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EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY
OF RED KIDNEY BEANS (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Dr. J.R. Kavitha*1, Dr.P. Sangeetha*1
*1 Associate Professor, Department of Plant Biotechnology, SRSIAT, Vedasandur.
*2 Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, Government Arts College, C-mutlur, Chidamparam.
ABSTRACTS
Phaseolus vulgaris is commonly known as the red kidney bean, is an herbaceous annual plant
domesticated independently in ancient India. For the cultivation different soils, Sand, Clay, Silt, Loam, Red,
and Black were tried and found that the red kidney bean was excellent on Silt, the commonly used mass
cultivation at present. However, the growth of the Red kidney bean in Loam and Clay were also good, it is
much inferior to that Silt and the cost are very low and hence, the Silt is the best material for the
cultivation of this Red kidney beans. According to the above study, growth of Red kidney bean was high in
Silt soil followed by Loam and Clay among the soil used for study such as Sand, Clay, Silt, Loam, Red and
Black soils. Even though Clay and Loam are good for cultivation of the Red kidney bean, it was less costly.
In the trial to assess of this bean, the percent bean was high in all the soils. Red kidney bean at the 98
percent registered the highest silt soil followed by 95 percentloam soil, 74 percentclay soil, 66 black soil
against 50 percent sand soil and 32 percent red soil. It was concluded that 98 percent silt soil of Red
kidney beans would be less costly and [Link] result proved that, within 3-6 days red kidney bean is
well grown in the silt soil 98 percent than any other soil. Next to the silt soil, Loam 95 percent and clay 74
percent shows good result. Therefore, it is clear that silt is one of the best soils for the cultivation of Red
kidney bean. The mass cultivation of Red kidney bean is simpler and less costly technology. This yields
large quantities of Red kidney beans. Phaseolus vulgaris are a very good source of cholesterol lowering
fibre. In addition to lowering cholesterol level in blood, Phaseolus vulgaris high fiber content prevents
blood sugar levels from rising too rapidly after a meal.
Keywords: Red Kidney Been Seed, Clay, Silt.
I. INTRODUCTION
Phaseolus vulgaris are valued for their protein- rich (23 per cent) seeds. Seeds are also rich in calcium,
phosphorus and iron. For the cultivation different soils, Sand, Clay, Silt, Loam, Red, and Black were tried
and found that the red kidney bean was excellent on Silt, the commonly used mass cultivation at present.
However, the growth of the Red kidney bean in Loam and Clay were also good, it is much inferior to that
Silt and the cost are very low and hence, the Silt is the best material for the cultivation of this Red kidney
beans.
In addition to its beneficial effects on the digestive system and the heart, soluble fibers help stabilize
blood sugar levels. Phaseolus vulgaris have really help to balance blood sugar level while providing
steady, slow burning energy. It is providing slow burning complex carbohydrates kidney beans can
increase the energy by helping to Replenish Iron stores. (Leung, YK. 1991)
Phaseolus vulgaris is a good idea especially because, kidney beans are low in calories and virtually fat –
free. A one-cup serving of kidney beans provides 28.9% of the daily-recommended intake for iron. A one
cup of cooked kidney beans provides 18.7% of the daily value for thiamin (vitamin B1). Its helps to
maintain of memory. (Axelson, J. 1990)
A cup of Phaseolus vulgaris provides 15.3 grams of protein that is 30.7% of the daily value for protein.
When it is used to stabilizing blood sugar and heart health benefits of the soluble fiber. (Liddle, RA. 1989).
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II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
SAMPLE SOURCE (SOILS, RED KIDNEY BEAN SEEDS)
Six soil samples are fully collected from area of Mother Teresa women’s University College campus near
Attuvampatti. The Phaseolus vulgaris seeds were collected in Kodaikanal.
MATERIALS
Sand Soil
Sand soil is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
The size of the particles is the largest. It is granular and consists of rock and mineral particles that are
very small. Sandy soil is composed of 60-70% sand, 20-25%, silt and 10-15 % clay. In termed of particles
size as used by geologists, sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625 mm (or 1/16 mm, or 62.5 μm) to
2mm.
