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CHAPTER 1  Copernicus's sun-centered theory was

rejected due to religious views
LESSON 2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT  Tycho Brahe built on Copernicus's
foundations, producing accurate data
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY  Johannes Kepler continued Brahe's work
after his death in 1601.
Understanding the Evolution of Science and
 Galileo Galilei built on Copernicus's
Technology
theories, building his own telescope and
 The concept of an antecedent refers to the studying the heavens.
beginnings of existing things.  Galileo published Starry Messenger,
 Technology is a human activity aimed at describing his observations.
producing technics to expand practical  His findings frightened Catholic and
possibilities. Protestant leaders, leading to his confession
 Science is a human activity aimed at in 1633.
producing theory-related knowledge of  Galileo was never free, lived under house
natural phenomena to enhance arrest, and died in 1642.
understanding of nature.
 The scientific method is descripted as Scientific Method Development
empirical, replicable, provisional, objective,
and systematic.  Galileo's correctness officially
 Two categories of science exist: operation acknowledged by the Catholic Church in
(experimental) science and origins 1992.
(historical) science.  The scientific method, a new approach to
 Operation science tests the predictive science, developed from Copernicus,
power of hypothesis, if successful, it may Kepler, and Galileo's revolution.
become accepted as scientific theory.  Francis Bacon and René Descartes, key
 Origins science uses reliable eyewitness thinkers of the 1600s, advanced the
testimony and observable evidence to scientific method.
determine past, unobservable,  Bacon believed in practical knowledge
unrepeatable events. generation through better understanding of
 Scholars often based their decisions on the world.
ancient texts or the Bible before 1500.  Descartes developed analytical geometry,
 The Medieval View, or geocentric theory, linking algebra and geometry for scientific
was a belief prevalent in the Middle Ages, research.
originating from Aristotle and expanded by  Modern scientific methods are based on
Ptolemy. Bacon and Descartes' ideas
 Newton's 1687 work, The Mathematical
A New Way of Thinking Principles of Natural Philosophy, described
the universe as a giant clock, with God as
 Scholars in the mid-1500s challenged the creator.
ancient beliefs and initiated the Scientific  The first microscope was invented by a
Revolution. Dutch maker of eyeglasses, Zacharias
 Heliocentrism replaced the sun-centered Janssen (YAHN•suhn), in 1590.
model, introducing the Earth and planets'  1643, one of Galileo’s students, Evangelista
revolving around the Sun Torricelli developed the first mercury
barometer, a tool for measuring
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atmospheric pressure and predicting  Development of the first cuneiform writing
weather. system.
 In 1714, the German physicist Gabriel  City of Uruk, considered the first true city.
Fahrenheit (FAR•uhn•HYT) made the first  Great Ziggurat of Ur, also known as the
thermometer to use mercury in glass mountain of god.
 A Swedish astronomer, Anders Celsius  Creation of dikes and irrigation canals for
(SEHL•see•uhs), created another scale for
water supply and river control.
the mercury thermometer in [Link]’
 Invention of sailboats to meet increasing
scale showed freezing at 0°.
 British physician Edward Jenner introduced demands.
a smallpox vaccine in the late 1700s.  Invention of the wheel for farm work and
 Flemish physician Andreas Vesalius food processes.
dissected human corpses and published  Plow, another farm technology invented by
detailed drawings of human organs, bones, Mesopotamians.
and muscle in his book, O/? the Structure of  Development of the first roads for faster
the Human Body (1543). and easier travel.

Early Developments in Simple Machines BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

