EST I – Literacy Test I

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Duration: 35 minutes
44 Multiple Choice Questions

Instructions:
- Place your answer on the answer sheet. Mark only one answer for each of the
multiple choice questions.
- Avoid guessing. Your answers should reflect your overall understanding of the
subject matter.

1
 1.

Questions 1-11 are based on the following A) NO CHANGE

passage.
B) Lewis trained in Boston, where she
Edmonia Lewis: Remaking the Classic
C) Boston was where Lewis trained and
Although she is little known today,
sculptor Edmonia Lewis is an important D) it was in Boston that Lewis trained, and
figure in American art. Born in New York in she
the mid-1800s, (1)Lewis's training took
2.
place in Boston; she crafted clay and plaster
medallions of abolitionist leaders. The sale A) NO CHANGE
of these extremely popular works enabled
her, along with other expatriate American B) one's
artists, to establish a studio in Rome. It was
in Rome that Lewis undertook (2)its most C) their
ambitious projects: large marble sculptures
D) her
in the neoclassical style, which emphasizes
symmetry, harmony, and idealism. Lewis's 3. Which choice most effectively introduces
use of this popular style to make political a central idea that is developed in the
statements and depict unconventional passage?
subjects (3)had a profound impact on
nineteenth-century audiences. A) NO CHANGE

The 1867 sculpture Forever (4)Free, B) produced hostile reactions from

meanwhile, was inspired by Lewis's African nineteenth-century art critics.
American heritage and the
C) left a memorable impression on
nineteenth-century artists.

D) provided a useful touchstone for

twentieth-century art historians.

4.

A) NO CHANGE

B) Free, however,

C) Free, consequently,

D) Free
issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation 6. At this point, the writer is considering
four years prior. Taking its title from the text adding the following sentence.
of that (5)document, Forever Free depicts a
man and woman. Reacting to the news of Many artworks produced at that time
the abolition of slavery. (6) In the statue, a focused on the subject of emancipation.
woman kneels in (7) prayer; a man stands
Should the writer make this addition here?
beside her, one uplifted arm in chains, the
other free of its manacle and resting on the A) Yes, because it provides necessary
shoulder of the woman. Lewis suggests a context for the paragraph's discussion of
sense of optimism by depicting each Forever Free.
member of the couple with an uplifted gaze,
a conventional neoclassical pose; however, B) Yes, because it establishes that Lewis
by simultaneously depicting tangible was not the only artist whose works
remnants of slavery, she also suggests that commemorated emancipation.
much remained to be accomplished. In its
evocation of emancipation and of the C) No, because it interrupts the paragraph's
triumphs and struggles of the subsequent discussion of Forever Free.
years, Forever Free "tell[s] in the very
D) No, because it does not provide enough
poetry
specificity about the artworks created by
5. Lewis's peers.

A) NO CHANGE

B) document, Forever Free depicts a man 7.

and woman reacting
A) NO CHANGE
C) document, Forever Free depicting a man
B) prayer, a man stands beside her, one
and woman reacting
uplifted arm in chains;
D) document. Forever Free depicts a man
C) prayer: a man stands beside her one
and woman reacting
uplifted arm in chains,

D) prayer; a man stands beside her, one

uplifted arm in chains:
of stone the story of the last ten years," 8.
wrote a reporter who attended the highly
publicized 1869 (8)divulging of the statue in A) NO CHANGE
Boston.
B) baring
Forever Free was acclaimed by
C) unveiling
audiences in the United States, yet the 1876
sculpture The Death of Cleopatra was D) disclosing
perhaps Lewis's most famous artwork. 'The
ancient Egyptian queen Cleopatra was a 9.
popular subject for neoclassical artists, but
Lewis, unlike her contemporaries, A) NO CHANGE
represented Cleopatra at the moment of her
B) reflect
death. Though many features of the
sculpture (such as the symmetry of the C) were reflecting
queen's throne)(9) reflects neoclassical
principles, the queen's disheveled D) would reflect
appearance—slumped on her throne with
her robes askew—disrupts this harmony. 10. Which choice provides the best
(10)With its frank portrayal of death, the transition from the previous sentence?
sculpture shocked and riveted audiences
A) NO CHANGE
when it was first exhibited in Philadelphia in
1876. B) Attracting large crowds,

C) Currently on display at the Smithsonian,

D) Having been shipped from Rome,

While Lewis is thought to have produced 11. Which choice best maintains the style
between sixty and eighty sculptures during and tone established in the passage?
her lifetime, only about thirty—including
Forever Free and The Death of A) NO CHANGE
Cleopatra—have been located. 'The pieces
B) hung around
that have (11)made it are an enduring
testament to the achievement of an artist C) survived
who adapted neoclassical style for distinctly
modern ends. D) eluded loss
Questions 12-22 are based on the
following passage.
12. Which choice most effectively
A Sound Strategy for Analyzing Data establishes the main claim of the passage?