Clay Soil
Clay soil is very fine-grained soil and hence there is very less air spaces between the particles. Water
logging might harm the roots of the plant. Clay soil becomes very heavy when wet. Blue or grey clays are
poorly aerated and thus must be loosened to support healthy growth of plants. Red colored clay soil has
good alteration. Plants grow well in clay if drainage is adequate because of high nutrient levels. Clay
soils have smaller concentrations of sand and, therefore, are much more effective soils for retaining
moisture. In dry climates, clay soil hardens to a solid mass that may be difficult to penetrate. When wet,
clay soil is slick or sticky. Clay soil free of air pockets, which supports water retention but severely limits
drainage. Plants that require high air circulation around the roots will be stunted by clay soils.
Perennial plants are more difficult to cultivate in clay soils, so annuals are better suited for the growing
conditions. Clay is as good at holding water as sand is at losing it. A clay soil can hold so much water and
be so sticky that it interferes with plant growth. One problem with holding so much. water so compactly
and tightly around the plants roots is that it interferes with oxygen reaching the roots.
Silty Soil
Silty soil is the most fertile soil. It is richer in nutrients and minerals like quartz than sandy soil and has
better drainage property. Silt is the medium – sized soil particle with a size range between [Link] is
a high - nutrient material found in many soils. Soils with particularly high silt content are smooth and
easily compacted under pressure. Silty soils are one of the richest soils that still maintain adequate
drainage, air circulation and moisture retention to support proper plant growth. Most plants are well –
supported by silty soils and should reach their full growth potential baring other environmental concerns.
Add color with tobacco plants, New Zealand flax or mahonia shrubs that are well – suited for silty soils.
Loam Soil
Loam soil is the perfect soil for plantation. Loamy soil is composed of 40% sand, 40% silt and 20% clay.
Loam soils generally contain more nutrients and humus than sandy soils, have better infiltration and
drainage than silty soils and are easier to till than clay soils. Loam are gritty moist, and retain water easily.
Loam would be the more desirable medium for growing most crops and grasses. Loam is considered ideal
for gardening and agricultural uses because it retain water while still allowing the water to flow freely.
This soil is found in a majority of successful farms in regions around the world known for their fertile
land. Loam soil feels soft and rich and is easy to work over a wide range of moisture conditions. There are
many different types of loam soils, each with slightly different characteristics, and with some draining
liquids more efficiently than others. Different proportions of sand, silt, and clay give rise to type of loam
soils: Sandy Loam, silty Loam, clay Loam, sandy clay Loam, and silty clay loam.
Red Soil
Red soil is sandier and less clayey in nature and do not acquire any important nutrient as they are poor in
nitrogen, lime and phosphorus. It is formed of clay, created by wear and tear of limestone. When
limestone erodes, the clay that is enclosed in the rocks is kept almost intact with other forms of non –
soluble materials. In oxidizing conditions, rust or iron oxide develops in the clay, when the soil is present
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above the water table. Thus, the soil gets a characteristic red color. Red soils are formed because of the
draining down of old crystalline rocks. Red soil is less clayey and sandier in nature and has a rich content
of iron and small humus content. Moreover, this type of soil is slightly acidic and is incapable to retain
moisture. The presence of a good concentration of iron oxide is responsible for giving this soil its
yellowish or reddish shade.
Black Soil
Black soils are also known as regular soils. They are black in color as suggested by the name. The color of
the soil is black because of the presence of certain salts It does not contain adequate nitrogen but it
contains sufficient phosphorous required for the growth of the plants. Black soils or the black cotton soil
has good water – holding capacity and is best suited for deep - rooted crops like cotton.
METHODS
PREPARATION OF FIELD
Prepare a different soil samples in full sunlight for plantation. The different soil samples are put
in to the individual pot.
Cultivate the soil do a depth of 6 to 8 inches with a hoe or garden fork. Red kidney bean will
grow in poor soil, as long as the soil drains well.
Plant the seeds 2 to 4 inches apart and approximately ½ inch deep.
Water the seeds immediately, using a hose with a spray attachment keep the soil moist until the
seeds germinate in 3 to 6 days. After that time, water the plants during dry periods. Saturate the
soil, and then allow the soil to dry slightly before watering again. The Red kidney bean fully
grows in 55-60 days.
