as to what should be done in certain
areas affecting it.
 Rebuke and warn the living of the impending punishment to those
who have failed to honour their obligation to them.
 Request for something like animals to be slaughtered for them.
 Interact with the living.
 Act as mediators between the living and God.
 Inflict punishments on offenders in society.
 Bless the living members of the family.
 Avert consequences of curses.
 Protect human beings against evil.
 Provide names to new born.
 Preside over all religious ceremonies in the community.
 Custodians of African traditional, moral culture and religious
values.

RESPONSIBILITY OF THE LIVING TOWARDS GOD,

SPIRITS AND ANCESTORS
GOD
 Take care of God‟s creation.
 Obey God‟s instructions.
 Set aside specific places for worship of God.

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  Respect sacred places of worship.
 Appreciate God‟s blessing.
 Make their request known to God.
 Worship God.
 Give their children names of God.
 Had a duty to share God‟s given resources with fellow human
beings.

SPIRITS
 Respect places like shrines which are associated with spiritual
manifestation.
 Appease the spirits by pouring libation to them.
 Respect and honour the spirits.
 Protect sacred places.
 Consult spirits on spiritual matters.
 Obey the will of the spirits.

ANCESTORS
 Show respect to them.
 Address them by their proper names and titles.
 Pour libation to them.
 Offer sacrifices to them and give them offerings to appease them.
 Obey their commands and wishes.
 Name their children after their ancestors.
 Build shrines for them.
 Pray to God through them.
 Invite them to social functions.
 Teach their children about their ancestors.
 Consult them through diviners and medicine people.
 Praise them through song.

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TRADITIONAL AFRICAN WAYS OF WORSHIPPING
GOD
 Worship is the means through which human beings communicate
with God.
 Worship may be public or private, formal or informal, communal or
individual and direct or indirect.

Places where worship is conducted in African traditional society

 Under sacred trees e.g. Mugumo tree.
 On hilltops and rocks.
 In caves.
 At riverbanks and on the shores.
 In the sacred forests.
 In graveyards
 At crossroads.
 In the homes of some religious specialists.

God is worshipped through the following ways;

 Through sacrifices
 Through offerings
 Through singing and dancing
 Through prayers.

1. Sacrifices
 An animal is slaughtered in honour of God.
 It involves the shedding of blood of human beings, animals or birds.
 Sacrifices are carefully selected, since they are offered to the
creator of the universe.
 Animals offered have to be of one color e.g.
 Black.
 White.

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  Brown.
 They are given back to God as a sign of appreciation of what God
has provided for them.

Why sacrifices are made to God, spirits and ancestors

 To appreciate God as the source of life.
 To thank God for the blessings to the people.
 To appease God for the wrongs done.
 To petition God for help during difficult times.
 To invite God to participate in family and community functions.
 To maintain a good relationship
 To avert evil e.g. drought, famine, floods or epidemics.

Occasions when sacrifices where offered

 During rites of passage i.e.
i. Birth and naming.
ii. Initiation.
iii. Marriage.
iv. Death.
 During disasters.
 After a good harvest.
 During installation of leaders.
 During cleansing ceremonies.
 During reconciliation ceremonies.
 Before going to war.
Note
 Sacrifices are offered by heads of families, priests, medicine persons.
 Prayers accompany sacrifices.
 They are acts of humility before their creator.

2. Offerings
 It is another way of worshipping God.

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  It involves the taking of foodstuffs e.g. milk, water or honey and
giving them to God.
 Offerings are carefully selected.

3. Singing and dancing in worship

 Songs and dances are performed during communal worship.
 They are used in praising and thanking God.
 Songs and dances make the worshipers emotionally connected with
God.
 Songs and dances are accompanied by clapping of hands,
drumming and playing musical instruments.
 They also promote solidarity among the worshippers.
4. Prayers.
 They are verbal communications with God.
 Prayers are mostly short and to the point.
 Prayers are offered during important religious occasions. They pray
in different ways e.g.
 Kneeling.  Bowing.
 Standing.  Facing certain directions.
 Prostrating.  Raising hands.

5. Invocations - Short formal prayers e.g. “Help me, O God!” or

“O Great God”.
6. Blessings - Blessings by an elder constitute acts of prayer. It
is believed that the person blessing is doing so on
behalf of God.
7. Salutations - e.g. “Dear God”.

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VENERATING AND COMMUNICATING WITH SPIRITS
AND ANCESTORS
Veneration refers to the way in which respect and honour is accorded to the
ancestors and spirits.
Ways in which traditional African communities demonstrated
their respect to ancestors and spirits
 Pouring libations.
 Making sacrifices and giving offerings.
 Naming children after them.
 Praying to God through them.
 Addressing them by their proper names and titles.
 Inviting them to social functions e.g. birth, initiation, and marriage.
 Teaching children about them.
 Building shrines.

Communicating
 Human beings communicate with spirits for a good or bad cause.
 People communicate with the spirits through the religious
specialists e.g. the diviners and mediums.
 The religious specialists link human beings to the living world.
 Mediums and diviners may become spirit possessed through;
 Sitting quietly in a place.
 Singing.
 Dancing.
 Clapping of hands.
 Falling into a trance. The possessed person looses ones
senses and becomes the spirit‟s instrument.
 The spirits speaks through the medium and reveals information on
issues like finding lost property.mies in the society
 The spirit may make certain demands on the living.
 They may advice and give a warning on impending
danger.

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  They may make promises of blessing to a given family
or clan.

