12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles

The terminal side of θ in standard position 2. (−8, −15)

contains each point. Find the exact values of the
six trigonometric functions of θ.
SOLUTION:
1. (1, 2) Find the value of r.

SOLUTION:
Find the value of r.

Use x = –8, y = –15, and r = 17 to write the six

trigonometric ratios.

Use x = 1, y = 2, and r = to write the six

trigonometric ratios.

3. (0, −4)

SOLUTION:
Find the value of r.
2. (−8, −15)

SOLUTION:
Find the value of r.

Use x = 0, y = –4, and r = 4 to write the six

trigonometric ratios.

Use x = –8, y = –15, and r = 17 to write the six

trigonometric ratios.
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12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles

3. (0, −4) Sketch each angle. Then find its reference

angle.
4. 300°
SOLUTION:
Find the value of r.
SOLUTION:

Use x = 0, y = –4, and r = 4 to write the six

trigonometric ratios.

The terminal side of 300° lies in Quadrant IV.

5. 115°

SOLUTION:

Sketch each angle. Then find its reference

angle.
4. 300°

SOLUTION:

The terminal side of 115° lies in Quadrant II.

The terminal side of 300° lies in Quadrant IV. 6.

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SOLUTION:

coterminal angle:
12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles

Find the exact value of each trigonometric

6. function.

SOLUTION: 7.

coterminal angle:
SOLUTION:

The terminal side of lies in Quadrant II.

The sine function is positive in Quadrant II.

The terminal side of lies in Quadrant III.

8.
Find the exact value of each trigonometric
function.

SOLUTION:
7.
The terminal side of lies in Quadrant IV.

SOLUTION:

The terminal side of lies in Quadrant II.

The tangent function is negative in Quadrant IV

.

The sine function is positive in Quadrant II.

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9. sec 120°
12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles

10. sin 300°

8.

SOLUTION:
The terminal side of 300° lies in Quadrant IV.
SOLUTION:

The terminal side of lies in Quadrant IV.

The sine function is negative in Quadrant IV.

The tangent function is negative in Quadrant IV

.
11. ENTERTAINMENT Alejandra opens her portable
DVD player so that it forms a 125° angle. The
screen is inches long.

9. sec 120°

SOLUTION:
The terminal side of 120° lies in Quadrant II.
a. Redraw the diagram so that the angle is in
standard position on the coordinate plane.

b. Find the reference angle. Then write a

trigonometric function that can be used to find the
distance to the wall d that she can place the DVD
The secant function is negative in Quadrant II. player.

c. Use the function to find the distance. Round to the

nearest tenth.

10. sin 300° SOLUTION:

a.

SOLUTION:
The terminal side of 300° lies in Quadrant IV.

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The sine function is negative in Quadrant IV.

 c. Use the function to find the distance. Round to the
nearest tenth.

12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles

SOLUTION:
a.
The terminal side of θ in standard position
contains each point. Find the exact values of the
six trigonometric functions of θ.

12. (5, 12)

SOLUTION:
Find the value of r.

b. Reference angle: 180° – 125° = 55°

The trigonometric function that can be used to find
the distance to the wall is .

Use x = 5, y = 12, and r = 13 to write the six

c. trigonometric ratios.

The terminal side of θ in standard position

contains each point. Find the exact values of the
six trigonometric functions of θ.

12. (5, 12)

SOLUTION:
Find the value of r.
13. (−6, 8)

SOLUTION:
Find the value of r.

Use x = 5, y = 12, and r = 13 to write the six

trigonometric ratios.

Use x = –6, y = 8, and r = 10 to write the six

trigonometric ratios.
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12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles

13. (−6, 8) 14. (3, 0)

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Find the value of r. Find the value of r.

Use x = –6, y = 8, and r = 10 to write the six Use x = 3, y = 0, and r = 3 to write the six
trigonometric ratios. trigonometric ratios.

14. (3, 0) 15. (0, −7)

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Find the value of r. Find the value of r.

Use x = 3, y = 0, and r = 3 to write the six Use x = 0, y = –7, and r = 7 to write the six
trigonometric ratios. trigonometric ratios.

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12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles

15. (0, −7) 16. (4, −2)

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Find the value of r. Find the value of r.

Use x = 0, y = –7, and r = 7 to write the six

trigonometric ratios. Use x = 4, y = –2, and r = to write the six
trigonometric ratios.

16. (4, −2)

17. (−9, −3)

SOLUTION:
Find the value of r. SOLUTION:
Find the value of r.