Data from research are usually depicted A) NO CHANGE

B) Because sonification is so helpful,
visually in graphs and charts, but they can
universities and governments should
also be rendered in audio form in a process provide more funding for its
development.
called sonification. Because we can
C) Therefore, it deserves consideration
perceive several aspects of sound as an effective alternative to visual
displays of information.
simultaneously and hearing is more
D) Not only can sonification help yield
sensitive to minute changes than vision is, important scientific discoveries, but
it can also be used to create beautiful
researchers can sometimes better evaluate
musical compositions.
data points by listening to them rather than
by seeing them. Sonification, which
enables the detection of small fluctuations
in a stream of measurements, is especially
helpful for interpreting data involving
multiple interacting variables.
(12)Seismologists, scientists who study
Earth's internal structure, deserve much of
the credit for pioneering the practice in the
1960s.
One simple (13) example of sonification is: 13.
the heart-rate monitor, which translates the
electrical activity of the heart into data A) NO CHANGE
represented as a series of tones. A faster or B) example, of sonification is
slower tempo indicates changes in the C) example of sonification is,
heart's rhythm. (14) More complex data can D) example of sonification is
be sonified by using specialized synthesis
14.
techniques that convert numerical values to
tones; interpretation consists of identifying At this point, the writer is considering
patterns and variations in the resulting adding the following sentence.
audio.
Generally, people who exercise regularly
have a lower resting heart rate.
Should the writer make this addition here?
A) Yes, because it reinforces the
point made about heart rhythms
in the previous sentence.
B) Yes, because it provides an
effective transition to the
discussion of complex data that
follows in the paragraph.
C) No, because it blurs the
paragraph's focus by introducing
loosely related information about
exercise.
D) No, because it fails to identify the
factors that lead to a higher
resting heart rate.
While there is not yet consensus among 15.
researchers on an established set of A) NO CHANGE
practices for sonifying data, the method B) Circuits by
C) Circuits, he did this by
already boasts a variety of current
D) Circuits; and by
applications that demonstrate its potential.
16.
One application, for instance, is identifying
and preventing network system failures. A) NO CHANGE
B) malfunctions like a printer driver
Sonification researcher David Worrall of
failure were found by him to be
the Australian National University C) he found that malfunctions like a
analyzed computer network use at printer driver failure were
D) it was found by him that
Germany's Fraunhofer Institute for malfunctions like a printer driver
Integrated (15)Circuits. By converting failure were

network metadata to sound that rises and 17.

falls in pitch in relation to time intervals A) NO CHANGE
between network events. By listening to B) leading up
C) in the lead
the patterns,(16)one of his findings was D) as a leader
that malfunctions like a printer driver
18.
failure were preceded by a predictable
Which choice best maintains the style and
series of sounds. If Sonification can be
tone of the passage?
used to monitor a network in real time, the A) NO CHANGE
telltale pattern (17)leading so as to a B) a cinch
C) a piece of cake
malfunction could be recognized and acted
D) facile
on to avert the failure. Airlines, online
19.
sales companies, and banks rely on
consistently functioning networks, so it A) NO CHANGE
B) such an industry.
(18)easy to see how sonification could
C) both industries.
serve (19) this industry. D) these industries.
 In addition to its (20) ability to rival 20.

computer graphics technology, there are Which choice provides the best transition
from the previous paragraph?
ways for sonification to effect positive

change on a larger scale. For example, the A) NO CHANGE

B) uses for data analysis,
International Community for Auditory C) popularity with scientists,
Display believes that sonification could D) usefulness for businesses that
are struggling financially,
transform education, teaching young
21.
students more holistically, using sound as
A) NO CHANGE
well as vision.(21) Next, the efficacy of B) On the other hand,
sonification in representing a wide array of C) Accordingly,
D) All told,
data reinforces its utility as a research (22)
22. Which choice most effectively
method. This research method can be used combines the sentences at the underlined
to draw out findings that had previously portion?

been lost in the noise. A) method that can be used to draw

out findings that had previously
been lost in the noise.
B) method from which those things
that had been previously lost in
the noise-findings-can be drawn.
C) method; findings that had
previously been lost in the noise
can be drawn out from it.
D) method, and drawing out
findings that had previously
been lost in the noise is what it
can be used for.
Questions 23-33 are based on the 24.
following passage and supplementary
material. A) NO CHANGE
B) included was
A Breed Apart C) including
D) that included
The close bond between humans and dogs is
known to be ancient, but the timing and 25.
location of canine domestication remain in
dispute. Now, scientists have found evidence A) NO CHANGE
that dogs were likely(23)domesticated not, B) these mutations
as was previously thought, once. Instead, it C) this is why these mutations
was twice. D) it is these mutations that