NB: It is the duty of the living to abide by what the spirits wants.
 Spirits that possess mediums are not harmful.
 Evil spirits cause harm to those they posses.
 People communicate with spirits through the following ways;
 Through divination.
 Singing and dancing to them.
 Recitation/ chanting and invoking their names.
 By making sacrifices to them.
 By saying prayers.
 By giving offerings.
 By giving sacrifices.
 Through burning incense.
AFRICAN MORAL AND CULTURAL VALUES
(i) The meaning of life and its wholeness in the traditional African
society
 In TAS, God is the source of life.
 Life is a rhythm which recycles itself.
 There are several dimensions of life i.e.
 Physical dimensions.
 Social dimension.
 Spiritual dimension.
 Environmental dimension.
 Physical dimension of life refers to the material state of human
beings.
 Social dimensions comprises of relation of living with others in a
community.
 Spiritual dimensions link human beings with spiritual power e.g.
God, spirits andAncestors.
 Environmental dimension of life is the relation between the
physical environment and humans.

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  Life is enhanced through observance of rituals, taboos and
regulations.
 Life is promoted through transitional stages e.g. birth, initiation,
marriage and death.
 It is perpetuated through marriage for the continuation of the
community.
 Death transforms an individual from physical life to the spiritual
one.

(ii). The African concept of community and kinship system

(a) Meaning of a community
 A community is a group of people occupying one geographical
location and guided by common values.
 An African community consists of the living, living-dead and the
yet to be born.
 Each community is governed by specific rules, regulations and
traditions.
 Survival of the community depends on God and other spiritual
powers.
 A community believes that it is God who created the first human
being.
 God gave them a place to settle in and responsibilities to fulfill.
 Leadership is provided by heads of families, elders and religious
specialists.
 Social structure of the community comprises family units which
form a clan, and several clans make a community.
 Members are expected to show concern for one another and foster
the common good.
 The community promotes a sense of belonging and identity for its
members thus making individuals feel secure.

(b) African concept of Kinship

 Kinship refers to relationship between people through blood,
marriage or adoption.

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  Kinship ties are strong bonds that exist among community
members.
 Those related by blood have common ancestors. They feel a strong
bond towards each other because they are tied by kinship
relationships to one another.

Importance of kinship ties to TAS

1. They determine how members relate to one another.
2. They bond together the entire life of a community i.e. the living, the
living dead, the unborn.
3. They assist the people to live together in peace and harmony.
4. They provide a sense of security to all members at all times.
5. They regulate marital customs, rules and regulations.
6. They give an individual a deep sense of belonging identity.
7. They enable people to face hardship together.
8. They safeguard the communities‟ traditions and customs.
9. They enhance unity among community members.
10. They determine punishment for the offenders.

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO HARMONY AND MUTUAL

RESPONSIBILITY IN THE AFRICAN COMMUNITY
They include;
(i) Political ties.
 Power and authority is exercised and shared among clan leaders and
elders.
 This enhances a peaceful co-existence among community members.

(ii) Communal ownership of property.

 Land and other resources are owned by community.

(iii) Division of labour.

 Done according to age, gender and social status.
 Ensures that all members participate in the activities of the
community.

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(iv) Communal worship.
 All members are to pray and worship together and during times of
crisis e.g. when there is a disaster, epidemic or serious sickness,
people gather to offer sacrifices to God and ancestors/ spirits in
order to appease them.
 Common beliefs about God and spirits are passed on from one
generation to another and are held dearly.
 Members of the community try to live in harmony and peace with
the departed and unborn.
 Every activity in life has a religious dimension.

(v) Marriage.
 Strengthens and fosters closer ties among different families.
 Exchange of gifts is a sign of friendship, acceptance and mutual
responsibility.
(vi) Leisure activities.
 People come together to sing, dance and be entertained.
 In TAC leisure is integrated with other activities although after
work, people rest and share jokes.
 In the evening, men are entertained by the youth.
 Elders correct the youth accordingly and identify talents among
performers.
 Beer-drinking parties are forms of leisure activities.
 During leisure activities people discuss family and community
affairs.

(vii) Children.
 The birth of children cements relationships, because in some
communities, marriage is not complete without children.

(viii) Rites of passage.

 Ceremonies marking birth, naming and initiation and bring families
and community members together and create a source of unity and
collective responsibility.

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(ix) Observation of taboos.
 Guides individuals in moral behaviour and maintains discipline and
harmony.

(x) Rules and regulations.

 Rules dictate and govern the roles and duties of all members in the
community depending on age, gender and social status.
 Breaking of rules results to punishment.
 Elders maintain law and order by settling disputes and reminding
members of what is expected of them.

(xi) Belief of a common ancestry.

 This promotes a sense of brotherhood among members of the
community.

(xii) Sharing.
 Genuine concern for each individual within the nuclear and
extended family is common.
 Cooking and eating is done at household level and all share in
feasting and rejoicing in some communities.
 Marriage gifts such as animals and foodstuffs are shared among
relatives of the bride‟s family.
 Land in T.A.C is communally owned and is used collectively by
members of a given clan or family.
 People work together on such land and share the proceeds.
 This creates a strong bond of unity among the people.

(xiii) Social norms.

 People grow in T.A.C. knowing what is right and wrong.
 Rules and regulations are established to govern and regulate
people‟s behavior.
 Everyone understands the virtues they should uphold i.e.
Friendship, love, honesty, courage, bravery, compassion among
others.