 Babylonian civilization emerged near the
 Greek philosopher Archimedes
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. One of their
discovered the principle of mechanical
advantage in levers, demonstrating no major contributions is the hanging gardens
limit to force amplification. of Babylon, one of the seven wonders of the
 Italian scientist Galileo Galilei developed ancient world.
the complete dynamic theory of simple  According to legends, the great Babylonian
machines in 1600 in his work, Le King Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens for
Meccaniche (On Mechanics). his wife, Queen Amytis.
ANCIENT TIMES  no physical evidence has been found to
 Communication was also essential in prove the existence of the Hanging Gardens
their endeavors to discover and occupy of Babylon. Its exact location is also
new places. unknown
 Record- keeping was also important since
they needed to remember the places EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
they had been to and document the
 One of the earlier contributions of
trades they made with each other.
 Weapons and armors were important as Egyptian civilization was the paper or
well in the discovery of new places or the papyrus.
establishment of new alliances with  Papyrus was a plant that grew
other tribes. abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt.
 Egyptians invented ink by combining
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION soot with different chemicals to produce
inks of different colors.
 High cooperation and desire for great
things.
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 Egyptians also developed a system of inventor created a machine that was able to
writing using symbols, known as shred tea leaves into strips.
 Once considered the only man-made
hieroglyphics
structure that could be seen from outer
 The Egyptians also invented the use of
space, the Great Wall of China is said to be
cosmetics. the largest and most extensive
 Another cosmetic invention of ancient infrastructure that the nation built.
Egyptians is the wig. The wigs were used  The gunpowder is one of the most
to protect the shaved heads of the interesting inventions in China.
wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays  MEDIEVAL MIDDLE AGES
 After the Chinese developed woodblock
of the sun.
printing, Johann Gutenberg was able to
 Another important ancient Egyptian invent the printing press, a more reliable
contribution is the water clock. This way of printing using a cast type.
device utilizes gravity that affects the  Another invention in the Middle Ages is the
flow of water from one vessel to the microscope
other  The invention of the telescope, an optical
instrument that helps in the observation of
GREEK CIVILIZATION remote objects, was a great help for
navigators during this time.
 Created war weapons.
 Invention of the alarm clock, a widely used
gadget. MODERN TIMES
 Significant contribution of watermills in
agricultural processes.  Louis Pasteur, a French biologist,
 Major contribution of the Romans was the microbiologist, and chemist invented
newspaper, first known as gazettes. pasteurization, the process of heating dairy
 Julius Caesar initiated the tradition of products to kill the harmful bacteria that
stacking papyrus to form books, enabling allow them to spoil faster. Through this
the production of the first books or codex. process, milk could be stored and
 Roman architecture, a continuation of Greek consumed for a longer period
architecture, was a significant visual  Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene
contribution. by refining petroleum. Kerosene was later
 Romans developed their own number on referred to as the “illuminating oiI
system, Roman Numerals, to meet because it was used at first to provide
communication and trade concerns. lighting to homes.
 the development of the telephone by
CHINESE CIVILIZATION
Alexander Graham Bell was one of the most
 The Chinese civilization is considered to be important inventions at that time.
the oldest civilization in Asia, if not the  Modern calculator
world. Also known as the middle kingdom,
China is located on the far east of Asia.
 One of the things that connected Far East
China to the world is silk.
 It was believed that the first tea was drunk
by a Chinese emperor. Tea production was
developed when an unknown Chinese
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Altogether, these historical breakthroughs were Controllers (PLCs) and Robots helped give
so divided to constitute the four global industrial rise to an era of high-level automation

