Reviewer for 1st Quarter Exam in OralComm

What is Communication?
● Latin word: Communicare - to share
● It is the process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express
ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc. to someone else.

What is Oral Communication?

● Also known as FACE-TO-FACE COMMUNICATION
● It is the process of sound representation
● It involves speaking and listening

What is Listening?
- The act of pouring an individual’s attention to hearing something.

What is Hearing?
- The sensation of sound passing through the ears.

What are the five (5) Macro Skills?

1. Listening - It is the ability to accurately comprehend or understand what
you hear.
2. Speaking - It is the ability to voice out your ideas using words.
3. Reading - It is the ability to decode symbols from written texts.
4. Writing - It is the ability to use symbols to create a message.
5. Viewing - It is the combination of all the other macro skills.
Note: LISTENING AND SPEAKING ARE USED SIMULTANEOUSLY

What are the two (2) Types of Communication?

1. Verbal Communication
- transmitted verbally
- Refers to the form of communication in which a message is
transmitted verbally; communication is done by word of mouth.
2. Non-Verbal Communication
- transmitted using gestures, body language, posture or facial
expressions.
- is the sending or receiving of wordless messages. We can say that
communication other than oral and written communication such as
gestures, body language, posture, or facial expression is called
nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication is all about the
body language of the speaker.
What is a process?
A process is a series of steps that you do in order to achieve something.

PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION

STAGE 1 The sender must have an idea.

(Stimulus)

STAGE 2 The brain receives the idea and

eventually the brain identifies and
evaluates the idea which may trigger
the person to react.

STAGE 3 The ideas and thoughts are

encoded into language, symbols, or
words known and understood by
both speaker and listener.

STAGE 4 The speaker is now ready to

externalize his thoughts to the
listener.

STAGE 5 The sender must transmit the

message in a logically arranged
sequence/s. In short, the message
must make sense to the receiver.

STAGE 6 The message is brought by the

sound waves and movements of the
speaker are seen by the listener.

Elements of Communication
1. Sender - the individual who initiates the communication
2. Receiver - they decipher the message sent to them
3. Message - also known as the content and the most vital element in
communication. ideas, concepts, feelings, and emotions are relayed to
other people.
4. Channel - the medium in which communication is transmitted from one
person to the receiver.
5. Feedback - is the response given by the receiver to the source. They
may come as simple gestures.
6. Noise - the disturbing factor that usually causes misunderstandings.
(2 types of noise)
•Psychological noise - said to be all in the mind
 •Physical noise - objects or people around you (surroundings)
7. Setting - venue of the communication. Ambiance of the communication.

Models of Communication - were made to simplify the process of

communication

Aristotle’s Model - this model is composed of only three (3) elements in which
the sender is the most vital element.

SENDER - MESSAGE - RECEIVER

(sender controls the (content)
whole communication)

Wendel Johnson’s Model - this model explains how the brain works to process
information
1. Firstly, the sender must have an idea (Event or source stimulation,
external to the sensory organs of the speaker)
2. The idea must be sensory-related (Sensory stimulation)
3. The idea becomes a neurophysiological state or the pre-verbal form
(Pre-verbal neurophysiological state)
4. The pre-verbal form transforms into symbolic form (Transformation of
pre-verbal into symbolic forms)
5. The verbal formulation and final draft in which the brain understands the
message (Verbal formulations in final draft for overt expression)

Berlo’s Model - contains the SMCR

● SENDER/SOURCE
● MESSAGE
● CHANNEL
● RECEIVER
NOTE:
➔ The Sender and Receiver are the most important elements in this
model.
➔ Both the Sender and Receiver need to have the same
background in order for them to understand each other.
Types of Non-verbal Communication
1. Body Movements - also known as Body Kinetics.
● Emblems - body movements that have direct translation into words
● Illustrators - used to emphasize or reinforce words
● Regulators - signs that show control of the back and forth natures of
speaking and listening. They are also body movements that control,
sustain, and stop the flow of conversation.
● Display of feelings - a person’s face and body movements may convey
how intense his/her emotion is
● Adaptors - non-verbal ways used in adapting to the communication
situation. These are implied meanings that the speaker would like to
mean. Stationary

2. Paralanguage - refers to the ways of saying something

● Rate - speed of talking
● Pitch - highness or lowness of tone
● Volume - loudness
● Quality - pleasing or unpleasing sound

3. Body Type - Wells and Suigel found out the following in their
researches:
A. Ectomorphs (thin people) - ambitious, younger, more suspicious of
others, more tense, and nervous, more inclined to be more difficult, and
more pessimistic, and quieter
B. Endomorphs (fat people) - more fashionable, lazier, weaker, more
talkative, older, more warm-hearted, and sympathetic, more
good-natured, agreeable, more dependent on others
C. Mesomorphs (athletic people) - stronger, more adventurous, more
matured, more reliant, younger and taller

4. Attractiveness - Attractive people can get more positive responses than

those who are perceived as not attractive.
● Researchers found that attractive women get more dates, receive
higher grades in college, persuade males easier, and receive lighter
court decisions.