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  People are discouraged from developing vices i.e. cheating, theft,
selfishness, greed and dishonesty.
 - Social norms keep the community from disintegrating and they
provide peace to the individual and society.

RITES OF PASSAGE
 Are important events in a person‟s life beginning from conception
until after death.
 They are marked by celebrations.
 Most of the ceremonies are religious and have the following common
characteristics;
i. All of them involved separation/ seclusion. In death one is
forever separated from the community.
ii. Transitions. An individual undergoes some physical, social and
emotional changes.
iii. Incorporation. One is brought back to the community after
seclusion and is given full rights in his/her new status. An
individual becomes an active participant in the community. In
death he/she is incorporated in the spirit world.

Rites of passage are:

 Birth and naming
 Initiation
 Marriage
 Death

BIRTH
Introduction

 It is the 1st stage of life; the whole community is involved including

the ancestors.
 Having children is considered so important that a barren woman is
despised and made an outcast.

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  From the time of pregnancy, there is rejoicing in the community.
The expectant mother is accorded a lot of respect and is given
special treatment including;
a. Eating special food and avoiding some i.e. eggs and fatty
meat which may make the baby too big hence creating
complications during delivery.
b. Refraining from heavy tasks e.g. splitting firewood, carrying
heavy loads.
c. Refraining from sexual intercourse because pregnancy is
believed to make the woman ritually unclean.
d. Avoiding handling iron tools in the house for fear that such
tools may cause injury.
e. Not speaking to her husband directly but can only do so
through an intermediary.
f. Returning to her home to give birth there and coming back
after weaning her baby.
g. The mother carries protective charms to protect her from
people with evil eyes and bad omen such as sorcerers.
h. The midwives assist the woman in delivery and the sex of
the baby is announced i.e. 4 ululations for a boy and 3for a
girl.

Rituals observed after child birth

Introduction

 The child belonged to the community.

 The birth of the baby is witnessed by the elderly women who act as
midwives.
 Men are not allowed to go near the delivery place.
 When the baby arrives, its sex is announced by shouts/ululations.

The rituals observed during childbirth are:

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i. The placenta and the umbilical cord are disposed off ceremoniously. i.e.
a. Thrown into a running stream/river
b. Dried up and kept for rituals performed later
c. Carefully buried near the homestead or in uncultivated field/
shamba with bananas/cereals.
d. Hung in the house to symbolize the continuity of life.
It should be noted that these ceremonies are observed so that the womb
may remain fertile / to ensure continuity of life.
ii. A purification/cleansing ritual is done on the mother and the child
by a medicine man/diviner to prepare the mother for the birth of the
next child including ritualistic washing.
iii. Protective rites, performed by the local medicine person. They are
meant to protect the child from evils i.e. magic, malicious spirits,
sorcery, witchcraft and evil eyes.
iv. The baby is committed to God for protection and to bring good
fortune. An object is tied round the neck, waist, or wrist as a
physical sign of the ceremony.
v. Thanksgiving ceremony performed to show gratitude to God for the
safe arrival of the baby.

vi. Prayers offered for continued blessings for both the mother and
child
vii. The baby‟s hair is shaved after sometime as a sign of purification
and newness. When new hair grows it will signify a new phase of
life for the baby.
viii. Mother‟s hair was also shaved to show that she has cast off that
pregnancy. New hair symbolizes new life.
ix. In some communities the mother and the baby are secluded from
the rest of the community, so as to give the mother time to rest.
x. The whole community celebrates this rite of passage by rejoicing,
singing, dancing and bringing gifts to the mother and the child.

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The importance of rituals performed during a naming ceremony in
Traditional Africa Communities
i. Bathing of the child sets in the beginning of a new life.
ii. Shaving of the mother and baby‟s hair symbolizes a new status.
iii. Choosing of an appropriate name to give to the baby is for
identification/ incorporation into the wider community.
iv. Feeding of the baby symolizes a new life/ growth.
v. Holding of the baby by members of the community shows concern
for it/ shared responsibility.
vi. Saying prayers/ words of blessings for the mother and baby
signifies long life.
vii. Slaughtering of an animal signifies thanksgiving.
viii. Feasting is a sign of of joy/ socialism/ welcoming the baby.
ix. Giving presents to the baby and mother is a sign of goodwill.
x. Wearing of charms signifies protection to the baby and the mother.

NAMING
The significance of naming includes:
a. Gives the new born baby an identity.
b. Indicates that the child is an accepted society member.
c. Through naming, they show gratitude to God.
d. Reflects part of the personality of the child.
e. Naming children after the departed relatives appeases the spirits.
f. The name can reflect a remembrance of a certain event that was
memorable at the time of birth.

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 g. Naming customs differ from one community to another. Some
names are chosen before birth others are given immediately they
are born, others are named after a few days.
h. Sometimes children are given more names as they grow.

How names are given to children in T.A.S

1. Children are named after relatives, e.g.
- Grandparents
- Uncles
- Aunties
2. According to the time of day, season, and place.
3. Named after great leaders and heroes.
4. After important historical events.
5. Animal names.
6. Names that reveal physical features.
7. Religious names i.e. names of God.
8. Reflect the difficult time the mother experienced in labor.
9. Names that reveal internal qualities of a child.
10. Gender of the child.
11. Parent‟s choice.
12. Twins had special names.
13. 1st born child of the family could have a special.