 Industry 4.0

Industry 4.0, often referred to as the fourth

Industrial Revolution, is a current
phenomenon. Originated in the third
millennium with the Internet, marking a
transition from the first industrial revolution
revolutions as follows. to virtual reality. EU-funded projects like the
RESTART project aim to transform VET
 FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
systems and meet the need for digital skills.
1765
The first industrial revolution followed the NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF TECHNOLOGY
proto-industrialization period. It started at
 Social media is a distraction that puts
the end of 10th the 18 century to the
children in a solitary mode, distancing
beginning of the 19 The biggest changes
came in the industries in the form of them from others. As a result, they don’t
mechanization. Mechanization was the develop the necessary social skills
reason why agriculture started to be needed for healthy interactions with
replaced by the industry as the backbone of others.
the societal economy.  Development of missiles and nuclear
weapons.
 The second Industrial Revolution  the food processing and agricultural
1870 industry are racing for discoveries to
feed the fast-growing population in the
It started at the end of the 19” century, with
face of a depleted environment.
massive technological advancements in the
field of industries that helped the
emergence of a new source of energy.
Electricity, gas, and oil. Finally, the
inventions of the automobile, and the plane
LESSON 3: Intellectual Revolution and
in the beginning of the 20th century are the Society
reasons why, to this day, the Second
Industrial Revolution is considered the most Magellan’s Voyage Around the World
important one.
 His expedition was to discover a Western
 The Third Industrial Revolution 1969 Sea Route from Spain to Spice Islands in
Indonesia.
We see the emergence of yet another
source of untapped, at the time, energy.  There are 5 ships with 270 men aboard but
Nuclear energy . The third revolution only 1 ship returned to Spain with only 18
brought forth the rise of electronics, survivors.
telecommunications and of course  His expedition proved that the world is
computers. Through the new technologies, round.
the third industrial revolution oped the doors
to space expeditions, research, and
Intellectual Revolution
biotechnology. In the world of the industries,  Describe by Katherine Jeanne Hintay (2018)
two major inventions, Programmable Logic  The period where paradigm shifts occurred.
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 Scientific beliefs were challenged and  Charles Darwin's 1859 book, On the Origin
opposed. of Species, introduced the theory of
evolution.
The 3 Intellectual Revolutions
 Darwin's theory posits that populations
 COPERNICIAN REVOLUTION undergo natural selection, with only the
 DARWINIAN REVOLUTION fittest survive.
 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION  Organisms adapt to their environment and
evolve into more competitive organisms.
COPERNICIAN REVOLUTION  The theory was controversial due to its
 Early humans sought to understand contradiction with the church's teachings of
heavenly bodies like stars, moons, and a powerful creator.
planets.  The theory divided the population, with
The invention of the telescope sparked some believing it explained life's origin,
curiosity about outer space. while others refuted it.
 Many agreed that planets moved in circular  The debate between science and religion
motion, creating days and nights. sparked, but eventually, it was understood
 Claudius Ptolemy, a renowned philosopher, that Darwin's theory could coexist with the
proposed that planets, sun, and moon church's teachings.
moved in a circular motion around Earth.

