PROCASTINATION AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

OF CAPAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL LEARNERS

—————————————

A Thesis Proposal Presented

to the Faculty of Senior High School
Humanities and Social Sciences Strand
Capas Senior High School
Sto. Domingo 1st, Capas, Tarlac

—————————————

In partial fulfilment
of the requirements for the subject
Practical Research 2

—————————————
Falcutila, Kimberlyn I.
Aguilar, Niño Manuel E.
Capadoza , Krisnel Eirra O.
Dacutan Rian Jedric P.
Dela Cruz, Abigail A.
Eboña , Andrea S.
Neri, Cherryl M.
Nebrija Precious Margareth D.
Ocampo, Anthony M.
Pantig Harry John B.
Quinto Ariahna Kyle V.
Seriales, Marielle C.
Tapang, Nico C.
Wage, Stephanie D.
 February 2024

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter represent the background of the study, the statement of the problem,

the significance of the study, the scope and delimitations and the definition of terms.

Introduction

Academic procrastination usually represented by the student delaying or

postponing assignments resulting in late submissions and coupled with a general reduction

in study time and inadequate preparation for examinations. According to the research of

Annudin (2021), 95% of American students purposely delay beginning or completing tasks

and 75% engage in academic procrastination. Annudin (2021) also stated that academic

procrastination is now a habit of students. They are believing that they can still catch up

and be able to submit the required requirements at the deadline. According to the study of

Fermina (2021), the students are engrossed in doing some other things that may or may not

be necessary for their growth. In fact, some of them are preoccupied with social media

browsing, online gaming, or chatting with pals.

Academic performance is the measurement of student’s achievement across various

academic subjects (Johnson,2020). Valerio (2017) defined procrastination as a person’s

tendency to fail to complete his assignment before the deadline. It is quite concerning

because this practice has the potential to spread to academic and professional settings.

Being preoccupied with something in order to move on to the work that must be completed.

Students who procrastinate will experience a variety of negative consequences, including

wasteful and inadequate performance. The Filipino habit of “Maniana (Mañana) or

‘Mamaya Na’ Habit” is a negative attitude that should be avoided. As one famous quote

goes, “prevention is better than cure.” Despite the fact that the Philippines views

procrastination as a habit, a culture within ourselves, we could still make a difference.

According to the researchers’ observations, learners at Capas Senior High School have a

preference for delaying rather than completing their tasks immediately. The students will

avoid the tasks until the given time frame approaches. In any case, more than half of Capas

Senior High School students who procrastinate makes them productive.

This study aims to be acquainted with the relationship between procrastination and

academic performance of grade 11 senior high school learners of Capas Senior High

School. Furthermore, the researchers will conduct this research to guide the learners by

providing awareness and knowledge on how to avoid procrastination.

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to determine the relationship between procrastination and the

academic performance of senior high school grade 11 learners at Capas senior high school

during the school year 2023-2024.

Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. How may the learners describe procrastination?

2. How may the learners describe academic performance?

3. What is the significant relationship between procrastination and academic

performance of the learners?

4. What is the implication of the study?

Hypothesis of the Study

Ho: There is no significant relationship between procrastination and academic

performance among Senior High School learners.

Significance of the Study

The results of this study could have a significant contribution in helping the learners

dealing with procrastination on their academic performance. Furthermore, this study aims

to have a great contribution to the following:

Administrators. This study can help the school administrator in providing a basis

on the kind of programs or policies that might be implemented to lessen the procrastination

that might affect the learner’s academic performance.

Teachers. This study can provide to the teachers an additional information on how

procrastination can affect the academic performance of their students.

Learners. This study can serve as a guide to the learners to avoid procrastination

that might affect their academic performance.

Future Researchers. This study can be a source of both conceptual and research

literature in conducting their study related to procrastination, wherein, future researchers

can extend their scope to formulate a more generalized conclusion.