CHANGING ATTITUDE TO BIRTH AND NAMING

 It is no longer a communal affair.
 The sex of the child is no-longer announced by ululations.
 The role of a midwife is no-longer important.
 The pregnant mother is no-longer secluded.
 Some rituals are no-longer performed e.g. purifying rituals.
 Shaving rituals are no longer practiced.
 Wearing protective charms is no longer a common practice.
 Some naming patters/models are no longer adhered to.

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  The attitude towards the sex of the child is no longer the
same/discriminative.
Metods used to solve the problem of childlessnessin T.A.C
i. Offering sacrifices to ancestors to appease them.
ii. Seeking the services of a diviner to find out the causes and offer
solutions.
iii. Marrying another wife.
iv. Praying for God to reverse the situation.
v. Allowing the woman to get children with a relative of the husband
if the problem is with him.
vi. The couple may adopt children.
vii. Children may be given as a gift to a childless couple by relatives.

Role of birth in naming and inculcating moral values (virtues)

Respect: The mother is respected. The traditions are respected through

performing rituals.
Love: Through the acceptance of the baby. The parents respect each other.
Care and mutual responsibility: The mother and the baby are cared for.
The parents have a responsibility to taking care of the newborn.
Obedience: To the community‟s traditions.
Harmony: Is restored between community members i.e. joining the living
and the non-living through naming.
Unity: The people come together to celebrate the birth of a new child.
Patriotism: The people name their children after community heroes.

INITIATION
 It mainly marks the transition from childhood – adulthood.
 It prepares someone to face adulthood and gain skills.
 The different forms of initiation are:
 Circumcision.
 Removal of teeth.
 Tattooing.
 Piercing the chin and ears.
 Clitoridectomy.

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COMMON RITUALS PERFORMED DURING INITIATION
a. Offering sacrifices to ancestors to appease them and bless the
initiates.
b. Blood was left to drain on the ground as a connection between
the initiates and ancestors.
c. Seclusion is done during initiation for several reasons that
include;
i. To receive education on;
 Human sexuality.
 The community‟s secrets.
 Skills and knowledge.
ii. For healing.
iii. To give time for bonding together.
iv. To be well fed.
v. Give time to allow preparation for celebrations to
welcome them back to the society.
d. Singing and dancing is done during initiation for the
following purposes:
 Celebrate the occasion.
 Encourage them.
 As an act of worship.
 Express solidarity.
 Praise the heroes.
 Mock the cowards.
e. Gifts and presents were given as a sign of appreciation and
congratulation.
f. Washing and shaving was done so as to:
 Shed off the former status.
 Cleanse the initiates.
g. Giving names and wearing new clothes.

SIGNIFICANCE OF INITIATION RITES

i. To make them full members of a community.
ii. Introduce individuals to the community secrets and traditions.

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 iii. For them to acquire new life status i.e. adults.
iv. To give them an opportunity to access high responsibilities in life
e.g.
 Become clan warriors.
 Be allowed to marry.
 Allowed to own property.
 Assume some leadership posts.
v. Train the initiates to acquire important virtues of courage and
endurance.
vi. To be linked with the ancestors through shedding of blood.
vii. For the unity of community members.
viii. Prayers and sacrifices offered are acts of worship.
ix. It is a gate-way to marriage.
x. Creates a bond of unity and friendship between age mates which is
lifelong.
-The three stages they undergo are:
 Separation
 Seclusion
 Incorporation

The reasons for singing and dancing during initiation ceremonies in

Traditional African Communities
i. The songs inform the participants of the history of the community/
preserving culture/ importance of initiation.
ii. They provide an opportunity for the members to socialise/ welcome
ancestors.
iii. It diverts the initiates‟ minds from the impending pain.
iv. The songs teach the initiates important moral values.
v. The songs educate the participants of gender roles/ relationships.
vi. Through singing and dancing members exercise their bodies.
vii. The songs encourage the initiates to face the challenge/ rebuke
cowardice.
viii. It exposes those with leadership qualities/ skills/ talents/ singers.
ix. They are used to mark the various stages of the initiation
ceremonies.

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 x. It is a form of prayer for the initiates/ drive away evil spirits/
invoking spirits.
xi. Singing and dancing is a form of entertainment.

ROLE OF INITIATION IN INCULCATING MORAL VALUES

(i) Respect.
 The initiates gain respect and they are also expected to show respect
to the community members.
(ii) Loyalty.
 Developed through the initiates keeping the community secrets.
 Through the initiates becoming clan warriors.
(iii) Endurance and courage.
 Developed during pain bearing, tolerance and perseverance.
(iv) Sharing.
 Through sharing ideas, food and resources during seclusion.
(v) Chastity.
 Through the sex education they get.
 Female cut to reduce sexual desire in women.
(vi) Self control.
 Through being taught against unhealthy sexual relations.
 Through pain bearing, endurance, tolerance and perseverance.
(vii) Solidarity/unity.
 The community come together to sing and dance.
 They come together to prepare the celebration.
 They come together to welcome back the initiates to the
community.

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Ways in which initiation rites have changed today
i. Some initiation rites have been abandoned, e.g. removal of teeth and

ii. The rites are less elaborate.

iii. Some communities have adopted initiation rites from others.

iv. The times for intiation have been shipted due to formal education.

v. Many prefer to go for circumcision in hospitals.

vi. The age of initiation has shifted from adolescent to young children.

vii. It is carried out at family level and not communal level in most cases.

viii. Female genital mutilation (F.G.M) has been outlawed.