GEOCENTRIC MODEL HELIOCENTRIC MODEL

Earth is the center of Sun is the center of the
the universe and the solar system and
planets, sun, and the planets revolve around
moon move in circular it.
motion around it. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
 Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis theory
 In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus changed perceptions of psychology.
introduced heliocentrism, challenging the  Psychoanalysis explains human behavior
Ptolemaic model. through conscious and unconscious factors.
 He proposed that the center of the Solar  Freud posits personality as a product of id,
System was the sun, not Earth. ego, and superego.
 Initially, this idea was rejected due to  Despite criticisms, Freud refining his theory
religious beliefs, leading to persecution. and proving it can treat mental disorders.
 Other works supporting this model • His theory eventually led to classification
emerged, marking the birth of modern of psychology as a science.
astronomy.
 This period marked the start of the Albert Einstein
scientific revolution, transforming societal A renowned genius and one of the world's greatest
thoughts and beliefs. thinkers, is most known for his pioneering theories
in physics, which include relativity, space, time,
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION matter, and energy.
7 of Albert Einstein's Inventions that Changed
the World
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1. Quantum Theory of Light  The first example of this state was produced
in 1995.
 Einstein proposed that all light is composed  A Bose-Einstein condensate is a group of
of packets of tiny energy called photons. atoms cooled close to absolute zero,
 Photons were particles with wave-like forming a single atom.
properties, a new concept at the time.
 He detailed the emission of electrons from 5. General Theory of Relativity by Einstein
metals during large electric pulses,
expanding on the photoelectric effect.  Published in 1916, generalizes Special
Relativity and Newton's Law of Universal
2. Special Theory of Relativity Gravitation.
 Defines gravity as a property of space and
 Einstein noticed inconsistencies in time.
Newtonian mechanics and Maxwell's  Helps understand the large-scale structure
equations in electromagnetism. of the universe.
 In 1905, he proposed a new understanding  Explains gravity between two objects as a
of the mechanics of objects approaching the tugging of two bodies.
speed of light, known as Einstein's Special  Determines constant laws of physics for all
Theory of Relativity.
non-accelerating observers.
 The theory posits that light always travels at
 Finds space and time interwoven, leading to
a constant 300,000 km/s, affecting our
understanding of space and time. the theory of massive objects distorting
 Einstein realized that space contracts and spacetime.
time dilates as objects move, implying that  Helps modern physicists’ study black holes
motion through space can also be thought of and gravitational lensing.
as motion through time.
 The theory emphasized the relative concepts 6. Photoelectric Effect Theory
of space and time in relation to the speed of
light.  Discusses electron emissions from
3. Avogadro's Number in Chemistry metal when light shines.
 Unable to reconcile findings with
 Einstein used Avogadro's number to explain Maxwell's wave theory.
Brownian motion.
 He determined a measurable expression for
Avogadro's number.
 This enabled scientists to determine atom
mass or molar mass for each element on the
periodic table.  Discovery of photons aids
understanding.
4. Bose-Einstein Condensate  Theorized photoelectrons as light
hits an object.
 Einstein and Satyendra Nath Bose proposed  Forms basis of solar cells.
a gas-like state of light in 1924.  Light causes atoms to release
 Einstein and Bose extended this concept to electrons, generating current and
atoms, predicting the Bose-Einstein creating electricity.
Condensate.
7. Wave-Particle Duality
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 Richard Dawkins' book "The God Delusion"
 Einstein's research into the development of presents a comprehensive exposition of
the quantum theory was some of the most atheistic worldview, particularly naturalism.
impactful he ever accomplished.  In "The Big Picture," physicist Sean Carroll
 Suggested that light be understood as both a posits naturalism, viewing humans as
wave and a particle, a concep reality, impersonal blobs of mud, lacking
because neither aspect adequately explained transcendent meaning.
light phenomena.  Christian theism, Lennox's worldview, which
It's known as wave-particle duality. asserts the existence of an intelligent God
 His contributions advanced modern quantum who created, ordered, and sustains the
physics, the model of physical time, light universe.
comprehension, solar panels, and modern
chemistry.
 His work presented a fresh challenge for Historical Context
understanding. Lennox, a mathematician and scientist, shared his
belief in God during a lecture in Novosibirsk,
Siberia.
Can you be a Scientist and Believe in God?
 He highlighted the belief in God among
John C. Lennox pioneers of modern science like Galileo,
responds to common misunderstandings about Kepler, Pascal, Boyle, Newton, Faraday, and
Science and Christianity in an excerpt from his new Clerk-Maxwell.
book, "Can Science Explain Everything?"  Lennox emphasized the link between
biblical worldview and modern science's
Common View Point on Religion rise, citing historians like Edwin Judge and
Peter Harrison.
 Influential figures like Stephen Weinberg  He viewed being a scientist and a Christian
view religion as a hindrance to progress. as a privilege.
 Lennox's experience at Cambridge CONVICTIONS OF THE GREATEST SCIENTISTS
University reinforced his belief in science
and Christianity. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
 Encourages thoughtful engagement on  Discovered the laws of planetary motion.
religious topics.  Wrote: The chief aim of all investigations of
the external world should be to discover the
The Dark Side Academia rational order which has been imposed on it
by God and which he revealed to us in the
 Lennox discusses the "dark side" of language of mathematics.
academia where scientists believe science  Conviction: "I believe only and alone in the
and belief in God are incompatible. service of Jesus Christ. In him is all refuge
 Argues against this perspective, citing Nobel and solace. "
Prize winners like Peter Higgs and William
Phillips' contrasting beliefs. Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
 Stresses conflict lies in worldviews, not  A renowned experimental scientist with
scientific achievements. deep Christian convictions.
 On his deathbed, a friend asked Faraday
Atheism: Lack of belief in God about his speculations regarding life and
existence.
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 Faraday's response reflected his profound considered a National Cultural Treasure in
faith and certainty, akin to the apostle Paul's the country.
conviction.
"Igorot Tribe: Unity and Cohesion"
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
 Galileo was a believer in God and the Bible.  The Ifugao tribe, known as rice cultivators,
 Despite popular belief, he received support is part of the larger Igorot group.
from religious individuals, including  Constructed during pre-colonial times,
astronomers from Collegio Romano. showcasing unity.
 His empirical evidence challenged  Igorots were never conquered by Spain for
Aristotelian cosmology, undermining over 300 years.
 Mario Alvaro Limos recently shared an
worldview.
account of their feat.
 His lack of diplomatic skills and
controversial writings fueled opposition.
Igorots during Spain’s Colonization
 The Galileo affair highlights the interplay
between science, religion, and politics.  Spain viewed Igorots as savages and
criminals.
 Igorots were relegated as traitors in the
Philippine-American War.
LESSON 4: Science and Technology  Januario Galut led Americans around Tirad
and Nation-Building Pass, routing Gregorio Del Pilar's forces.
 Galut was unaware of the war and aided
foreigners.
Philippine science and technology thrived despite
 Igorot Revolution of 1601 is often
material resource scarcity, exemplified by Dr. Fe overlooked in history books.
del Mundo's invention of the first medical
incubator using blankets and hot-water bottles. The Igorot Revolt in 1601