Scope and Delimitations

This study aims to determine the relationship between procrastination and the

academic performance of senior high school learners at capas senior high school during the
school year 2023-2024. Specifically, this study seeks to describe procrastination and the

learner’s academic performance. Furthermore, the researchers will analyse the relationship

between procrastination and academic performance of the learners. In addition, the

researchers will look for the implication of the study.

The respondents of the study would be grade 11 and 12 students participating in the

Senior High school program to answer the survey questioners provided by the researchers.

The researchers must complete the study before the end of 1st semester.

Definition of Terms

For better understanding of the study the following terms are define conceptually

and operationally.

Academic performance. The performance of the students in various academic

fields.

Implication. It indicates the importance of the result of the practice, policy,

subsequent research and research.

Learners. It is the students that are studying at Capas Senior High School.

Procrastination. Delaying or postponing various tasks.

 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies both foreign and local

authors, published and unpublished documents supporting the present study.

Related Literature

A. Foreign

According to Sujit et al (2012), “better time management skills, precludes

‘cramming’ for examinations at the last minute and can result in diminished anxiety and

improved academic performance. It is very important to identify such students and make

them aware of the negative impact of procrastination on their academic performance.

According to Klassen (2007), in science direct, this article states that people who

procrastinate are not lazy, and there is a big difference between laziness and

procrastination. Procrastinators aspire to get things done, and put them off to do another

task, while lazy people prefer doing nothing useful at all. Procrastinators will eventually

get the task done, but are just putting it off for another time.

Procrastination is prevalent among students today and has become a hindrance to

positive academic achievements. People experience the effects of wasting time and not

meeting deadlines is devastating at both the business and personal levels. Procrastination

may result in stress, a sense of guilt and crisis, severe loss of personal productivity, as well

as business and social disapproval for not meeting responsibilities or commitments. These

feelings can combine and may create further procrastination (Dobson, 2010).
 Academic procrastination, a common occurrence among undergraduates, has dra

wn a lot of interest in the field of educational research due to its significant impact on lear

ners’ academic achievements, according to (Xiaorong et al., 2023). It is especially preval

ent in China’s higher vocational education sector.Academic procrastination is believed to

be the outcome of learners independence failure, and there is a significant internal associa

tion between selfregulation failure and circumstance, according to an increasing number

of research in recent years.Academic procrastination was significantly negatively predicte

d by relative deprivation.The connection between relative deprivation and academic procr

astination was mediated by unfavourable academic feelings.Academic procrastination an

d unfavourable academic emotions were mediated by resilience.

Scientists have discovered six distinct sectors where people tend to procrastinate:

academic and work, daily routines and obligations, health, leisure, family and relationships,

and social engagements (Klingsleck, 2013). Each sphere displays a distinctive pattern of

frequency and correlation with other constructs, causes, and consequences. Therefore, each

domain warrants a separate analysis to comprehend its characteristics, impacts, and

theoretical bases. Previous researchers (Mann, 2016) likewise described two varieties of

procrastination: behavioural procrastination, which represents the avoidance of tasks, and

decisional procrastination, which centers on the deferment of decisions over an allocated

interval

B. Local

Valerio (2017) explained that procrastination is a tendency of someone to not make

his works earlier the date of deadline. It is very alarming since this practice might be
brought to academic and work mannerisms. Becoming busy of something to be able to get

past to the work that is needed to be done. Several negative effects will happen to students

if they practice procrastination and their work will be inefficient and ineffective. Filipino

habit called “Maniana (Mañana) or ‘Mamaya Na’ Habit” is a negative attitude we should

remove from our system. As said in a famous quotation, “prevention is better than cure.”

Even though our society considers procrastination as a habit, a culture within ourselves,

we could still make a difference.

Psychologists often attribute procrastination as a coping mechanism against the

anxiety we experience when faced with a difficult or unwanted task. In a post by Villafuerte

(2019), procrastination simply refers to the habit of putting off doing something for a later

time. It is simply because we are too lazy to act, but according to him, there are ways to

overcome procrastination. We can do the task for five minutes and feel if you can proceed

with the work or not. Setting reward for a job well done also is another good way to

overcome procrastination. A reward is a motivation for yourself to get going.