MARRIAGE
 It T.A.C, marriage is looked upon as sacred and ordained by God.-It
is a requirement and an obligation for every normal person to get
married and have children

Importance of marriage:
 Creates new relationship bonds when two families come together
and so expand kinship ties.
 Promotes social status of those involved.
 Source of wealth due to dowry payment made by the wife‟s family.
 Meeting point of the departed, the living and the yet to be born.
 Religious obligation through which human life is preserved,
propagated and perpetuated since it is sacred.
 Promotes immortality because parents are remembered by their
children when they die. They perpetuate the name of the family.
 Gives identity, a sense of belonging and completeness.
 Allows the individuals to have sex.

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  Gives men and women new roles and responsibilities.
 It is in marriage that children are born into the community.
 Communal affair that brings people to work and feast together.
 Provides security to parents especially in their old age when their
children take care of them and inherit their wealth.

MORAL VALUES INCULCATED BY MARRIAGE

 Creates respect and confidence since it promotes the social status of
those involved.
 Promotes co-operation when two families come together to help
sustain it.- Promotes hospitality and sharing when the families visit
each other, share food, services and bride wealth.
 Brings together the living, the departed and the unborn encouraging
unity.
 When children are named after ancestors and the departed, loyalty
and obedience is promoted.
 It is compulsory for all which creates obedience.
 Promotes chastity since sex is only allowed in marriage.
 Encourages self control because adultery is forbidden and couples
have to follow all the rules of marriage.
 Marriage comes with new roles and duties thus promoting
responsibility.
 Those dishonest in marriage are punished; this helps to instill
honesty, integrity and faithfulness.
 The first duty is procreation which calls for love in the upbringing
of the children.
 All have roles to play. This calls for handwork so that harmony is
maintained.

DEATH
- The last rite of passage.
- In many African communities, it is said to be caused by:
 Witchcraft - Sorcery
 Curses - Evil magic
 Diseases - Evil spirits

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  Old age - Breaking of taboos/binding oaths

 Death is feared and resented. The dead continue to be part of the

family and they are remembered through naming of children after
them.
 The importance of the funeral rite is determined by the status, sex
and the age of the person being buried e.g.
 Young children and unmarried people are simple and
attended by few people
 For leaders, the rich and heroes in the community it will be
elaborate and attended by many people.
 Normal duties are disrupted on the burial day so as to allow many
people to attend such funerals.

DEATH RITES IN AFRICAN TRADITIONAL SOCIETY

(A.T.S)
 In some communities, the corpse is washed using water and herbal
medicine in order to preserve and send it clean to the spirit world.
 In some communities, the dead are buried with their belonging e.g.
food, animals, bows, arrows. They believe that the dead will need
those things in the spirit world.
 Pregnant women and children are not allowed to touch or come in
close contact with the corpse so that misfortunes do not befall them.
 -The dead are buried in a carefully selected place in the ancestral
land so that the spirits continue to be close to the family.
 The body is carefully placed in the grave facing an appropriate
direction according to the customs of the people.
 In some communities the bodies are properly dressed before
disposal while others e.g. among the Abagusii the dead are buried
naked in the belief that they will be reborn in the spirit world.
 -The grave is respected by being protected and made a family
shrine particularly in cases where the dead were the head of the
family. People avoid walking over the grave.
 - Before and during burial, the members of the family and all
relatives enter a period of mourning. Normal activities are

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 temporarily halted in some communities this period is marked by
people smearing their bodies with white clay; others stop washing
their bodies, stop eating or refrain from sexual intercourse.
 During this period there is singing and dancing of mourning songs
as a way of expressing sorrow and sending off the departed to the
next world.
 In some communities there is feasting and beer drinking.
 After burial, close relatives shave their hair as a sign that one of
their members has been separated from them and for cleansing
impurities. The new hair grown shows that life continues after
death.
 Sacrifices are offered to introduce the deceased to the spirit world.
 Most communities pour libation to their dead ancestors.
 In some communities a symbolic fire is lit near the grave and the
graveyard is guarded by the mourners.
 A widow‟s inheritance is divided by the husband‟s kinsman.

ROLE OF DEATH IN CREATING MORAL VALUES

i. Creates co-operation since the whole community is involved.
ii. All mourners are given food supplied by the family of the deceased
or outsiders also help in providing and promoting hospitality and
sharing.
iii. Africans are careful to follow all the funeral rites so as to promote
obedience.
iv. In some communities, the affected are not supposed to indulge in
sexual intercourse encouraging chastity and self control.
v. Members of the deceased mourn and have to come to terms with
their grief promoting perseverance.
vi. By following all the wishes of the dead person, death encourages
respect.
vii. The dead body is carefully disposed of to avoid any haunting and the
grave is respected promoting respect.
viii. When the society takes care of the widows and orphans, they
show love.

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 ix. Children, pregnant women and witches are not allowed near the
corpse and this shows responsibility.

Reasons why death is feared in Traditional African Communities

i. It disrupts the rhythm of humanactivity/ life.
ii. It is irrevocable/ inescabable.
iii. It brings impurity to the family.
iv. It deprives the community of members.
v. It involves too many rituals.
vi. It comes unannounced.
vii. Seperates one from the loved ones/ end of life on earth.
viii. Nobody knows about the after liofe.
ix. It may cause misunderstanding in the community.
x. Death rites reveal people‟s characteristics.
xi. It may bring poverty to the family.