Use x = 4, y = –2, and r = to write the six

trigonometric ratios. Use x = –9, y = –3, and r = to write the six
trigonometric ratios.

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12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles

17. (−9, −3) Sketch each angle. Then find its reference
angle.
SOLUTION: 18. 195°
Find the value of r.

SOLUTION:

Use x = –9, y = –3, and r = to write the six

trigonometric ratios.

The terminal side of 195° lies in Quadrant III.

19. 285°

SOLUTION:

Sketch each angle. Then find its reference

angle.

18. 195°

SOLUTION:

The terminal side of 285° lies in Quadrant IV.

20. −250°
The Manual
eSolutions terminal side ofby195°
- Powered lies
Cognero in Quadrant III. Page 8
SOLUTION:
coterminal angle:
12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles

20. −250°
21.

SOLUTION:
coterminal angle: SOLUTION:

The terminal side lies in Quadrant IV.

The terminal side of 110° lies in Quadrant II.

21.
22.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

coterminal angle:

The terminal side lies in Quadrant IV.

The terminal side lies in Quadrant IV.

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12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles

23. 400°
22.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: coterminal angle:
coterminal angle:

The terminal side of 40° lies in Quadrant I.

The terminal side lies in Quadrant IV.

Find the exact value of each trigonometric

function.

24. sin 210°

SOLUTION:
23. 400° The terminal side of 210º lies in Quadrant III.

SOLUTION:
coterminal angle:

The sine function is negative in Quadrant III.

25. tan 315°

SOLUTION:
The terminal side of 40° lies in Quadrant I. The terminal side of 315º lies in Quadrant IV.
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12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles

25. tan 315° 27. csc 225°

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
The terminal side of 315º lies in Quadrant IV. The terminal side of 225º lies in Quadrant III.

The tangent function is negative in Quadrant IV. The cosecant function is negative in Quadrant III.

26. cos 150°

28.

SOLUTION:
The terminal side of 150º lies in Quadrant II. SOLUTION:

The terminal side lies in Quadrant III.

The cosine function is negative in Quadrant II.

The sine function is negative in Quadrant III.

27. csc 225°

SOLUTION:
The terminal side of 225º lies in Quadrant III.

29.

The cosecant function is negative in Quadrant III. SOLUTION:

The terminal side lies in Quadrant IV.

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28.
12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles

29. 31.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

The terminal side lies in Quadrant IV. The terminal side lies in Quadrant IV.

The cosine function is positive in Quadrant IV. The secant function is positive in Quadrant IV.

32. CCSS REASONING A soccer player x feet from

30.
the goalie kicks the ball toward the goal, as shown in
the figure. The goalie jumps up and catches the ball 7
feet in the air.
SOLUTION:

The terminal side lies in Quadrant III.

a. Find the reference angle. Then write a

trigonometric function that can be used to find how
far from the goalie the soccer player was when he
The cotangent function is positive in Quadrant III. kicked the ball.

b. About how far away from the goalie was the

soccer player?

SOLUTION:
a. Reference angle:

31. The trigonometric function can be used

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 12
to find the distance from the goalie was the soccer
player.
SOLUTION:
12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles

32. CCSS REASONING A soccer player x feet from 33. SPRINKLER A sprinkler rotating back and forth
the goalie kicks the ball toward the goal, as shown in shoots water out a distance of 10 feet. From the
the figure. The goalie jumps up and catches the ball 7 horizontal position, it rotates 145° before reversing its
feet in the air. direction. At a 145° angle, about how far to the left
of the sprinkler does the water reach?

a. Find the reference angle. Then write a

trigonometric function that can be used to find how
far from the goalie the soccer player was when he
kicked the ball. SOLUTION:

b. About how far away from the goalie was the

soccer player?

SOLUTION:
a. Reference angle:

The trigonometric function can be used

to find the distance from the goalie was the soccer
player.

b.
The water reaches about 8.2 feet to the left of the
sprinkler.

