EMRG 251
Female and Male
Anatomy
Male and Female Reproductive
Systems
Female Reproductive System
• Produces sex hormones and functional gametes
(eggs)
• Also has to protect and support developing
embryo, maintain growing fetus, nourish newborn
• Main organs
• Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and
external genitalia
• Accessory organs
• Mammary glands and smaller accessory glands
External Genitalia
• Perineum
• Muscular tissue that separates the vagina and
anus
• Supports the internal pelvic organs
• Stretches during childbirth
• May tear during childbirth (episiotomy a surgical
incision to prevent spontaneous tearing )
• Mons Pubis
• Fatty layer of tissue over the pubic symphysis
• Serves as a cushion to protect during
intercourse
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External Genitalia
• Labia
• Protects the vagina and urethra
• Majora – located lateral Minora – located medial
• Highly vascular, numerous nerves, lubricating glands
(sebaceous)
• Vestibule
• Protected by the labia minora
• Contains the urethral opening and the vaginal orifice
• Hymen- thin fold of mucous membrane that forms the
external border of the vagina, partly closing it
• Clitoris
• Erectile tissue, highly innervated & vascular
• Major site of sexual stimulation
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Female Reproductive System
• Imperforate hymen
• Hymen completely covers the vaginal orifice
• May lead to complications such as:
• Blockage of menses
• Endometriosis
• Can also be caused by sexual abuse
Female external genitalia
Mons pubis
Urethra
Vestibule Prepuce
Labia minora
Hymen (torn) Clitoris
Vaginal entrance
Anus
Labia majora
Figure 18.9 2
Sagittal section of female reproductive organs
Infundibulum
Ovaries Rectouterine
pouch
Uterine tube
Uterus
Cervix Sigmoid
colon
Urinary bladder
Rectum Vagina
Pubic symphysis
Urethra
Accessory
External Genitalia glands
Clitoris
Labia Anus
Figure 18.6 1
.
Internal Genitalia
• Vagina
• Elastic canal of smooth muscle (9-10 cm length) that
connects the external genitalia to the uterus(cervix)
• Crisscrossed with ridges that allow it to stretch during
childbirth
3 Functions
1) Female organ of copulation, receiving the penis during
intercourse
2) Birth Canal
3) Outlet for menstrual blood
Cervix
Fornix
Vaginal artery
Vaginal vein
Rugae
Vaginal
canal
Hymen
Greater
vestibular gland
Labia minora
Vestibule
Figure 18.9 1
Internal Genitalia
• Uterus – Primary Site of Fetal Development
• Center of pelvis, flexed forward, between the bladder and
rectum above the vagina
• Approx 7.5cm x 5cm wide, flat and triangular, increases to
approx 40 cm at term
• Held loosely in position by 3 ligaments, peritoneal folds and
pressure of adjacent abdominal structures
• Uterine arteries branch off the internal iliac artery
• 3 Parts – body (corpus) 2/3 upper, cervix (neck)1/3 lower
• Upper most portion – Fundus, lies above the point where
the fallopian tubes attach
Internal Genitalia
• 3 Layers of Uterus
• 1) Endometrium – innermost lining
• - each month stimulated by estrogen and progesterone,
build up in preparation for the implantation of fertilized
egg, if not lining degenerates and sloughs off (menses)
• 2) Myometrium – 3 middle layers, muscular, primarily over
the fundus contractions for childbirth and menstruation,
opening of the cervix
• 3) Perimetrium – outermost layer of visceral peritoneum that
lines the abdominal cavity and organs but does not extend to
the cervix
• This is the area where a C-section is performed due this
layer not reaching the cervix, allows surgical access
without the higher risk of infection associated with a
peritoneal incision
Uterine tubes and layers of the uterus
Infundibulum
Fimbriae
Uterine
cavity
Layers of the Uterine Wall
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
Uterine
artery
and vein
The Uterine Lumen
Uterine cavity
Cervical canal
Vagina
Figure 18.8 1
Internal Genitalia
• Cervix
• Narrowest portion of the uterus, 2.5 cm long
and dilates to 10 cm during labour
• Fallopian / Uterine Tubes
• 2 openings- fimbriated end that opens to into
the abdominal cavity that is adjacent to the
ovaries and a minute opening into the uterus
• Fertilization usually occurs in the distal third of
the tube
.