Misconceptions about Ifugao and Banaue Rice  In the late 1590s, Spain had begun to
Terraces conquer the lowlands of Northern Luzon.
 Misconception: Ifugao and Banaue Rice  Spain successfully conquered the lowlands
Terraces are the same. of Northern Luzon, co-opting the datus to
 Over 48 rice terrace clusters exist, but only resettle their barangays.
five are included in UNESCO's World  The Igorots, a mountain people, were
Heritage Sites list: Batad, Bangaan, unsuccessful in integrating into the Spanish
Mayoyao, Hungudan, and Nagadacan. settlement.
In 1601, Spain launched a crusade to
Banaue Rice Terraces Christianize the Igorots and control the
gold-rich Cordilleras mountains.
 Despite being a popular tourist spot, it is  Friar Esteban Marin led the crusade, but his
not part of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites. attempts were unsuccessful due to the
 Not included due to presence of modern Igorots' territorial nature.
structures.  After Marin's death, a larger crusade led by
 Nonetheless, the Banaue Rice Terraces Lieutenant Aranda was sent to capture and
alongside several rice terrace clusters are convert the Igorots into slaves.
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Spanish-Igorot War: A Humbling Victory  Utilized herbal medicine for illness
 3,000 Igorot warriors decimated Spanish and treatment.
Indio forces.  Used writing, numerical measurement, and
 Spaniards ignored 350-year Igorot resistance calendar systems for trading.
for independence.  First livelihoods developed were farming,
 Igorots considered bandits or savages, fishing, mining, and weaving.
uneducated.  Techniques developed for livelihoods
resulted in architectural designs like the
Igorot Military Tactics Banaue Rice Terraces of Ifugao.

 Igorots were skilled warriors, known as Spanish Colonial Period

'pugot-ulo' (headhunters).
 Their arsenal included bamboo lances,  Science and technology developed through
wooden shields, and stakes planted in formal education institutions and scientific
grassy trails. organizations.
 They set up defensive blockades of trees  Schools were mandated to teach religion,
and branches in mountain passes, using mathematics, reading and writing, music
boulders and tree trunks to kill enemies. and arts, health and sanitation, medicine
 Igorots kept their stronghold locations and biology.
secret, with only one Igorot knowing their  Engineering was introduced to construct
villages. buildings, churches, bridges, roads, and
 They would kill anyone suspected of forts.
providing information to lowlanders or  Rapid development of scientific principles
foreigners. influenced by Western culture was
 One impressive military tactic was the shortchanged during the Spanish colonial
feigned retreat, where Igorots pretend to period.
retreat and surrender as their enemies
chase. American Arrival
 Once they lower their weapons, they would
ambush the enemy.  Institutions for science and technology were
reorganized.
Igorots were unconquered for 300 years
 Bureau of Government Laboratories was
established to study tropical diseases and
 Spain failed to bring Igorots into its fold.
research projects.
 Philippine government recognized Igorots'
 National Research Council of the Philippines
autonomy and formed Cordillera
was established in 1933.
Administrative Region.
 Developments focused on agriculture,
 Igorots comprise various ethnic groups:
medicine and pharmacy, food processing,
Ifugaos, Bontocs, Ibalois, Isneg, Kalingas,
and forestry.
Kankanaeys.

Science and Technology in the Philippines:

Science and Technology in the Philippines:
After Independence to Present
Pre-Colonial and Spanish Colonial Eras
President Ferdinand Marcos
Pre-Colonial Period
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Emphasized science and technology in  The National Program for Gifted Filipino
national development Children in Science and Technology was
created for high school students.
 The Department of Education and Culture  Several laws and statutes related to the
was mandated to promote science courses science and technology sector were
in public high schools mandated during Ramos' term.
 The Philippine Science Community was
proclaimed in 1968. President Joseph Estrada
 Various agencies and organizations were Signed and mandated the Philippine Clean
established, including the ff: Air Act of 1999 and Electronic Commerce Act of
1. Philippines Textile Research 2000.
Institute,
2. Philippine Atomic Energy President Gloria Marapagal-Arroyo
Commission, The science and technology sector were developed
3. National Grains Authority, to strengthen education and address poverty.
4. Philippine Council for Agricultural
Research,
5. Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical  The term 'Filipinization' was coined to refer
and Astronomical Services to the Philippines as an innovative hub in
Administration (PAGASA) Asia.
6. Philippine National Oil Company,  The RA 9367: Biofuels Act was promulgated
7. Plant Breeding Institute, to utilize indigenous materials as energy
8. Intemational Rice Research Institute, sources.
9. Bureau of Plant Industry,  The Agriculture and Fisheries
10. Bureau of Forest Products, and the Mechanization (AFMech) Law was passed to
National Committee on Geological modernize agricultural and fisheries
Science. machinery and equipment.

