Chapter 1

Module-3:Quantum Computing

1.1 Linear Operators and Matix Operations

1. A Linar Operator ’𝑋’ operates such that 𝑋 |0⟩ = |1⟩ and 𝑋 |1⟩ = |0⟩. Find the matrix
representation of" ’𝑋’. # ! !
𝑥 11 𝑥12 1 0
Solution : 𝑋 = , |0⟩ = , |1⟩ =
𝑥 21 𝑥22 0 1
Given" 𝑋 |0⟩ = #|1⟩ ! !
𝑥 11 𝑥 12 1 0
𝑋= =
𝑥 21 𝑥 22 0 1
Multiplying the Matrices on LHS and equating with the Matrix on the RHS we get
𝑥 11 = 0 & 𝑥 21 = 1
Given" 𝑋 |1⟩ = #|0⟩ ! !
𝑥 11 𝑥 12 1 0
𝑋= =
𝑥 21 𝑥 22 0 1
Multiplying the Matrices on LHS and equating with the Matrix on the RHS we get
𝑥 12 = 1 & 𝑥 22 =" 0 #
0 1
Therefore 𝑋 =
1 0
" #
0 −𝑖
2. Given 𝐴 = , Prove that 𝐴† = 𝐴.
𝑖 0
" #
0 −𝑖
Soution : Given 𝐴 =
𝑖 0
We Know That 𝐴 = ( 𝐴∗ )𝑇
†
" #
0 𝑖
The Conjugate of Matrix A is Given by 𝐴∗ =
−𝑖 0
" #
0 −𝑖
Thus ( 𝐴∗ )𝑇 = =𝐴
𝑖 0

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 √1 1 
 (2) √ (2) 
3. Show that the Matrix 𝑈 =  𝑖 −𝑖 
 is Unitary.
√
 (2) √
(2) 


Solution : A Matrix is Unitary if 𝑈 †𝑈 = 𝐼
 √1 √−𝑖 
 (2) (2) 
Therefore 𝑈 † =  1
 √ (2) √ (2) 
𝑖 
 
=⇒
 √1 √−𝑖   √1 √1 
" #
 (2) (2)   (2) (2)  1 0
𝑈 †𝑈 =  1 −𝑖 
= =𝐼
√
 (2) √ 𝑖   √𝑖 √ 0 1
(2)   (2) (2) 
  

Here I is identity Matrix.

4. Find the inner product of states |1⟩ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |0⟩ and draw conclusions on the result.
Solution : The inner product is given by ⟨𝜓|𝜙⟩ here ⟨𝜓| is conjugate-transpose of |𝜓⟩ .
We know! that !
1 0
|0⟩ = , |1⟩ =
0 1
 
⟨1| = 0 1
!
  1
Therefore ⟨1|0⟩ = 0 1 =0
0
Thus the states |1⟩ and |0⟩ are Orthogonal.
! !
𝛼1 𝛽1
5. Given |𝜓⟩ = and |𝜙⟩ = Prove that ⟨𝜓|𝜙⟩ = ⟨𝜙|𝜓⟩ ∗
𝛼2 𝛽2
!
  𝛼
1
Solution : ⟨𝜙|𝜓⟩ = 𝛽1∗ 𝛽2∗ = 𝛽1∗ 𝛼1 + 𝛽2∗ 𝛼2 ..........(1)
𝛼2
!
  𝛽
1
⟨𝜓|𝜙⟩ = 𝛼1∗ 𝛼2∗ = 𝛽1 𝛼1∗ + 𝛽2 𝛼2∗
𝛽2
⟨𝜓|𝜙⟩ ∗ = (𝛽1 𝛼1∗ + 𝛽2 𝛼2∗ ) ∗ = 𝛽1∗ 𝛼1 + 𝛽2∗ 𝛼2 ..........(2)
Thus from (1) and (2)
⟨𝜓|𝜙⟩ = ⟨𝜙|𝜓⟩ ∗

1.2 Quantum Gates

1. Using Matrix multiplication show that on applying Hadamard gate twice to a |0⟩ results in
its original state.
Solution : To show that 𝐻𝐻 |0⟩ = |0⟩
" # " # " #
1 1 1 1 2 0
𝐻𝐻 = √1 √1 = 1
2 2 2
1 −1 1 −1 0 2

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS 4 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

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" #
1 0
=⇒ =𝐼
0 1

Since 𝐼 |0⟩ = |0⟩

Thus applying two Hadamard gates result in the original state of |0⟩.

2. Using two X-gates in series show that two not gates in serries are equivalent to a quantum
wire.
Solution : To show that 𝑋 𝑋 |0⟩ = |0⟩
" #" # " #
0 1 0 1 1 0
= =𝐼
1 0 1 0 0 1

Since 𝐼 |0⟩ = |0⟩

Hence two Not gates in series result in Quantum Wire.

3. Show the Hadamard Gate is Unitary.

Solution : To Show that 𝐻 † 𝐻 = 𝐼

" #
1 1
We Know That 𝐻 = √1
2 1 −1
" #
1 1
𝐻 † = (𝐻 ∗ )𝑇 = √1 =𝐻
2
1 −1
Thus using the solution in problem number 1
𝐻 † 𝐻 = 𝐻𝐻 = 𝐼
Thus the Hadamard Gate is Unitary.

4. Two Qbits are passed through CNOT [Link] the first qubit is the control qubit then what is
the output for the following initial states 1. |00⟩, 2. |01⟩, and 3.|11⟩.
Solution : The Operation of the CNOT gate could be represented as
|𝑥, 𝑦⟩ → |𝑥, 𝑥 ⊕ 𝑦⟩
⊕ is analogous to Classical XOR gate. XOR gate out put is high when both the inputs are
dissimilar.
|00⟩ → |0, 0 ⊕ 0⟩ = |00⟩
|01⟩ → |0, 0 ⊕ 1⟩ = |01⟩
|11⟩ → |1, 1 ⊕ 1⟩ = |10⟩

5. Show that S gate can be formed by connecting two T gates in Series.

𝜋
Solution : The T gate is is also called 8 gate and is given by

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APPLIED PPHYSICS CSE STREAM

" # 
1 0 

1 0
𝑇= =  √(1+𝑖) 
0
𝑖𝜋
0 𝑒4 (2) 
 
To Prove that 𝑇 2 = 𝑆

 " #
1 0  1 0 
 
 1 0
𝑇 2 = 𝑇𝑇 =  √ (1+𝑖)   (1+𝑖)  = =𝑆
0 0 √ 0 𝑖
(2)   (2) 
      2 
1+𝑖 1+𝑖 (1+𝑖)
∵ √ √ = 2 =𝑖
2 2

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS 6 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING