Neuroanatomy - overview
Lennart Brodin
cranial nerves
brain
spinal nerves
spinal cord
The components of the CNS
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Telencephalon
Cerebral Cortex
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Telencephalon:
Hemispheres
Cerebral Cortex
Telencephalon
Brainstem
Spinal cord
Cerebellum
Sectioning the brain - nomenclature
Coronal section
Grey matter: cell bodies
of neurons
White matter: nerve tracts,
Myelin gives the white color
Sagittal section
Corpus callosum:
Connects the hemi- Telencephalon
spheres
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus Cerebellum
Brainstem
Spinal cord
From CNS Visual Perspectives: www.3d-brain.ki.se
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebellum
Hjärnstammen
Ryggmärgen © Anna Josephsson
The Cerebral Cortex
Sulcus
Gyrus
Grey matter
White matter
Sulcus centralis Gyrus postcentralis:
Gyrus precentralis: Sensory functions
Motor functions
The Cerebral Cortex – Division into Functional Areas
Association areas
Primary areas
sensory
motor
hearing
vision
The Cerebral Cortex – Division into Lobes
Frontal lobe Sulcus centralis
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
The Cerebral Cortex – Division into Lobes
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Localization of functions to lobes
Hjässlob
Nacklob
Tinninglob
The Frontal lobe
1848: The famous case of the
railway worker Phineas Gage
gave the first insigths into the
functions of the frontal lobe
The Frontal lobe
The Frontal lobe
Personality
Motivation
Planning
Decision-making
Social skills
Temporallob
The temporal lobe recognition
Activation of the temporal lobe during
recognition of a known face
fMRI signal indicates
increased activity
The parietal lobe
attention
Temporallob
Damage of the right parietal lobe
Damage of the right parietal lobe
Recent data: The temporal lobe is also involved
The parietal lobe
attention
The posterior
temporal lobe
Temporallob
The occipital lobe
Receives and
Temporallob processes
visual information
Language: specific regions in the
frontal and temporal lobes
Language: specific regions in the
frontal and temporal lobes
Wernickes area: language perception
Damage results in sensory aphasia
Broca´s area: language expression
Damage results in motor aphasia
Subcortikal nuclei
Telencephalon:
The basal ganglia
Nucleus caudatus
Striatum
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Motor control
Cognition
Emotions
The Basal Ganglia
Nucleus caudatus
Putamen
The Basal Ganglia
coronal section
Nucleus
caudatus
Putamen
The Basal Ganglia
coronal section
nucleus
caudatus
putamen
globus
pallidus
The Basal Ganglia
coronal section
The Basal Ganglia
horisontal section
Putamen
Nucleus
caudatus
Globus
pallidus
Diencephalon
horisontal section
Thalamus
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Nucleus caudatus
Putamen
Diencephalon
Diencephalon
coronalsnitt
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
From CNS Visual Perspectives: www.3d-brain.ki.se
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
© Anna Josephsson
Diencephalon
Thalamus:
the brains “switch board”:
relays sensory input to the
cerebral cortex
Thalamus relays sensory input to the cerebral cortex
cortex
thalamus
nerve fiber from the skin
Diencephalon
Hypothalamus
Homeostasis
Emotions
The pituitary gland
The anatomy of emotions
The “old” view of the limbic system
The anatomy of emotions
The “modern” view of the limbic system:
Anterior part: emotions; Posterior part: memory
Amygdala
The anatomy of emotions
The “modern” view of the limbic system:
Anterior part: emotions; Posterior part: memory
Different Forms of Memory
Declarative memory Non-declarative memory
Memories that can be Can not be described
described in words (e.g how to ride a
bicycle)
Brain structures participating in declarative memory:
The posterior part of the limbic system
Hippocampus
Brain structures participating in declarative memory:
The posterior part of the limbic system
Hippocampus seen from below (parts of the temporal lobes removed)
The Brainstem
Mesencephalon
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cranial nerves emerging from the
brainstem mediate sensory and motor (I. N. Olfactorii)
functions in the head (II. N. Opticus)
III. N.Oculomotorius
IV. N.Trochlearis
V. N.Trigeminus
VI. N. Abducens
VII. N. Facialis
VIII. N.Vestibulo-
cochlearis
IX. N. Glosso
-pharyngeus
X. N. Vagus
XI. N. Accesorius
XII. N. Hypoglossus
The Reticular Formation
Ascending part:
Conciousness
Descending part:
Motor functions
The Brainstem - Summary
Cranial nerves: sensory and motor functions in the head incl eye
movements, hearing, balance, inner organs
Reticular
Formation: consciousness, motor functions
Dopamine
systems: motivation, reward, motor functions
Serotonin
systems: mood, emotions, hunger-satiety, motor functions
Other
functions: breathing, swalloving
Cerebellum
Cerebellum: connected to pons via the peduncles
Pons Peduncle
Medulla
oblongata
Peduncle
Fine-tuning
of motor
functions
Motor
learning
Cognition
Cerebellum
The Spinal Cord
Grey matter
cervical
White matter
thoracic
Dorsal horn - sensory
lumbar
sacral
Ventral horn - motor
The Spinal Cord
sensory nerves
motor nerves