34. BASKETBALL The formula

gives the distance of a basketball

33. SPRINKLER A sprinkler rotating back and forth shot with an initial velocity of v0 feet per second at
shoots water out a distance of 10 feet. From the an angle θ with the ground.
horizontal position, it rotates 145° before reversing its
direction. At a 145° angle, about how far to the left a. If the basketball was shot with an initial velocity of
of the sprinkler does the water reach? 24 feet per second at an angle of 75°, how far will
the basketball travel?

b. If the basketball was shot at an angle of 65° and

traveled 10 feet, what was its initial velocity?

c. If the basketball was shot with an initial velocity of

30 feet per second and traveled 12 feet, at what
angle was it shot?
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SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
 b. If the basketball was shot at an angle of 65° and
traveled 10 feet, what was its initial velocity? So, the basketball was shot at an angle of about
12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles 12.6º.
c. If the basketball was shot with an initial velocity of
30 feet per second and traveled 12 feet, at what
angle was it shot? 35. PHYSICS A rock is shot off the edge of a ravine
with a slingshot at an angle of 65° and with an initial
SOLUTION: velocity of 6 meters per second. The equation that
represents the horizontal distance of the rock x is x =
a. Substitute 24 for v0 and 75º for θ in the given
v0 (cos θ)t, where v0 is the initial velocity, θ is the
formula and simplify.
angle at which it is shot, and t is the time in seconds.
About how far does the rock travel after 4 seconds?

SOLUTION:
Substitute V0 = 6, θ = 65º and t = 4 in the given
equation and solve for x.

So, the basketball will travel 9 feet.

b. Substitute 65º for θ and 10 for R in the given

formula and solve for v0.
The rock travels about 10.1 m after 4 seconds.

36. FERRIS WHEELS The Wonder Wheel Ferris

wheel at Coney Island has a radius of about 68 feet
and is 15 feet off the ground. After a person gets on
the bottom car, the Ferris wheel rotates 202.5°
counterclockwise before stopping. How high above
the ground is this car when it has stopped?

Thus, the initial velocity of the basketball is about

20.4 feet per second.

c. Substitute 30 for v0 and 12 for R in the given

formula and solve for θ.

SOLUTION:
Since the angle measured from the negative y-axis,
the terminal angle is 202.5º – 90º or 112.5º.

Therefore, the reference angle is(θ’) 180º – 112.5º

So, the basketball was shot at an angle of about or 67.5º.
12.6º.
Substitute r = 68 and θ = 67.5º in the sine ratio.
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35. PHYSICS A rock is shot off the edge of a ravine
with a slingshot at an angle of 65° and with an initial
velocity of 6 meters per second. The equation that
 The height above the ground to the car is 62.8 + 68 +
12-3The rock travels about
Trigonometric 10.1 mofafter
Functions 4 seconds.
General Angles 15 or 145.8 feet.

36. FERRIS WHEELS The Wonder Wheel Ferris Suppose θ is an angle in standard position
wheel at Coney Island has a radius of about 68 feet whose terminal side is in the given quadrant.
and is 15 feet off the ground. After a person gets on For each function, find the exact values of the
the bottom car, the Ferris wheel rotates 202.5° remaining five trigonometric functions of θ.
counterclockwise before stopping. How high above
the ground is this car when it has stopped?
37. , Quadrant II

SOLUTION:
Opposite side = 4
Hypotenuse = 5

Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the adjacent

angle.

SOLUTION:
Since the angle measured from the negative y-axis, Only sine function is positive in Quadrant II
the terminal angle is 202.5º – 90º or 112.5º. .

Therefore, the reference angle is(θ’) 180º – 112.5º

or 67.5º.

Substitute r = 68 and θ = 67.5º in the sine ratio.

The height above the ground to the car is 62.8 + 68 + 38. , Quadrant IV
15 or 145.8 feet.

SOLUTION:
Suppose θ is an angle in standard position Opposite side = 2
whose terminal side is in the given quadrant. Adjacent side = 3
For each function, find the exact values of the
remaining five trigonometric functions of θ. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the
hypotenuse.
37. , Quadrant II

SOLUTION:
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Opposite side = 4 Only cosine function is positive in Quadrant IV.
Hypotenuse = 5
12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles

38. , Quadrant IV 39. , Quadrant III

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Opposite side = 2 Adjacent side = 8
Adjacent side = 3 Hypotenuse = 17

Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the opposite
hypotenuse. side.

Only cosine function is positive in Quadrant IV.

Only tangent function is positive in Quadrant III.

39. , Quadrant III 40. , Quadrant IV

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Adjacent side = 8 Opposite side = 5
Hypotenuse = 17 Adjacent side = 12

Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the opposite Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the
side. hypotenuse.

Only tangent function is positive in Quadrant III. Only cosine function is positive in Quadrant IV.