Harvest the seeds after the plants turn dry and yellow.
PROCEDURE:
Red kidney bean is cultivated in different soil samples.
Plant the seeds 2 to 4 inches apart and approximately ½ inch deep. Water the seeds immediately
using a hose with a spray attachment.
The young stage of Red kidney bean plants the bio fertilizer was directly applied.
The observation of plants in 55-60 days.
Red kidney bean fully matured in this period.
DETERMINATION OF GROWTH RATE:
The yield of Red kidney bean using different soils.
There are sixtypes soils using Red Kidney Bean.
Soils = S
S1 – Sand soil
S2 – Clay soil
S3 – Silt soil
S4 – Loam soil
S5 – Red soil
S6 – Black soil
OBSERVATIONS
After the 3-6 days red kidney bean growth was observed on silt soil next to the loam soil.
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Table – 1: Cultivation periods of red kidney bean
Sample Source Periods (Days)
Plant
Red Kidney Bean Sand Soil (S1) Cow dung 55-60 days
Red Kidney Bean Clay Soil (S2) Cow dung 55-60 days
Red Kidney Bean Silt Soil (S3) Cow dung 55-60 days
Red Kidney Bean Loam Soil (S4) Cow dung 55-60 days
Red Kidney Bean Red Soil (S5) Cow dung 55-60 days
Red Kidney Bean Black Soil (S6) Cow dung 55-60 days
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Good Quality of Soil
On a volume basis, a good quality soil is one that is 45% minerals, 25% water, 25% air, 5% organic
material, both live and dead. (Williams, J.A. 1984, Sep). This increases erosion and strips away vegetation
and top soil. A normal, loosely compacts soil helps to absorb and retain water, releasing it slowly, and
allows the root zone of plants to “breath”. The organic content of soil greatly influences the plant animal
and microorganism populations in that soil.
Sandy Soil Results
Sandy soil is made up mostly of large particles of sand rather than silt or clay. Sandy soil is dry and does
not hold or contain the nutrients many plants need to reach their full growth potential. Because sandy soil
is made up of such large particles, it is easily infiltrated by water, but the looseness of the soil prevents it
from retaining the moisture for very long. Sandy soils promote adequate air circulation and resist
instances of moisture-related plant damage like root rot. Fulls-sun plants that required little water reach
their full growth potential is sandy soils. If the appear to be short or stunted, mix an amount of compost in
the sand to help retain moisture. (Dillard, 1744, Dec) Sand texture’s effect on the growth of bean plants
with increasing sand content, more water will drain through the soil and fewer nutrients will be available
to the plants. Thus, with increased sand, the plants smaller, have less root development and be a lighter
color.
Clay Soil Results
Clay soils have smaller concentrations of sand and therefore, are much more effective soils for retaining
moisture. In dry climates, clay soil hardens to a solid mass that may be difficult to penetrate. When wet,
clay soil is slick or sticky. Clay soil is free of air pockets, which supports water retention but severally
limits drainage. Plants that require high air circulation around the roots will be stunted by clay soils.
Perennial plants are more difficult to cultivate in clay soils, so annuals are better suited for the growing
conditions. (Bouras, E.P. 1992, May) Clay changes the growth of bean plants. With increased clay content,
the soil will retain more water and nutrients, which can increase bean plant growth. However, with a
pure clay soil, it will become dense and waterlogged and the growth of the beans will be stunted.
Silt Soil Results
Slit is a high-nutrient materials found in many soils. It is a most fertile soil. Soils with particularly high
silt richest soils that still maintain adequate drainage, air circulation and moisture retention to support
proper plant growth. Most plants are well supported by silty soils and should reach their full growth
potential bearing other environmental concerns. It is having richer in nutrients like Quartz than sandy
soil and has better drainage property. (Rolmer, R.1974 Aug) It is increase the growth of bean plants. It is a
suitable soil for the cultivation of beans plants.
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Loam Soil Results
An ideal soil is loam, which has fairly balanced proportions of sand, silt, clay and organic matter. A rich
loam with balanced soil components, including organic matter, is a gardener’s delight. There is just
enough clay and organic matter to hold a good amount of water in the soil for plants roots. At the same
time, there is a good balance of sand and silt, allowing for drainage and a bit of drying so that plant’s roots
are not waterlogged. Loams are gritty, moist and retain water easily. (Logsdon, 1995 Nov) Loam would be
the more desirable medium for glowing beans plants. It is the perfect soil for the cultivation of bean
plants.