Compensation is the key and depriving yourself has a way to give some guaranteed

rewards. Eliminating distractions tend to be powerful and avoiding temptations can be easy

to do. Furthermore, (Villafuerte, 2019) said that procrastination leads to ‘unnecessary

stress, feelings of guilt, lost opportunities, problems and disapproval from people who

expected us to fulfil those duties.’ Believing in yourself is important to boost our

confidence to accomplish the task.

Discovery of the habit is not actually tantamount to laziness. It’s called

procrastination, and this can be a psychological problem, too. Finding yourself replacing

high-priority actions with low priority ones, thus scheduling important tasks at a later time,
then you are procrastinating. It is the act of voluntarily delaying a task even if you’re aware

of the consequences of the delay. Procrastination is a behavioural problem that needs to be

addressed through directive counselling, psychotherapy or other appropriate interventions.

Also, it may be caused by a wrongdoing which was reinforced, meaning the act of

procrastination was rewarded. Lack of discipline and training are also some of the culprits

that were pointed out. (Arayata, 2015, Balita ph.).

Procrastination is a human behaviour of delaying tasks, jobs and actions for various

reason for later time. Apparently, it is a way of concealing up anxiety connected with

starting up or finishing the task. It is a behaviour or delaying tasks despite knowing that

they have pending jobs and they will just do it later and that pending jobs or tasks will be

done once they’re on their peak of deadline (Olea. M.T. and Olea, A.N., (2014).

Procrastination has been found to have a negative effect on student academic

performance. In a study conducted in the Philippines, it was revealed that students who

procrastinated less performed better in mathematics. Another study found that a high level

of procrastination is related to stress and academic failure. Furthermore, the negative

impact of procrastination on academic performance was found to be more pronounced for

students with learning disabilities. It is important to address procrastination and provide

support to students in order to improve their academic achievement. These findings

highlight the need for interventions and strategies to help students manage their time

effectively and avoid procrastination, especially in the online learning environment.

(Typeset.io)
Related Studies

A. Foreign

According to the study of Balkis and Duru (2017) entitled Gender Differences in

the Relationship between Academic Procrastination, Satisfaction with Academic Life, and

Academic Performance, this study was chosen because it is a most prevalent issue for the

learners. The result of the study shows that male learners have a higher amount of academic

procrastination and a low amount of academic performance and academic life satisfaction.

However, the result of the study only shows that men need to avoid procrastination to

improve their academic performance.

In the study of Fentaw and Ismail (2021) entitled Academic Procrastination

Behaviour among Public University Students, this was chosen because procrastination is

the most common issue among learners. The findings demonstrated that procrastination

occurs regardless of gender and institutional reality, has a negative impact on students'

affective and emotional behaviour, and leads to academic failure. Further, it is advised that,

in order to lessen the consequences of the delay, students should be expected to develop

their capacity for time management.

According to Suhadianto's study from (2021), "Stop Academic Procrastination

During COVID-19: Academic Procrastination Reduces Subjective Well-Being,". The

study findings indicate that procrastinating on academic tasks reduces subjective well-

being. The study findings can serve as a caution to students who put off learning.

According to Guo's (2019) study, Emotional intelligence, junior college nursing

students put off their academic work. The findings indicate that self-efficacy and emotional

intelligence have an antagonistic relationship with academic procrastination. Additionally,

the relationship between academic procrastination and emotional intelligence was

mediated by self-efficacy.

According to Goroshit and Hen (2018) Academic procrastination is a common

tendency that can have a variety of detrimental effects. Studies on academic

procrastination’s origins and correlations are well studied, but there are few studies on its

solutions. As a starting point for creating an academic procrastination intervention, the

current study examines the association between academic procrastination, participation in

online courses, and achievement. The results showed that procrastination in studying had

a negative correlation with the final exam grade as well as with the three-participation

metrics for the online courses. Two of the online course participation indicators were

favourably connected and positively associated with the final exam grade. Furthermore,

findings showed that measuring procrastination along with online course attendance

metrics predicted almost 50% of the variance in final.

