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Forces and Their Effect
What is Forces?
You cannot see a force but you can see what it does. A force is a push or a pull,
Forces can:
* Make an object move
* Make a moving object stop
+ Change the speed of a moving object
+ Change the direction of a moving object.
Change the shape of an object.
How To Measure A Force?
+ A force can be measured with 4 newton spring balance,
+ The Sl unit of measuring force in N (newton)
+ Equation:
= force (N)
9 m= mass (ke)
9 a= acceleration (m/s?)
Type of Force
+ There are to main types of forces contact force and non-contact force
Contact Force
«A contact fore occurs when the objector material exerting the force touches the object or material on which the
forceact.
+ romple
o Impact force
+ When a moving objec colies wi stationary object an impact forces exerted by one chect onthe
other.
+ ample: Hammer hits ana, and when a moving molecule of gas inthe astrikes the sn
o Strain force
+ When some materials re squashed, stretched thisted, or ben, they ever force that actin the
opposite direction othe force acting on them. called elastic material
+ Wen the force applied tothe materi is emoved, the stan fore exerted by the material restores the
deformed material tt onal snap.
+ fjomple The stain force ina squashed tennis bal a tishitreturn the bal tits orginal hape when
the bllhaslefthe racket, ° Friction
‘+ Friction isa contact force that occurs between two objects when there isa push or a pull on ane of the
‘objects that could make It move aver the surface ofthe other object.
‘As the push or pull on the abject increases, the force of friction between the surfaces ofthe object also
increases. Ths force matches the strength ofthe push or the pull up to a certain value.
‘= Where the projections from the surface of ane abject meet the projections from the surface af the other,
the materials in the projection stick. These connections between the surfaces produce the force of
friction between the object.
1 Reducing fiction: Water running between the surface of a tre and the road reduces the fiction between
them and inereases the chance of skidding
Increasing friction: When brakes are applied on = bicycle ora car, the brake pads press against 3 moving
part ofthe wheel, and the force of friction increases
© Air resistance
‘+ When an object moves through the airit pushes the air out ofthe way and the air moves over the
‘object’ sides ancl pushes back on the object, This push on the objects called alr resistance or drag
“The value ofthe air resistance depends on the size and shape of the object.
‘= Example: The parachute offers a large surface area against which the ar pushes, The high resistance of
the parachute slows down the dragster and helpsitstop ina short distance.
© Water resistance
* When an object moves through the water it pushes the water out of the way, and the water moves over
‘he objects sides and pushes back on the object. This push on the objects called water resistance or
drag.
+ Anobject that can move thraugh the water quickly have a streamlined shape
+ Example: Water resistance affects the movement of ships and boats an the water surface. Boats
designed for high speeds have a hul shaped to reduce water resistance as much as possible.
Non-contact force
+ Anomcontact force occurs when the objects or materials do not touch each other. They all exert ther force
\without having to touch the object
+ Example:
© Magnetic force
+ Ifyou bring the north pote of ane magnet towards the south pole of another magnet, you will fel your
hands being pulles together asthe diferent poles attract each other. The strength ofthis pull increases
‘as the poles get closer together.
'+ Amagnet can also exert a non-contact force on objects made of ron, steel, cobalt, or nickel. Either pole
of the magnet exerts a pulling force on these magnetic material. The strength of the force increases as
‘the magnet and the magnetic material are brought closer together
© Gravitational force
1 The force that exists between any two masses because oftheir mass is called gravitational force.
+ The gravitational force between an object on earth and the earth itself pulls the object down towards the
center of the earth scaled the weight ofthe object.
+ The mass of an abject is a measure ofthe amount of matter init, The weight of an abject isthe pull of
the Earths gravity on the objec.