Practices in T.A.C that show their belief in life after death

i. Naming children after the dead.
ii. Invoking the names of the dead during problems./ inviting them to
important occasions.
iii. Burrying the dead with some property.
iv. Offering sacrifices to the dead.
v. Pouring libation to the living-dead.
vi. Taking care of their graveyards.
vii. Fulfillingthe wishes / will of the dead/ carrying out the demands of
the dead.
viii. Talking of the dead as having gone for a walk.
ix. Washing the dead body/ oiling/ giving a descent burial to the dead.
x. Holding commemoration ceremonies.

xi. Burrying the dead in a particular position/ direction/ in ancestral

land.

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THE ROLE OF RELIGIOUS SPECIALISTS IN AFRICAN
COMMUNITIES AND THEIR RELEVANCE TODAY

The religious specialists include:

a. Medicine people.
b. Mediums. f. Prophets.
c. Diviners. g. Seers.
d. Priests. h. Blacksmiths.
e. Rainmakers. i. Elders.

How the Religious specialists acquire their skills

The religious specialits acquire their skills through the following ways
depending on their specialisation:
i. Nheritance.
ii. Apprenticeship.
iii. Dreams and visions.
iv. Being possessed by the spirits.
v. Receiving a call from God/ ancestors.
vi. Observation of the work of other specialists.

(a) Medicine people

They are also known as healers, herbalists, traditional doctors.
They perform the following functions;
 Identify illness and their causes.
 Identify appropriate treatment and prevention measures for the
illnesses.
 They avert the effects of a curse.
 Offer sacrifices and prayers to God and ancestors.
 Prepare charms for protection against witchcraft and evil spirits.
 Give medicine to increase fertility in both people and animals.

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  Act as counselors, guiding people on all issues of life.

Relevance in modern society

i. Medical doctors and scientific researchers today work side by side
with traditional healers to alleviate human suffering. Herbs are
used to make modern medicine.
ii. Some people still believe that there are some illnesses that cannot
be treated in hospitals hence turn to herbalists.
iii. Some people also believe that medicine people who practice magic
have the power to change their fate e.g. they are consulted to
influence political fortunes, legal matters and enhance academic
performance.

(b) Mediums
 Are people though who spirits and ancestors communicated with
the living.
 They give the cause, nature and treatment of a disease or
misfortune.
 They reveal messages from the spirit world on behalf of the living.
 They give information concerning lost articles or theft. They only
acted when they were spirit possessed.

Relevance today
i. Are not common in Kenya today but they are in the West African
countries.
ii. There are people who still believe in the messages revealed through
mediums. However, their role has been eroded by the influence of
Christianity.

(c) Diviners
 Are people who reveal secret information from the past or the
future.

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  -Get their power through inheritance or divine calling.
 The use divination objects, common sense and insight.
 Unveil mysteries by interpreting the information received from the
spirits.
 Help the society to solve issues that are difficult for them to
understand.
 The do the work of counselors, judges, advisers, comforters,
assurers during crises.
 They also play the role of priests, seers and fortune tellers.
 Diviners are still consulted in Kenya today particularly during
moments of crises.
 -They, however, face many challenges:
 Divination is condemned in the Bible (Deuteronomy 18:10 –
11)
 Science and technology have further diminished their
importance since many mysteries can be explained through
science and technology.

(d) Rainmakers
 Are highly respected.
 Get their power through supernatural endowment and
apprenticeship.
 They observe the behavior of plants, insects and animals. They
study the sky, stars, moon, clouds, wind movement and their body
senses to predict weather.
 They use sacred objects in rainmaking.
 They act as intermediaries between God, the spirits and human
beings.
 They beseech God either to bring rain when there is a drought or to
stop rain when there are floods.
 Some rainmakers practice as diviners, medicine people, medium
and priests.
 They give offerings and sacrifices to God and pray on behalf of the
people.

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 Functions of Rainmakers
i. They perform rituals to cause rain.
ii. Have the ability to stop destructive rain.
iii. They predict weather conditions by studying the skies and
behaviour of plants and animals.
iv. They preside over religious functions.
v. They advise the community on both religious and social issues.
vi. They give blessings to the members of the community.
vii. They mediate between people and God.

Relevance today:
i. Rainmakers are often engaged during public gatherings and other
big events to delay the rain until the event is over.
ii. Christianity has eroded people‟s believe in rainmakers.
iii. Christians believe that only God is able to resolve a difficult
situation.
iv. Meteorological departments now give information on the weather
and seasonal changes.

(e) Priests
 Perform religious duties. They either inherit the position or receive
a divine call.
 Offer sacrifices and offerings and preside over rituals and prayers.
 Take care of religious places i.e. shrines.
 They act as judges, advisers and experts in traditional rituals and
rules.
 They pour libation, offer prayers of petition, repentance and
thanksgiving to God.
 They intercede for human beings before God, the spirits and the
ancestors.
 They are made to be in charge of royal graves.
 They install kings and chiefs.
 They symbolize God‟s presence in the African society.

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  They act as guardians of community knowledge, taboos, religion
and oral history.
 Sometimes they perform rainmaking ceremonies and conduct
fertility festivals.
 They drive away witches, appease spirits, reverse curses and protect
people from danger and harm.

Relevance today:
i. Their roles has been diminished by several influences e.g.
Christianity and formal education.
ii. African priests no longer play major religious roles in the
community. Their duties have been replaced by those of
religious leaders i.e. bishops, pastors and priests in Christian
churches.
iii. Traditional priests are sometimes invited for national public
functions to offer prayers.

(f) Prophets/ seers

 Prophets are also referred to as seers.
 A prophet is a person who can foretell the future by revealing
visions, dreams or messages from God.
 They foretell invasions i.e. war, drought or epidemics.
 They communicate God‟s message to the community and predict
the will of God.
 Prophets often play the role of political leaders, diviners, ritual
leaders, mediums and legal and moral advisers to the community.
 They perform religious duties which were beyond priests and
medicine people.
 They receive messages from the ancestors and the spirits through
dreams and spirit possession.
 They carry out cleansing rituals.
 Tey advise people on religious matters.
 They pray to God on behalf of the people.
 They act as judges and preside over disputes.

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  They are guardians of the community‟s customs and traditions.
 They act as the spokesmen of their communities.

Relevance today
i. People still consult prophets before making important decisions.
ii. Today people prophesy in churches or Christian fellowships
through the inspiration of the Holy Spirit.
iii. Many people take their religious leaders as prophets because they
act as the conscience of the society to tell the people what God
expects from them.

(g) Elders
 Are senior members of the community.
 In charge of families, villages and clans.
 Are people who are morally upright.
 They settle disputes in the community.
 They are custodians of the community property and decide how it
would be shared.
 They are custodians of the traditional values, customs and history of
the people.
 They offer guidance and counseling to the members of the
community.
 Elders console the community in times of distress i.e. war, famine
and other calamities.
 They are consulted by the individuals before making families
decisions.
 They stipulate the rules and regulations to be followed for the
maintenance of law and order.
 They lead the community during important functions such as the
rites of passage and religious ceremonies.

Relevance today:
i. Elders today help in settling disputes which are too culturally
defined for the courts e.g. family rows and land disputes.

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 ii. Elders have been called by the Kenyan government to help solve
land disputes and ethnic clashes.
iii. Elders still carry out rites of passage i.e. initiation.
iv. Elders are useful in maintaining the African culture through oral
narratives, songs, poetry, proverbs and riddles.
v. Elders provide useful information to researchers in History and
Anthropology.
vi. They give general guidance to individuals, family and the
community as a whole.
Factors that have undermined the status of elders in African
Communities today
i. New government structures where administrative officials have
taken over the roles of elders in law maintainance.
ii. Most of the judicial duties have been taken over by the law courts.
iii. Education has brought new values/ ideas and the authority of the
elders is no longer regarded with high esteem or is even questioned.
iv. People have migrated to new areas where they do not respect local
leaders.
v. The influence from other religions ( Chritianity and Islam) with
their leadership structures; with their adherents respecting their
religious leadres more than the community leaders.
vi. Urbanization has undermined the role of of the elders as it becomes
difficult for elders to operate as the people come from different
backgrounds.
vii. Estern norms/ values which promote individualism.
viii. Schooling where children spend most of their time with teachers
depriving them the time to be with elders
ix. Permissiveness in the society has eroded the respect of elders.
x. Economic factors where the worth of a person is judged by the
wealth/ property one possesses.
xi. Political power/ decision making has shifted from the elders to
politicians/ political leaders to whom people look upon for
leadership.

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 Factors that have negatively influenced the role of the religious
specialists

i. The influence of Christianity; it associates the practices of these

leaders with magic and witchcraft. Christian leaders are also given
prominence over the tradtional leaders.
ii. The new government structures and political systems have taken
over the roles of traditional leaders.
iii. Formal education is used as a tool in choosing leaders as opposed to
age, wisdom and experience used in traditional African
communities.
iv. Through migration, people from different cultures mix up and may
not recognise local leaders.
v. Science and technology provides solutions to problems related to
weather conditions and medical treatments. This disregards the
work of rainmakers and herbalists.
vi. Increased poverty makes some people engage in work of specialists
without the necessary skills in their effort to earn a living.

AFRICAN MORAL VALUES

Moral values are acts/deeds that are acceptable or good in the society and
they are;
Hospitality
 This refers to generosity and kindness to guests and strangers in
homes.
 Africans welcomed visitors at any time. They were treated to
plenty of food, drink and entertainment.
 Today there is a tendency towards individualism especially in the
case of those living in urban centers.

Honesty
- Means being truthful.
- It was taught to children as they grow up to ensure they become
dependable people who always tell the truth.

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Courtesy
 Refers to politeness and good manners.
 - In A.T.S there were rules that guided the behavior of individuals
towards others based on age, gender and status of a person.

Tolerance and perseverance

 Tolerance means to endure somebody/something without
complaining.
 Perseverance is a steady effort to achieve a goal without giving up.
 People in A.T.S valued these qualities as they aided one to go
through hardships courageously.
 These values were reinforced during initiation.

Loyalty
 Being true and faithful in supporting somebody or a particular
cause.
 Children are taught values of the community which they are
expected to keep and protect.
 They are taught not to betray the family and friends and always
stick together.

Chastity
 This is having good sexual morals.
 Unmarried people were expected to keep their chastity or virginity
until marriage while adultery was forbidden for the married.

Respect
 Polite behavior to oneself and others where one recognizes other‟s
rights and status.
 Children are taught to recognize the status of their parents, elders
and leaders.

Responsibility

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  Caring attitude towards others that leads one to help them.
 Africans helped one another.

Love
 A strong feeling of affection towards somebody or something
which was expressed in actions in A.T.S.
 Love is equated with protection, loyalty, co-operation, generosity
and hospitality which were important in T.A.S.

Co-operation
 This is working together for a common purpose.
 In T.A.S people worked together in all circumstances which made
work and life easier for them.
 In T.A.S, people co-operated to accomplish tasks for the good of
all.