RED KIDNEY BEAN SEED SEEDLING
GERMINATION DEVELOPMENT
BUDDING MATURE FLOWER
GROWING BEAN GERMINATION IN SAND
GERMINATION ON CLAY AND SILT GERMINATION ON LOAM
GERMINATION ON RED GERMINATION ON BLACK
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SAND SOIL RESULT CLAY SOIL RESULT
SILT SOIL RESULT LOAM SOIL RESULT
RED SOIL RESULT BLACK SOIL RESULT
Figure-1
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF
RED KIDNEY BEANS (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Red Soil Results
Red soil is sandier and less clayey in nature and do not acquire any important nutrient as they are poor in
nitrogen, lime and phosphorus. Due to present of iron oxide deposits, red soils get the unique red tint and
are comparatively infertile because of lime deficiency and soluble salt content. Moreover, this type of soil
is slightly acidic and is incapable to retain moisture. (Weinman, MD 1989 June) All factors that can stunt
growth of bean plants and be a lighter color. It is not suitable soil for the cultivation of beans plants.
Black Soil Results
Black soils are also known as regular soils. It does not contain adequate nitrogen but it contains sufficient
phosphorous required for the growth of the plants. (Santor, 1990 Jan) The beans plants are grow better in
the black soil.
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Toxicity
The toxic compound phytohaemagglutinin, a lectin, is present in many varieties of concentrated in red
kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). (BardoczS, 1989) phytohemagglutinin can be deactivated by cooking
beans at 1000C ( 2120 F) for ten minutes.
Cultivation of Phaseolus vulgaris is being done using the following different soils such as Sand, Silt, Clay,
Loam, Red, and Black. After 3 to 6 days of plantation, a good germination growth was observed in Silt soil.
When compared other silt soil shows good result. Next to that of silt, Loam and clay are considered good
one because they also show considerable germination growth on their soil. In addition,we tried that,
Loam and clay soils than the whole Loam and clay. So silt is used as a suitable soil for the cultivation of
Red kidney bean.
Table– 2
Red kidney bean yield result in different soils
Plant (50%) Sample (50%) Yield (100%) (Result)
Red kidney bean Sandy soil (S1) 50%
Red kidney bean Clay soil (S2) 74%
Red kidney bean Silt soil (S3) 98%
Red kidney bean Loam soil (S4) 95%
Red kidney bean Red soil (S5) 32%
Red kidney bean Black soil (S6) 66%
The result proved that, within 3-6 days Phaseolus vulgaris is well grown in the silt soil 98 percent than
any other soil. Next to the silt soil, Loam 95 percent and clay 74 percent shows good result. Therefore, it
is clear that silt is one of the best soils for the cultivation of Red kidney bean. The mass cultivation of
Phaseolus vulgaris is simpler and less costly technology. This yields large quantities of Red kidney beans.
Red kidney bean yield result in
different soils
100%
80%
60%
98% 95%
40% 74% 66%
50%
20% 32%
0%
Sandy soil Clay soil Silt soil (S3) Loam soil Red soil Black soil
(S1) (S2) (S4) (S5) (S6)
Red kidney Red kidney Red kidney Red kidney Red kidney Red kidney
bean bean bean bean bean bean
Figure-2
IV. CONCLUSION
According to the above study, growth of Phaseolus vulgaris was high in Silt soil followed by Loam and
Clay among the soil used for study such as Sand, Clay, Silt, Loam, Red and Black soils. Even though Clay
and Loam are good for cultivation of the Red kidney bean, it was less costly. In the trial to assess of this
bean, the percent bean was high in all the soils. Red kidney bean at the 98 percent registered the highest
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silt soil followed by 95 percent loam soil, 74 percent clay soil, 66 black soil against 50 percent sand soil
and 32 percent red soil. It was concluded that 98 percent silt soil of Red kidney beans would be less costly
and viable. Phaseolus vulgaris are a very good source of cholesterol lowering fiber.
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