B. Local

In the study of Nartea and Samala (2020) that sought to identify the links between

procrastination among a sample of selected Filipino millennials and the academic

performance of students majoring in office administration in the NCR (National Capital

Region). Additionally, it aimed to determine whether the gained skills and abilities were

applicable to each individual’s line of work. Parenting style and locus of control (LOC)

were taken into consideration. The survey was conducted using a descriptive methodology,

and the number of respondents was determined by random sampling. A total of 366 college

students from the second to fourth years, ranging in age from 16 to 32, were polled using
a survey tool that included the Locus of Control Scale, the Parenting Authority

Questionnaire, and the Procrastination Assessment Scale for Students.

Mandap (2016) discovered that male students at Bulacan State University (BSU)

are more likely than female students to procrastinate. Students with low perceived

academic self-efficacy procrastinate substantially more than those with strong self-

efficacy. When students were divided into groups based on academic course type and

degree of achievement, there was no significant difference in procrastination ratings.

(Mandap, 2016).

According to Nartea et al (2020) academic procrastination is extremely prevalent

for college students in University of the Philippines. It was projected that 95% of students

engage in procrastination and that upperclassmen that have spent more time in college than

freshmen or sophomores were more likely to procrastinate. It was also found that 46% of

undergraduate college students procrastinate when writing a term paper, 27.6% when

studying for an exam, and 30.1% for weekly assignments. However, some of these students

do want to change their habits, 35% reported that procrastination was a personal problem

and 62% reported that they would like to reduce the habit (Nartea et al., 2020).

According to the study of researcher students in Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng

Maynila (PLM), procrastination is one of the unpleasant traits of the Filipinos. It delays the

student’s productivity, waste a lot of time and will most probably cause hollow or

unsatisfying grades in their academic performances. Based on the study of the La Salle

University SY 2006-2007, 283 students were examined based on their self-efficacy and

academic performances through purposive sampling. The results were revealed that self-

efficacy has a weak but highly significant relationship to academic procrastination.

According to the study of the researcher students of UP Diliman having 217 of the

university students participate, the correlational analyses showed a positive relationship

between procrastination and shame-proneness, but no relationship with guilt-proneness. Its

relationship was fully mediated through the presence of negative emotions.

According to the study of Tiboron et.al (2021) One of the existing behaviours that

any person could have, with or without their knowledge, and became the major problem of

everyone, especially to every student, is procrastination. When a person procrastinates, it

leads to cramming. In addition, students tend to procrastinate due to distractions,

specifically social media, and online games. These are very common and pervasive

nowadays. In this generation, technologies are evolving: we are all surrounded by the

modernization of the world. Several students are much attached to this kind of thing

because, according to them, it gives them pleasure and happiness. The data obtained to the

senior high school respondents from Rizal Memorial Colleges, based on the results, one of

the existing behaviours that any person could have, with or without their knowledge, and

became the major problem of everyone, especially to every student, is procrastination. With

this, the implications to the teachers were to provide motivations towards their students in

order to banish procrastination.

Synthesis

Various study examines the relationship between procrastination and academic

performance. Procrastination is prevalent among students today that become a hindrance

to positive academic achievement (Dobson,2010) It is also a common accuracy among

undergraduate due to its impact on learner’s academic achievement (Xiaorong et.al 2023).
While Mann, (2016) described to varieties of procrastination, behavioural procrastination

which represents the avoidance of task, and decisional procrastination which centers on the

deferment of decisions over an allocated interval. On the other hand, the results say time

management play an important role to improve academic performance, it is advised that in

order to lessen the consequences of the delay, students should be expected to develop their

capacity for time management (Fentaw and Ismail,2021) simply because procrastinating

on academic performance reduces subjective well-being (Suhadiantos,2021). Furthermore,