President Corazon Aquino President Benigno Aquino

In 2014, he appointed new National scientists.
 In 1986, the National Science and
Technology Administration (NSTA) was President Rodrigo Duterte
renamed the Department of Science and The science and technology sector is a priority
Technology (DOST) to represent the science based on the budget for R&D.
and technology sector in the cabinet.
 The DOST's Science and Technology Master  The Philippine Space and Technology
Plan aimed to update the production Program was launched in 2018 and is
sector, improve research activities, and focusing on agriculture and disaster
develop infrastructures for the sector. preparedness.

President Fidel Ramos TOP 10 FILIPINO INVENTIONS

The Philippines had approximately 3,000
competent scientists and engineers. 1. FLUORESCENT LIGHT TUBE – Agapito
Flores
 The 'Doctors of the Barrio' Program made
healthcare accessible in remote areas.
2. INCUBATOR – Fe Del Mundo
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3. KARAOKE SYSTEM – Roberto del  Specializes in geoinformatics and remote
Rosario sensing.
 Developing an archive and database for
4. LUNAR ROVER – Eduardo San Juan
images from Diwata-l and future Diwata-2.
5. VIDEOPHONE – Gregorio Y. Zara  System ensures data accessibility for
6. ERYTHROMYCIN – Abelardo Aguilar mapping, environmental monitoring, and
7. ALCO-DIESEL – Rudy Lantano Sr. land feature detection.
8. FEMININE HYGIENE – Dr. Vergilio  Initially enrolled in Computer Engineering at
Malang UP, he found Geodetic Engineering
enjoyable.
9. SINGLE CHIP-GRAPHICAL USER
INTERFACE ACCELERATOR – Andreia Carrillo
Diosdado Banatao
[Link] INK – Francisco Quisumbing  Astrophysicist from Bulacan, currently
based in Austin, Texas.
 Currently pursuing a doctorate at the
University of Texas.
 Published paper on dwarf galaxy
characterization 15 million light years away.
 Highlights importance of curiosity,
questioning, and action towards answers.

Kamela Ng

 A Molecular epidemiologist splits time

between Antwerp Institute and Amsterdam
University.
 Focuses on early detection of drug-
6 FILIPINO SCIENTISTS WHO ARE resistant-TB transmission.
CHANGING THE WORLD  Aims to implement a nationwide drug-
resistant surveillance tool in the Philippines.
Irene Crisologo  Concerns raised about rising multidrug
resistant-TB cases.
 A Radar Meteorologist Based in Potsdam,
Germany.
 Working on open-source weather radar Migs Canilao
data processing methods.
 Aims for operational use in weather  An anthropologist and archaeologist at the
monitoring and forecasting. University of Illinois, Canilao uses high-
 Believes in the importance of science in resolution satellite imagery to track ancient
nation-building. gold trading trails and settlements.
 Calls science "the enemy of short-term  The study focuses on the
band-aid solutions." interconnectedness and organization of
settlements in Luzon gold trade.
Julius Sempio
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 His research reveals potential trade routes
to parts of the Indian subcontinent and • In 1893, he emphasized the importance of
early East Asian states. education as a tool for change, stating that
 He emphasizes the role of applied intelligence and heart are key to surviving life.
anthropology in integrating postcolonial
and indigenous voices in development • Rizal's departure from UST to Madrid Central
planning and execution. University aligned with Fr. Jose Burgos' ideas,
advocating for Filipinos to study abroad for reform.

