CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

DON SEVERINO DE LAS ALAS CAMPUS

INDANG, CAVITE

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

FIRST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2023-2024

RESEARCH I:
ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF
SITE ANALYSIS

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE IN
PLANNING 1

SUBMITTED BY:
ABANES, IRA JAMES C. (202012592)
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE 4-1

SUBMITTED TO:
AR. KATHLEEN BESCASER
INSTRUCTOR • PLANNING 1
DECEMBER 06, 2023
 INTRODUCTION
AN ECOSYSTEM IS A COMPLEX SYSTEM WITH MANY PARTS, BOTH
AND NON-LIVING. ALL PARTS OF THE SYSTEM ARE IMPORTANT. IF ONE
PART OF THE SYSTEM IS REMOVED, LOTS OF OTHER PARTS CAN BE
AFFECTED. IF PART OF ECOSYSTEM IS MISSING MAY CONTINUE FOR A
WHILE BUT IN TIME WOULD START FALLING APART. ALL OF THE PARTS OF
THE ECOSYSTEM WORK TOGETHER. IF YOU DO NOT THINK ABOUT HOW,
YOU WORK WILL AFFECT LAND, WATER OR AIR WHERE YOU ARE WORKING,
YOU COULD DAMAGE THAT ‘ECOSYSTEM’ BY POISONING THE LAND OR
WATER, REMOVING PLANTS AND TREES OR KILLING THE FISH, INSECTS,
BIRDS AND ANIMALS THAT LIVE THERE.

ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS:

I. GROUND FORM

A GEOLOGIC CROSS SECTION OF THE GRAND CANYON. BLACK

NUMBERS CORRESPOND TO GROUPS OF FORMATIONS AND WHITE
NUMBERS CORRESPOND TO FORMATIONS. GROUND FORMATION IS TO BE
CONSIDERED IN SITE SELECTION OR REGARDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF
ANY SITE. THE SURFACE FEATURES OF A PLOT OF LAND, WHICH
INFLUENCES WHERE AND HOW TO BUILD A DEVELOPMENT. TO STUDY THE
RESPONSE OF A BUILDING DESIGN TO THE TOPOGRAPHY OF A SITE
SECTIONS OR A SITE, WE CAN USE A SERIES IF SITE SELECTION OR A SITE
PLAN WITH CONTOUR LINES. CONTOUR LINES ARE IMAGINARY LINES
JOINING POINTS OF EQUAL ELEVATION ABOVE A DATUM OR BENCH MARK
THE TRAJECTORY OF EACH CONTOUR LINES INDICATES THE SHAPE OF
THE LAND FORMATION AT THAT ELEVATION.

PATTERN GROUND

PATTERN GROUND IS THE DISTINCT, AND OFTEN SYMMETRICAL

GEOMETRIC SHAPES FORMED BY GROUNDMATERIAL IN PERIGLACIAL
REGIONS.

TYPES OF PATTERNED GROUND

 PATTERNED GROUND CAN BE FOUND IN A VARIETY OF FORMS.

 POLYGONS CAN FORM EITHER IN PERMAFROST AREAS OR IN AREAS
THAT ARE AFFECTED BY SEASONAL FROST.
 CIRCLES RANGE IN SIZE FROM A FEW CENTIMETERS TO SEVERAL
METERS IN DIAMETER.
 STEPS CAN BE DEVELOPED FROM CIRCLES AND POLYGONS. THIS
FORM OF PATTERNED GROUND IS GENERALLY A TERRACE-LIKE
FEATURE THAT HAS A BORDER OF EITHER LARGER STONES OR
VEGETATION ON EITHER SORTED OR UNSORTED MATERIAL.
 STRIPES ARE LINES OF STONES, VEGETATION, AND/OR SOIL.

II. SOIL AND GEOLOGY

SOIL IS THE MIXTURE OF MINERALS, ORGANIC MATTER, GASES,

LIQUIDS, AND THE MYRIAD OF ORGANISMSTHAT TOGETHER SUPPORT
PLANT LIFE. SOIL SERVES AS A FOUNDATION FOR MOST CONSTRUCTION
PROJECTS.SOIL IS INTIMATELY TIED TO OUR URGENT NEED TO PROVIDE
FOOD FOR OURSELVES AND FORAGE FOR OUR ANIMALS.
SOILS IN CONSTRUCTION

THE DEGREE OF COMPACTION OF SOIL IS MEASURED BY ITS UNIT

WEIGHT (OR DENSITY) AND OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT. THE PROCESS
OF SOIL COMPACTION IS SIMPLY EXPELLING THE AIR FROM THE VOIDS OR
REDUCING AIR VOIDS. AS SOIL IS COMPACTED, SOIL DENSITY IS
INCREASED. REDUCING, OR SQUEEZING, WATER FROM THE VOIDS IS
REFERRED TO AS CONSOLIDATION, NOT COMPACTION.

IN CONSTRUCTION OF STREETS, PARKING AREAS, EMBANKMENTS

AND MANY OTHER SITE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS, IT MAY BE NECESSARY
TO COMPACT SOILS TO INCREASE THEIR DENSITY.