academic procrastination has a variety of detrimental effects, procrastination in studying

had a negative correlation with the final exam grade (Goroshit and Hen,2018). On the other

hand, Filipino habit called ‘Mamaya’ na habit is a negative attitude that should remove

from our system even though our society consider procrastination as a habit we could still

make a difference (Valerio,2017). Procrastination is a human behaviour delaying task, jobs

and actions for various reason for later time (Olea M. T and Olea A. N, 2021) that may

cause to stress and academic failure (typeset.io). In addition, procrastination is one of the

unpleasant traits of the Filipino, it delays learner’s productivity, waste a lot of time, and

most probably results unsatisfying grades in their academic performance. To sum up,

several studies and literatures showed some similarities to the given topic, and the results

may significantly help the researchers to their own research on procrastination and

academic performance of grade 11 senior high school learners.

 This figure below shows the paradigm of the study.

Academic
Procrastination
Performance

Implication
Conceptual Framework

This study is primarily framed by temporal motivational theory. According to

Steel and Konig (2006), temporal motivational theory (TMT) explains how individuals

perceived and prioritize tasks based on their time horizons and expected rewards. In other

words, people tend to procrastinate when they think the utility of doing task is low. TMT

argues that the perceived usefulness and benefit of an activity increases exponentially as

the deadline for completing nears. Siaputra (2010) stated that avoidance conditioning

occurs when individuals made extraordinary efforts to avoid tasks. This led individual to

delay efforts starting work on the task. In addition, Ferrari et al., (2011) argues that cases

like this will lead to negative feedback which continues to repeat on other tasks in the

future.
 Chapter 3

METHODS OF THE STUDY AND SOURCES OF DATA

This chapter presents the research design and population of the study, data

gathering procedure, tools and instrument, and the statistical treatment for the data

gathered.

Research Design

In this study, the researchers will use the descriptive-correlation method of research.

Bhandari, (2021) noted that this research design investigates relationships between

variables without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of them. The researchers

will describe and determine the procrastination and its relationship to academic

performance of Senior High School Learners. In addition, the researchers will examine the

student's general weighted average (GWA).

Population of the Study

This study will conduct among grade 11 and 12 learners enrolled in Capas Senior

High School, the researchers will select the respondents purposively from grade 11 and 12

learners who procrastinate, 13 students from each section will be given a survey questioner

that will distribute by the researchers to answer the set of questions that can help to fulfil

the study.
Sampling Design

The researchers will be using purposive sampling. Kassiani, (2022) defined this

sampling as judgmental sampling wherein it relies on the researcher’s judgement when

identifying and selecting the individuals, cases, or events that can provide the best

information to achieve the study’s objectives.

Methods of Gathering Data

The researchers will gather data from the senior high school learners of Capas

Senior High School. The researchers will send a letter to the principal and to the assistant

principal to ask permission for conducting a research. After getting the approval, the

researchers will send a letter to the author of the study which they adapt the research

instrument. If they receive the permission, they’re going to start gathering the data. Then

researchers will use a survey questionnaire in collecting the data the questionnaire is

composed of questions that the researchers formed from related research and studies. The

researchers made sure that the set of questions was enough to provide sufficient data

needed in the study Also, these questions were thoroughly checked to make sure their

effectivity and modified to address all the corrections of each question. The researchers

will examine each question and will create a survey, which will be distributed among the

senior high school learners which were randomly chosen and distribute evenly from the

respondents who procrastinate to fulfil this study. In the survey, the researchers will make

sure that the personal information and identity of each respondent will remain confidential

to maintain the accuracy and non-bias of the whole survey. Also, in answering the survey
questionnaire, no incentive was given to the respondents because this can change the way

respondents answer the survey that can affect the truthfulness of the whole study.