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12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles

42. csc 180°

40. , Quadrant IV

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: Since the angle 180º is a quadrant angle, the
Opposite side = 5 coordinates of the point on its terminal side is (–x, 0).
Adjacent side = 12
Find the value of r.
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the
hypotenuse.

Only cosine function is positive in Quadrant IV.

43. sin 570°

SOLUTION:
The coterminal angle of 570º is 570º – 360º or 210º.

The terminal side of 210° lies in Quadrant III.

Find the exact value of each trigonometric

function.

41. cot 270° The sine function is negative in Quadrant III.

SOLUTION:
Since the angle 270º is a quadrant angle, the
coordinates of the point on its terminal side is (0, –y).

44.

SOLUTION:

The coterminal angle of is .

42. csc 180°

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
The terminal side of lies in Quadrant II. Page 17
SOLUTION:
Since the angle 180º is a quadrant angle, the
12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles

44. 45.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

The coterminal angle of is . The coterminal angle of is .

The terminal side of lies in Quadrant II. The terminal side of lies in Quadrant I.

The tangent function is negative in Quadrant II.

46.

SOLUTION:
45.
The coterminal angle of is .

SOLUTION:
The terminal side of lies in Quadrant I.
The coterminal angle of is .

The terminal side of lies in Quadrant I.

47. CHALLENGE For an angle θ in standard position,

and tan θ = −1. Can the value of θ be

225°? Justify your reasoning.
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SOLUTION:
46.
 SOLUTION:
Sample answer:
12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles θ = −200°

47. CHALLENGE For an angle θ in standard position, 51. WRITING IN MATH Describe the steps for
evaluating a trigonometric function for an angle θ that
and tan θ = −1. Can the value of θ be is greater than 90°. Include a description of a
225°? Justify your reasoning. reference angle.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
First, sketch the angle and determine in which
No; for and tan θ = −1, the reference quadrant it is located. Then use the appropriate rule
for finding its reference angle θ’. A reference angle
angle is 45°. However, for sin θ to be positive and is the acute angle formed by the terminal side of θ
tan θ to be negative, the reference angle must be in and the x-axis. Next, find the value of the
the second quadrant. So, the value of θ must be 135° trigonometric function for θ’. Finally, use the
or an angle coterminal with 135°. quadrant location to determine the sign of the
trigonometric function value of θ.

48. CCSS ARGUMENTS Determine whether 3 sin

60° = sin 180° is true or false . Explain your 52. GRIDDED RESPONSE If the sum of two
reasoning. numbers is 21 and their difference is 3, what is their
product?
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
False; Let the two unknown numbers be x and y.
The system of equations that represent the situation
are .

49. REASONING Use the sine and cosine functions to

explain why cot 180° is undefined.

SOLUTION:
Substitute 12 for x in the first equation and solve for
Sample answer: We know that , , y.

and . Since , it must be true

that y = 0. Thus , which is undefined.

The product of 9 and 12 is 108.

50. OPEN ENDED Give an example of a negative
angle θ for which sin θ > 0 and cos θ < 0.
53. GEOMETRY D is the midpoint of , and A and
E are the midpoints of and , respectively. If
SOLUTION:
the length of is 12, what is the length of ?
Sample answer:
θ = −200° A6

B 12
51. WRITING IN MATH Describe the steps for
evaluating a trigonometric function for an angle θ that
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero C 24 Page 19
is greater than 90°. Include a description of a
reference angle.
D 48
12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles J is the correct option.
The product of 9 and 12 is 108.

53. GEOMETRY D is the midpoint of , and A and 55. SAT/ACT Of the following, which is least?
E are the midpoints of and , respectively. If
A
the length of is 12, what is the length of ?

A6 B

B 12
C
C 24
D
D 48

E
SOLUTION:
D is the midpoint of , so .
SOLUTION:
A and E are the midpoints of and
respectively, so . They
are at equal distance. Thus, the length of is
or 24.

C is the correct option.

2
54. The expression (−6 + i) is equivalent to which of the
following expressions?

F −12i is the least number.

G 36 − i E is the correct option.

H 36 − 12i
Rewrite each radian measure in degrees.
J 35− 12i
56.
SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

J is the correct option.