In a 2016 study, researchers attempted to 26.

map the genetic family tree of dogs by
A) NO CHANGE
comparing the genomes of hundreds of
B) was it and to what degree was it that
modern dogs with DNA samples recovered
different lineages of a species may
from ancient dogs, (24)that was including a
have diverged from each other.
4,800- year-old specimen from Ireland.
C) it was and to what degree was it that
Because certain types of genetic mutations
different lineages of a species may
occur at relatively consistent rates across
have diverged from each other?
generations, (25)these certain types of
D) and to what degree different
mutations can be used to ascertain when
lineages of a species may have
(26)and to what degree different lineages of
diverged from each other.
a species may have diverged from each
other? The analysis revealed a major genetic
split between modern European and Asian
dog breeds.

23. Which choice most effectively combines

the sentences at the underlined portion?

A) domesticated not once, as was

previously thought, but twice.
B) domesticated twice, though it was
previously thought that it was once.
C) domesticated twice, not, as was
previously thought, once.
D) domesticated-contrary to what was
previously thought-not once, but
twice.
Further study suggested that this separation 27.
began between 14,000 and 6,400 years ago. A) NO CHANGE
During this period, there arose a genetic B) As a result,
bottleneck—a reduction in genetic diversity C) In short,
often indicative of a small group breaking D) However,
off from the core population—in the lineage
of European dogs. Taken together, these 28.
findings would suggest that European dogs A) NO CHANGE
are simply descendants of a dog population B) make
that had migrated from Asia. (27)Likewise, C) have made
the discovery of dog remains in Europe from D) are making
as early as 15,000 years ago (before such a
migration could have occurred) (28)makes 29.
clear that a population of European dogs A) NO CHANGE
predated the arrival of dogs from Asia. B) populations showed genetic
Furthermore, both (29)populations showed markers'
genetic marker's indicative of domestication. C) populations, showed genetic
The scientists therefore hypothesized that a markers
dog population in Europe was domesticated D) populations showed genetic markers
from wolves that had inhabited the
continent; similarly, a dog population in 30. Which choice provides the most
Asia was domesticated from preexistent effective transition to the next paragraph?
Asian wolves. (30)Genetic bottlenecks, the A) NO CHANGE
scientists note, have also been observed in B) The dog populations then
human populations. intermixed when the Asian dogs
migrated to Europe.
C) Wolves themselves likely evolved
from small carnivorous mammals
that lived at the beginning of the
Cenozoic era, approximately 65
million years ago.
D) The 15,000-year-old European dog
remains were discovered by quarry
workers in 1914 in a suburb of Bonn,
Germany.
In support of their hypothesis, the scientists 31. Which choice is consistent with the
point to the(31)change in prevalence over information presented in the table?
time of four haplogroups ( collections of A) NO CHANGE
genes that indicate a particular line of B) gradual decline over time
descent) in ancient and modern European C) steady increase
dogs. More than (32)60 percent of the D) lack of data regarding one
ancient European dog DNA samples that
were 3,040–5,999 years old contained 32. Which choice provides accurate data
haplogroup A, which is associated with from the table?
interbreeding with Asian dogs. By contrast, A) NO CHANGE
the same haplogroup appeared in less than B) 60 percent of the modern European
25 percent of the DNA from the most dog DNA samples
ancient European dogs and in an even C) 25 percent of the ancient European
smaller share of other ancient dogs. dog DNA samples that were
Scientists say such a drastic genetic 9,000-14,700 years old
alteration would not arise from random D) 65 percent of the ancient European
mutations. Rather, one domesticated dog DNA samples that were
population likely merged with another. 6,000-8,999 years old
As Greger Larson, one of the authors of the 33.
(33)study points out, domestication is a rare A) NO CHANGE
event in any species. It is a testament to the B) study;
bond between dogs and humans that in the C) study,
case of canines, this process appears to have D) study—
occurred twice.
Questions 34-44 are based on the 34.
following passage.
A) NO CHANGE
Vending for Change B) shoppers' to make her way to her
mother's
[l] Nine-year-old Christine Souffrant's day C) shoppers to make her way to her
had a predictable pattern. [2] After school, mothers'
she would dodge (34) shopper's to make her D) shoppers to make her way to her
way to her mothers space in a crowded New mother's
York City flea market. [3] As the sun set,
Souffrant would help her mother pack the
unsold items into bags and haul them back
home to Queens. [4] She'd then eat dinner 35.
and do her homework. [5] These early
experiences as a street (35) vendor both at A) NO CHANGE
home in New York and when visiting family B) vendor—both at home in New York
in Haiti—influenced her later decision to and when visiting family in Haiti—
become an entrepreneur. [6] Souffrant and C) vendor, both at home in New York
her mother sold imported wears (such as and when visiting family in Haiti;
vibrant clothing, jewelry, and art) from their D) vendor both at home in New York
native Haiti off blankets spread out and when visiting family in Haiti,
inColumbus Circle. (36)