Instrument

The researcher will use an adopted survey questionnaire entitled “Academic

Procrastination and Academic Burnout among Learners” created by Logenio et al. (2023)

to collect the respondent’s responses required for the study. The researcher will use two

instruments to measure academic procrastination and academic performance, with the

interval of 0.80, the first is the academic procrastination scale average propensity to save

(APS), and the second is the academic performance general weighted average (GWA).

5 Point Likert Scale Value

Scale Interval Interpretation

5 4.20-5.00 Strongly Agree
4 3.40-4.19 Agree
3 2.60-3.39 Neutral
2 1 80-2.59 Disagree
1 1.00-1.79 Strongly Disagree

The researcher will employ a correlational design to identify the relationship

between academic procrastination and the academic performance of grade 11 learners.

According to Bahandari (2022), a correlational design examines the connections between

two or more variables without the researcher changing or adjusting any of them.

Furthermore, the instrument will contain 25 questions, each of which corresponds to the

given topic. The study was conducted in Bocaue, Bulacan, Philippines. The instrument was

used on August 1, 2023. The instrument was validated by Doc. Jhoselle Tus. In this study,
the respondent will fill out the Likert scale by choosing between 1 (strongly disagree) and

2 (disagree). 3 (neutral), 4 (agree), and 5 (strongly agree).

Name (Optional): _______________ General average: ________

Year and Section (Optional): _____________

Description: Kindly fill up the following and put a check (/) from the following information

which applies to you.

5- Strongly agree 4-Agree 3-Neutral 2-Disagree 1-Strongly agree

PROCRASTINATION 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.
AND ACADEMIC
PERFORMANCE
QUESTIONER

1. I finish most of
my assignments
right prior the
deadlines
because I choose
to do so.
2. I’m often
running late
when getting
things done.
3. I’m often
running late
when getting
things done.
4. I often fail to
accomplish
goals that I set
for myself.
5. To use my time
more efficiently,
I deliberately
 postpone some
tasks
6. If I put things off
until the last
moment, I’m not
satisfied with the
outcomes.

7. I’m upset and

reluctant to act
when I’m forced
to work under
pressure.
8. I’m frustrated
when I have to
rush to meet
deadlines, to use
my time more
efficiently, I
deliberately
postpone some
task.
9. I intentionally
put off work to
maximize my
motivation.
10. In order to make
better use of my
time, I
intentionally put
off some tasks.
11. My performance
tends to suffer
when I have to
race against
deadlines.
12. I don’t do well if
I rush through a
task.
13. I often start
things at the last
minute and find
it difficult to
complete them
on time.
 14. I often start
things at the last
minute and find
it difficult to
complete them
on time.

Statistical Treatment

The data that will be gathered in this study were going to be subjected to following

statistical treatment. First the researchers will use frequency, this is an arrangement of the

data which shows the frequency of different values or groups of variables (Aishwarya,

2017). Frequency will utilize by the researchers to determine the number of respondents

who will check the particular item.

Formula: P= F/N x 100

Where: P is the percentage (%)

f is the frequency

N is the total number of respondents

Weighted Mean
 It summarizes an entire dataset with a single number representing the data’s center

point or typical value (Frost, 2022). The researchers will use this method to get the general

average grade of the learners including the central value of the responses in every statement.

Formula∶ x̄ = ∑xn/n

Where:

X̄ is the sample average of variable x.

∑xn= sum of n values.

N = number of data points

Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient

The data will be analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient (Pearson's R).

Kenton (2022) defined Pearson’s R as a type of correlation coefficient that represents the

relationship between two variables that are measured on the same interval or ratio scale.

By using this method, the researchers will be able to determine whether there is relationship

between Procrastination and Academic Performance. Pearson correlation coefficient (r). It

is the measure of strength of the association between two continuous variables (Kenton,

2022).

Formula: r= 𝑛 (∑ 𝑋 𝑌) − ( ∑ 𝑋 ∑ 𝑌)
√(𝑛∑𝑋2 − (∑𝑋)2) ⋅ (𝑛∑𝑌2 − (∑𝑌)2)

Where: N = number of respondents

× = first variable
Y = second variable