5. Body Adornment - it involves forms of clothing, make-up, jewelry, and

hairstyle.
● Women first notice the clothes, the eyes, and then the body built
● Men first notice the body built, face, then the clothes
 6. Space and Distance - the way a person uses the space around him as
well as the distance where he stands
➔ Proxemics - study of space and distance
A. Intimate Distance - direct contact or no more than 18 inches apart
B. Personal Distance - 18 inches to 4 feet away from each other
C. Social Distance - talking to people unknown to the speaker, speaker
must keep a distance of 4-12 feet
D. Public Distance - 12 feet apart, typically used in public speaking
7. Touch - the more intense the relationship, the more frequent and more
intimate the touch
● Friendly - done on purpose by someone you trust
● Loving - done on purpose by someone you love or someone that loves
you
● Fix It - done on purpose, might hurt, but has good intentions
● Accidental - not done on purpose, could shock or hurt you
● Space Invader - may or may not be on purpose, could shock or hurt you
● Hurtful - done on purpose, hurts your body
● Problem - done on purpose, makes you confused and mad
8. Time - there are two types of people:
A. Punctual
B. Late

Barriers of Effective Communication

➢ Stress and out-of-control emotions
➢ Lack of focus
➢ Inconsistent body language
➢ Negative body language

GUIDES TO IMPROVE A PERSON’S COMMUNICATION SKILLS

A. Be an attentive listener
1. Closely observe the speaker
2. Make sure your ears are in good condition
3. Minimize distractions and redirect the conversation to all concerns
4. Exhibit gestures to imply interest to what is heard
5. Don’t be judgemental
6. Always consider feedback
7. Hear the emotion behind the word by exercising your ear muscles

B. Observe non-verbal communication

 ➔ Be aware of individual differences
Take age, culture, religion, gender, religion, and emotional state into
account when reading body language.
➔ Look at non-verbal signals as a group
Consider all non-verbal signals you receive, from eye contact to tone of
voice to body language.
C. Be stress free during communication
How to stay calm despite pressure?
1. Compose oneself before speaking
2. Organize one’s thoughts
3. Share ideas one by one
4. Speak clearly
5. Summarize ideas

Stress Relievers for Successful Communication

When things start to get heated, you need something quick and
immediate to bring down the emotional intensity

How to deal with stress during communication?

➢ Be sure that you are stressed
➢ Pause to relax
➢ Be sensible to your ideas
➢ Insert humor if possible
➢ Be willing to compromise
➢ Agree to disagree

Be assertive
● Expressing your thoughts, feelings, and needs in an open and honest
way, while standing up for yourself and respecting others
● Makes clear communication and can boost self-esteem and
decision-making

How to attain self-confidence?

➢ Respect one’s opinion
➢ Know your goals and ambitions
➢ Be a positive thinker
➢ Receive feedback positively
➢ Accept negative ideas

Developing Confident Communication Strategies

 ➔ Empathy
➔ Escalating assertion
➔ Practice assertiveness

Intercultural Communication Cross Cultural Communication

People of different cultural How individuals see and perceive

backgrounds interact on social the world they live in
attributes

Situations when people from different How people understand their culture
cultural backgrounds interact on
social attributes, thought patterns,
significant customs, and languages.

Has engagement No engagement

BARRIERS
1. Message transmission - same concept as Berlo’s model, same
background = successful communication
2. Attribution - a person blames the other for not understanding the
message
3. Adaptation - trying to adapt to another culture

PRINCIPLES APPLIED IN INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

1. To focus on effective/relevant social outputs
2. To accommodate or adapt people in various situations
3. To identify transactions and activities before and among people of
different cultures
4. To disseminate vital information
5. To adapt a person’s behavior with other cultures

`
THEORIES

1. CULTURAL In a relatively close Despite the barriers,

CONVERGENCE social system in they will still find a way
which to communicate
communication
 among members
unrestricted, the
system as a whole
will tend to converge
over time toward a
stage of greater
cultural uniformity

2. COMMUNICATION Focuses on the Learning their language

ACCOMMODATION linguistic strategies because you need
THEORY to decrease or something from them
increase
communicative
distances.

3. CO-CULTURAL Interactions among Finding a culture where

THEORY dominant groups you’ll fit in
and
underrepresented
members

FUNCTIONS - It refers to how we use language in different purposes.

1. Regulation/Control
- Every institution follows certain rules and regulations in which the main
objective is to take control of every situation.
- Most of these regulations are written but can be communicated orally
- Control is exercised when giving a threat or warning
2. Social Interaction
- As human beings, we always interact because we are social
beings.
- Forming groups and associate ourselves with members of these
groups
3. Motivation
- Internal motivation. motivation from yourself
- External motivation. motivation from other people
4. Information
- informing , sharing information using various ways
5. Emotional Expression
- Expressing one’s emotions