Integrity
 It is the quality of having strong moral values.
 People of integrity do not give up on their beliefs and values even
in the face of intense pressure.
 People of integrity are respected and will often be given positions
of leadership.

Unity solidarity
 This is to join together.
 Africans united in all aspects.

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CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN THE AFRICAN
UNDERSTANDING OF VARIOUS ISSUES
Community
 An African community consisted of the living, dead and the unborn.
 Each community had common characteristics such as common
ancestors, unique language, a particular geographical area, a culture
and distinct social, economic and political structure.
 Today, the understanding of community has changed due to such
factors as; education, urbanization, migration, natural consciousness
and religion.
 Urbanization has brought together people of different background.
 Formal education has promoted new loyalties based on new social
status and academic and professional qualifications.
 New political systems and forms of Government have changed the
traditional African community.

Old age and the aged

 In A.T.C, old people were well taken care of and highly respected.
 They did light duties e.g. looking after young children while others
worked.
 They were members of the council of elders who settled disputes
and were consulted for advice.
 The elders were custodians of community values, customs and
religious beliefs.
 Today due to urbanization, many elderly people are left alone in the
rural areas with no- one to take care of them.
 Sometimes they end up in homes for the aged or begging on the
streets.
 - Old people are important because they have wealth of knowledge
to share. We should take care of them.

Land
 Was special and highly valued.

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  It was a source of food for the people and their animals and herbs
for medicine.
 Land was believed to be God given.
 Land was communal.
 - There were land allocations to each family for farming. The men
were the guardians of the land.
 Land was not sold and there were no landless people.
 Today land is only communally owned in nomadic communities
since most of it is individually owned.
 An individual can buy land and settle anywhere and is not bound to
the ancestral land.
 Land ownership is evidenced by a little deed or land allotment letter
issued by the Government.
 Today, some land is set apart by the government for public use like
establishment of game parks, roads, schools, cattle dips and market
places.

Property
 is anything owned or possessed by a person.
 In A.T.S., property could be individual or communal.
 Women and children contributed to the accumulations of wealth by
working on farms and grazing cattle.
 Women and children were not allowed to own property.
 Today, property can be owned by a man/ woman/ child.
 There are various ways of acquiring wealth other than agriculture
and keeping animals.
 African economies have been influenced greatly by the western
money-based economies where money is seen to satisfy or fulfill all
needs.

Widows and orphans

 A widow is a woman whose husband is dead.
 An orphan is a child whose both parents are dead.
 In A.T.S., a widow was inherited either by her husband‟s brother or
cousin to ensure that the late brother‟s family would not suffer.

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  A woman not only belonged to her husband but also to his kin.
 Any of his brothers takes over the household in his absence.
 The children born after his death were still referred to as his
children.
 A man who inherits the wife takes over all the duties of the dead
man e.g. protecting and providing for the family.
 Today the spread of HIV/AIDS has raised a lot of debate over the
practice of widow inheritance.
 Due to individualism and lose family ties, it has become hard to
care for members of the extended family.
 A child who lost one or both of parents in T.A.C. was easily
adopted into the family.
 Orphans didn‟t find it hard surviving because of the strong kinship
system.
 -Widowhood or being orphaned is very painful experiences for the
people today.
 Many widows have found themselves and their children going
without food especially if the husband was the only provider.
 Some children have dropped out of school to take care of their
siblings.
 Many orphans have ended up in the streets for lack of a caretaker.
 A number of organizations have started to build children homes or
orphanages to cater for the orphans especially with HIV/AIDS.

Dress
 In TAC clothes were made from animal skin, bark, feathers,
reeds/and sisal.
 Every community had a way of dressing, depending on the climate
in their region and their way of life.
 Age, gender, status would always determine the type of clothing
one wore.
 Ornaments i.e. bangles, necklaces, anklets and ear plugs/ rings were
part of the traditional dress.
 The Maasai, Turkana and Giriama have to raid for livestock to
maintain their traditional dress.

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  Today dress undergoes a lot of change because fashion changes
with peoples tastes.
 Today we have a national costume whose design is base on
traditional costumes.

Dowry or bride price

 This is a gift of property that a groom gives to the bride‟s family.
 Bride price was given in terms of cattle, goats, sheep, and honey
and food stuff.
 Today, the concept of bride price has been commercialized.
 Sometimes conflicts arise between parents and those intending to
marry.
 Dowry should be used appropriately to cement relationship.

Medicine
 Medicine was provided by medicine people who diagnosed and
treated sicknesses.
 Their medicine was in the form of herbs, minerals, powder and
seeds and also spiritual.
 Today, people take the sick to hospitals for proper diagnosis and
treatment by qualified medical doctors.
 Christians also offer prayers for the quick recovery of the sick.

Leisure
 This is free time for one to enjoy/ spend.
 In T.A.C. leisure was integrated in the daily life of the community.
 People would work and have leisure at the same time e.g. singing
while digging.
 They had leisure in form of festivals and rites which involved
singing, eating, drinking and dancing.
 Some leisure activities were free of charge and mostly communal.
 Some leisure activities were specific to certain gender age group.

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 Today leisure is separated from work.
 People engage in various activities e.g. listening to the radio,
watching television, reading magazines or visiting friends.
 Some leisure acts today are very expensive.
 Some people misuse their leisure time abusing drugs or engaging in
sexual immorality.
 Some people help the needy visit the sick, do voluntary community
and church work during their leisure time.

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