Internal Genitalia
• Ovaries – 3 Functions
• 1) Hormones, Estrogen and Progesterone, in response to the
anterior pituitary gland in stimulating the FSH (folli stimulating
hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone)
• 2) Development and release of the eggs
• 3) Secretion of inhibin- feedback control of the pituitary gland
- Not directly connected to the uterus or fallopian tubes
- Suspended between the ovarian and suspensory ligaments
- Broad ligament – extensive mesentery enclosing the ovaries,
tubes and uterus, attaches to the sides and floor of the pelvic
cavity
Interior of ovary is divided in two parts, cortex and medulla.
Eggs (gametes) are produced in the cortex
Regions of the uterus
Ovarian artery and vein
Suspensory ligament of ovary
Regions of the Uterus
Ovary
Fundus
Body
Broad Cervix
ligament
Vaginal artery
Vagina
Figure 18.8 3
.
Posterior view of uterus, uterine tubes, and ovaries
Uterine Ovarian
Ovarian artery Ovary tube ligament
and vein Mesovarium
Infundibulum
Fimbriae
Suspensory
ligament Uterus
Broad
ligament
Ureter
Broad
Cervix ligament
Posterior view
Figure 18.6 2
Overview of components of female reproductive system
Mammary Glands
Gonads
Female Reproductive
Tract Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
External Genitalia
Vagina
Clitoris
Labia
Figure 18 Section 2
Mammary Gland
• Provides nourishment for developing infant
• Milk production (lactation) controlled by hormones
• Lies directly over pectoralis major muscle
• Embedded in subcutaneous tissue of pectoral fat
pad deep to skin
• Supported by bands of connective tissue called
suspensory ligaments of the breast
.
Mammary Gland Organization
• Glands divided into lobes
• Each lobe has several secretory lobules
• Each lobule composed of secretory alveoli
• Ducts from lobules converge into one lactiferous duct per
lobe
• Lactiferous duct expands near nipple to form lactiferous
sinus
• Nipple is conical projection where 15–20 lactiferous
sinuses open to surface
• Reddish-brown skin around nipple is areola
.
Mammary glands
The Structure of a
Mammary Gland
Pectoral fat pad
Pectoralis
major muscle Suspensory ligaments
Lobules
Lobule
Lactiferous duct
Lactiferous sinus
Lobe Nipple
Left breast Areola
Figure 18.10
Male Reproductive System
• Testes
• Produce hormones responsible for sexual maturation and
sperm cells (100-200 million/day)
• Lie outside the core in a muscular sac (scrotum), 2-3 degree
Celsius lower than abdominal temperature, critical for sperm
development
• Epididymis
• Where sperm cells from testes is stored
• Sperm cells are then channeled into the Vas/Ductus
Deferens
Male Reproductive System
• Vas (Ductus) deferans
• Duct that carries sperm to the urethra for ejaculation
• Passes through an opening in the inguinal ligament (inguinal
canal), the testicular blood supply also runs through this
opening.
This opening in the inguinal ligament is an anatomical weak
point, as a result what injury do we see?
Male Reproductive System – Accessory Organs
• Seminal, Prostate and Bulb-urethra secrete
various fluids into the ejaculatory ducts and
urethra
• Prostate Gland
• Source of fluid that combines with sperm to form semen (20-
30%)
• Prostate secretions may help to prevent UTI in males
• Surrounds the Urethra
• Enlargement can narrow or block the urethra, blocking or
reducing urine flow resulting in what? BPH (Benign Prostatic
Hyperplasia)
• Seminal Glands (seminal vesicles)
• 60% of semen volume
• When mixed with this fluid the first step in capacitation starts.
• Inactive but functional sperm begin beating their flagella
(tail)
• Bulbo-urethral Gland
• Located at the base of the penis
• Lubricates the tip
• Secrete a thick alkaline mucus that helps neutralize any
urinary acids
Male Reproductive System
• Spermatozoa Testes Epididymis
Van (Ductus) Deferens Ejaculatory Duct
Urethra
Sperm leaving the testes are physically mature but
immobile, to become motile (active swimming) and
fully functional , must undergo a process called
capacitation –
1) Mixed with secretions of the seminal glands
2) Mixing with cervical mucus in the female
reproductive tract
Male Reproductive System