55. SAT/ACT Of the following, which is least?

A
57.
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B
SOLUTION:
12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles

57. 60.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

58.
61.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

Solve each equation. 62. ARCHITECTURE A memorial being constructed

in a city park will be a brick wall, with a top row of
six gold-plated bricks engraved with the names of six
59. local war veterans. Each row has two more bricks
than the row above it. Prove that the number of
2
bricks in the top n rows is n + 5n.
SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:
60.
Sample answer:

2
SOLUTION: Step 1: There are 6 bricks in the top row, and 1 + 5
(1) = 6, so the formula is true for n = 1.

2
Step 2: Assume that there are k + 5k bricks in the
top k rows for some positive integer k.

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Step 3: Since each row has 2 more bricks than the
one above, the numbers of bricks in the rows form an
arithmetic sequence.
 Therefore, the formula is true for n = k + 1.
Therefore, the number of bricks in the top n rows in
2
12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles n + 5n for all positive integers n.

62. ARCHITECTURE A memorial being constructed 63. LEGENDS There is a legend of a king who wanted
in a city park will be a brick wall, with a top row of to reward a boy for a good deed. The king gave the
six gold-plated bricks engraved with the names of six boy a choice. He could have $1,000,000 at once, or
local war veterans. Each row has two more bricks he could be rewarded daily for a 30-day month, with
than the row above it. Prove that the number of one penny on the first day, two pennies on the
2 second day, and so on, receiving twice as many
bricks in the top n rows is n + 5n.
pennies each day as the previous day. How much
would the second option be worth?

SOLUTION:
Substitute a 1 = 1 and r = 2 in the sum formula.

SOLUTION:
Sample answer:

2
Step 1: There are 6 bricks in the top row, and 1 + 5
(1) = 6, so the formula is true for n = 1.

2
Step 2: Assume that there are k + 5k bricks in the
top k rows for some positive integer k.
The worth of the second option is $10,737,418.23.
Step 3: Since each row has 2 more bricks than the
one above, the numbers of bricks in the rows form an Write an equation for each circle given the
arithmetic sequence. endpoints of a diameter.
st
The number of bricks in the (k + 1) row is 6 + [(k + 64. (2, −4), (10, 2)
1) − 1](2) or 2k + 6.
Then the number of bricks in the top k + 1 rows is k
2 2 SOLUTION:
+ 5k +(2k +6) or k + 7k + 6.
2 2 Find the center.
k + 7k + 6 = (k + 1) + 5(k + 1), which is the
formula to be proved, where n = k + 1.

Therefore, the formula is true for n = k + 1.

Therefore, the number of bricks in the top n rows in
2
n + 5n for all positive integers n.

63. LEGENDS There is a legend of a king who wanted

to reward a boy for a good deed. The king gave the
boy a choice. He could have $1,000,000 at once, or Find the radius.
he could be rewarded daily for a 30-day month, with
one penny on the first day, two pennies on the
second day, and so on, receiving twice as many
pennies each day as the previous day. How much
would the second option be worth?

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 22

SOLUTION:
Substitute a 1 = 1 and r = 2 in the sum formula.
 The equation of the circle is .
12-3The worth of the second
Trigonometric option
Functions ofisGeneral
$10,737,418.23.
Angles

Write an equation for each circle given the 65. (−1, −10), (−7, 6)
endpoints of a diameter.

64. (2, −4), (10, 2) SOLUTION:

Find the center.

SOLUTION:
Find the center.

Find the radius.

Find the radius.

The equation of the circle is .

The equation of the circle is .

66. (9, 0), (4, −7)

65. (−1, −10), (−7, 6) SOLUTION:

Find the center.
SOLUTION:
Find the center.

Find the radius.

Find the radius.

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12-3The equation of the
Trigonometric circle is of General Angles
Functions .

66. (9, 0), (4, −7)

68.

SOLUTION:
Find the center. SOLUTION:

69.
Find the radius.

SOLUTION:

The equation of the circle is

.
Solve each equation or inequality. Round to the
nearest ten-thousandth.
Simplify each expression.
x
70. 8 = 30
67.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: Use the property of equality for logarithmic
functions.

68.

SOLUTION: x
71. 5 = 64
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SOLUTION:
Use the property of equality for logarithmic
12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles

x Evaluate each expression.

71. 5 = 64

SOLUTION: 73.
Use the property of equality for logarithmic
functions.
SOLUTION:

x+2
72. 3 = 41

SOLUTION:
Use the property of equality for logarithmic 74.
functions.
SOLUTION:

75.

Evaluate each expression.

SOLUTION:

73.

SOLUTION:

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Solve for x.
12-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles

75. 77.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

78.

SOLUTION:

Solve for x.

76.

SOLUTION:

77.

SOLUTION:

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