Sarah Oliva • Rizal's essay, "The Indolence of the Filipinos,"

critiqued the brutal, depressing, and anti-human
 A geophysicist from Naga, has a background education under the Spanish regime.
in physics and material science.
 She has a childhood interest in geology,
influenced by her father's geology CHAPTER 2
background.
 Oliva's interest in geology led her to switch LESSON 1: Human Flourishing
tracks in graduate school, despite not
having taken any geology classes. Science, Technology, and Human Flourishing
 She is currently working with datasets from
East Africa to understand rifting and inform  Aristotle's concept of Eudaimonia, or "good
hazards assessment. spirited" happiness, is often translated into
 Oliva compares her research to x-ray "human flourishing."
imaging Earth's layers, using seismic waves  Flourishing is the highest good of human
instead of x-rays. endeavors and the goal of all actions.
 Each civilization has its unique focus for
Rizal's Concept of Education flourishing.
 Western civilizations focus on individuals,
valuing their values over state superiority.
 East civilizations prioritize community,
emphasizing individual sacrifice for societal
benefit.
 Every discovery, innovation, and success
contribute to human knowledge.
 Science and technology's end goals are
related, with the good being inherently
related to the truth.

Science and Results

 Science is not the only discipline that can

• Rizal viewed education as a cure for Colonial produce results
Philippines' problems, advocating for a liberal  Religion, luck, and human randomness are
education free from political and religious control. also contemporaries.
 Communities without access to science can
still use divination and superstition.
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 Science is not foolproof, not always correct.  Karl Popper is the known proponent of this
view.
Science as Education in the Philippines  Asserts that as long as an ideology is not proven
to be false and can best explain a phenomenon
 High schools in the Philippines offer over alternative theories, we should accept the
rigorous science and mathematics training said ideology.
 Students are expected to excel in the field  Allowed emergence of theories otherwise
for high-paying jobs and a lucrative career. rejected by verification theory
 Eudaimonia emphasizes the importance of  Encourages research in order to determine
excelling in various dimensions for which among the theories can stand the test of
flourishing.
falsification

Science as a Social Endeavor

LESSON 2: Technology As a Way of
 A new school of thought explores the social
dimension of science and technology.
Revealing Human Flourishing
 This perspective benefits society, reducing
Comparing Past and Present Changes in Society
sciences to mere scientists at labs.
 Societal changes due to science and
The Scientific Method: technology have impacted culture,
1 Observe language, rights, and lifestyles.
 The term "generation gap" refers to the
2 Determine the problem
difficulty of using complex, complicated
3 formulate hypothesis; reject the null technologies.
hypothesis  Challenges exist in making technological
advancements more accessible and less
4 Conduct experiment confusing for older generations.
5 Gather and analyze results
The Human Conditions before Common Era and
6 Formulate conclusion and provide During Common Era
recommendation
Before-Common Era Conditions:
Verification Theory  Homo erectus used fire for cooking without
understanding friction and heat laws.
 The earliest criterion that distinguishes
 Stone and flint tools marked the Stone Age,
philosophy and science
coinciding with Homo sapiens.
 The idea proposes that a discipline is
 Discovery of minerals and metalwork
science if it can be confirmed or interpreted began.
in the event of an alternative hypothesis  Fur clothing and animal skin were used for
being accepted. comfort.
 Several budding theories that lack empirical  People crafted and hewed figures in honor
results might be shot down of deities.

Falsification Theory Common Era Conditions:

 STS REVIEWER
 Humans quickly found ways to eliminate
megafaunas for hunting.
 Human activity began to include hunting,
farming, and producing for profit.
 Skill use and compensation led to the
formation of specialized artisans.
 Physical strength was valued, but
intellectually gifted individuals were equally
valued.

The Essence of Technology

 Modern humans rely heavily on technology

for a good life, reducing productivity to
lifetime productivity.
 Over-reliance on technology leads to a loss
of focus on important aspects, reducing
surroundings to economic value.
 Martin Heidegger argues that technology's
essence and being are distinct.
 Technology can be seen as a means to
achieve human ends or as human activity.
 Each period of technology reveals a unique
character about human being.

Backtracking Human Conditions

 Technology's initial promises proved true,

aiding in life extension and industrial
efficiency.
 Despite advancements, survival struggles
persist in some regions due to diseases,
tribe wars, and resource competition.
 Many still subscribe to religion for
explanations, while others revere science.
 Technology fails to aid in the pursuit of life's
meaning, hindering the pursuit of life's
purpose.
 Rapid technological advancements
overwhelm morality, neglecting the pursuit
of a good life.