36. To make the paragraph most logical,

sentence 6 should be placed

A) where it is now.
B) after sentence 2.
C) after sentence 3.
D) after sentence 4.
Souffrant's ambition was strengthened in 37. Which choice most effectively combines
2010, after an earthquake struck Haiti. In the the sentences at the underlined portion?
aftermath of the quake, her mother's
business, which relied on a steady supply of A) vendors and it was amazing that
goods from Haitian artisans, had to close. B) vendors because of how amazing it
Her mother and brother ultimately returned was that they
to Haiti, while Souffrant remained in the C) vendors who, amazingly,
United States to attend college. During a D) vendors in amazement that they
visit to her family, Souffrant was struck by
the tenacity of the (37) vendors. It was
amazing that they had set up shops on top of 38. At this point, the writer wants to set up
the rubble. Vending had enabled her family the discussion of Souffrant's career path that
to prosper in the United States, but it was follows in the next paragraph. Which choice
essential for survival in Haiti; Souffrant best accomplishes this goal?
suddenly grasped not only how powerful but
also how fragile the vendor economy could A) NO CHANGE
be. (38) She decided that, after college, she B) A college scholarship enabled her to
would find a way to combine her travel to other locales, including
entrepreneurial ambition with her desire to Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean.
help improve the lives of street vendors. C) This experience left a powerful
impression on her, one she
remembers vividly even years later.
D) She took several part-time jobs to
help her family while finishing her
English degree at Dartmouth
College, an important goal in her
life.
In the following years, (39) Souffrant 40.
graduated, worked in banking, and attended
graduate school to study business— A) NO CHANGE
specifically, social entrepreneurship. Unlike B) is reliant
models of philanthropy that (40) has relied C) rely
on grants and donations, social D) relies
entrepreneurship uses self-sustaining
41.
businesses to drive (41) a transformative
social agenda that would change society. A) NO CHANGE
With a group of peers, Souffrant formulated B) an agenda that would transform and
a plan to digitize the street vending industry change the world.
in order to alleviate poverty in developing C) a transformative social agenda.
countries like Haiti. (42) They received D) a plan to change the world through a
several prestigious grants and awards, social agenda.
including a $75,000 award at the 2015
Digital Entertainment World Expo.

42. Which of the following true statements

best concludes the paragraph's discussion of
39. the development of Souffrant's business?
A) NO CHANGE A) NO CHANGE
B) Souffrant graduated, worked in B) The idea grew from a fledgling
banking, and, classroom project to a mature
C) Souffrant graduated, worked, in business plan, and in 2014 her
banking, and company officially launched.
D) Souffrant: graduated, worked in C) Her graduate school was in Dubai,
banking, and an urban area with many business
investors, and Souffrant took
advantage of these opportunities.
D) While her family initially felt that
leaving the corporate world for
entrepreneurship was too risky, they
eventually became Souffrant's
biggest supporters.
Souffrant's business model is simple: Street 43.
vendors are given phones so they can upload
pictures of their products to an online A) NO CHANGE
platform. Tourists and travelers in the B) uses the platform
surrounding area then (43) use the platform C) used the platforme
to browse and purchase the handicrafts and D) use platforms
have them delivered locally. To ensure that
this digital platform was improving the lives
of the vendors, Souffrant ran a pilot program 44. The writer wants to support the previous
with a select group of street vendors in sentence's claim with information that
Haiti. (44) She trained volunteers to work in illustrates the company's success. Which
collaboration with local coordinators and choice best accomplishes this goal?
youth in Haiti. This early success lends
credence to Souffrant's belief that A) NO CHANGE
entrepreneurship can serve society as well as B) To guarantee access for all possible
business owners. vendors, her company partnered with
a large telecommunications provider
in Haiti.
C) She determined that these Haitian
vendors earned nine to fourteen
times their annual income over the
course of the trial period.
D) To keep the project size manageable,
fifty artisans were interviewed for
participation, with ten selected for
the pilot.