COMPACTION IMPROVES THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS OF

SOILS FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES:

1. INCREASE STRENGTH

2. DECREASES PERMEABILITY

3. REDUCES SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATION

4. INCREASES SLOPE STABILITY OF EMBANKMENTS

TYPES OF SOIL

GEOLOGY

GEOLOGY GIVES INSIGHT INTO THE HISTORY OF THE EARTH BY

PROVIDING THE PRIMARY EVIDENCE FOR PLATE TECTONICS, THE
EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF LIFE, AND PAST CLIMATES. GEOLOGY IS
IMPORTANT FOR MINERAL AND HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION AND
EXPLOITATION, EVALUATING WATER RESOURCES, UNDERSTANDING OF
NATURAL HAZARDS, THE REMEDIATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS,
AND FOR PROVIDING INSIGHTS INTO PAST CLIMATE CHANGE.

OTHER AREAS OF APPLICATION

THE FIELDS OF ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL, ARCHITECTURAL

AND URBAN GEOLOGY ARE BROADLY CONCERNED WITH APPLYING THE
FINDINGS OF GEOLOGIC STUDIES TO CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND
TO PROBLEMS OF LAND USE. THE LOCATION OF A BRIDGE, FOR EXAMPLE,
INVOLVES GEOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS IN SELECTING SITES FOR THE
SUPPORTING PIERS. THE STRENGTH OF GEOLOGIC MATERIALS SUCH AS
ROCK OR COMPACTED CLAY THAT OCCUR AT THE SITES OF THE PIERS
SHOULD BE ADEQUATE TO SUPPORT THE LOAD PLACED ON THEM.
GEOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF THE EARTH:

1. THE MATERIALS OF WHICH IT IS MADE,

2. THE STRUCTURE OF THOSE MATERIALS,

3. THE PROCESSES ACTING UPON THEM.

4. THE STUDY OF ORGANISMS THAT HAVE INHABITED OUR PLANET.

5. AN IMPORTANT PART OF GEOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF HOW EARTH’S

MATERIALS, STRUCTURES, PROCESSES AND ORGANISMS HAVE CHANGED
OVER TIME

III. RAINWATER RESOURCES

WATER IS A COMBINATION OF TWO ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES

HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN. IT APPEARS IN ITS NATURAL STATE AS LIQUID--
830 TIMES HEAVIER THAN AIR, SOLID-- ICE, GAS-- VAPOR OR STEAM133
TIMES LIGHTER THAN AIR. THE WEIGHT OF WATER IN LIQUID FORM
3.778KG.PER U.S GALLON AND1.000KG.PER CUBIC METER.

THERE ARE THREE SOURCES OF WATER:

1. RAINWATER OR RAINFALL

ADVANTAGE: OBTAIN FROM ROOFS AND WATERSHED. IT IS SOFT PURE

AND GOOD ON PLACES WHERE THERE IS AN ABUNDANT RAINFALL.

DISADVANTAGE: HARD TO STORE FOR A LONG TIME AS IT WILL BE A

BREEDING PLACE FOR MOSQUITOES, REQUIRES BIG CONTAINERS FOR
STORING BIG QUANTITIES FOR LONG USES, ROOFS MAY NOT BE CLEAN,
BAD FOR PLACES THAT RECEIVES A LITTLE AMOUNT OF RAINFALL.

2. SURFACE WATER - A MIXTURE OF SURFACE RUN- OFF AND GROUND

WATER INCLUDES RIVERS, POND AND RESERVOIRS
FROM NATURAL SURFACE:

ADVANTAGE: OBTAINED FROM PONDS, LAKES, RIVERS EASINESS OF

PROCUREMENTS AND GOOD FOR LOCALITY NEAR SUCH BODIES OF
WATER.

DISADVANTAGE: DANGEROUS BECAUSE IT CONTAINS LARGE AMOUNTS OF

BACTERIA, ORGANIC AND INORGANIC SUBSTANCES OF VARYING
QUANTITIES.

3. FROM UNDERGROUND RIVER FLOW:

UNDERGROUND/ GROUND WATER - PORTION OF THE RAINWATER WHICH

HAS PERCOLATED INTO THE EARTH UNDERGROUND DEPOSIT CALLED
(WATER BEARING SOIL FORMATION) GROUND WATER CAN BE EXTRACTED
BY CONSTRUCTING WELL.

ADVANTAGE: OBTAINED MORE BELOW GROUND SURFACE BY MEANS OF

MECHANICAL ANDMANUAL EQUIPMENT.

DISADVANTAGE: BECAUSE OF VARIOUS ORGANIC MATTER AND CHEMICAL

ELEMENTS PRESENT, IT REQUIRES TREATMENT OF VARIOUS NATURES,
SUCH AS SEDIMENTATION, CHEMICAL, FILTRATION, AERATIONS.

4. WELL ARE HOLES IN THE EARTH FROM WHICH A FLUID MAY BE

WITHDRAW USING MANUAL OR MECHANICAL MEANS SUCH AS DRAW
BUCKET, PUMP, ETC.

TYPES OF WELL:

 DUG WELLS CAN BE CONSTRUCTED BY HAND TOOLS/ POWER TOOL.

IT CAN HAVE THE GREATEST DIAMETER THAT A SPACE MAY ALLOW.
 DRIVEN WELLS THE SIMPLEST AND USUALLY THE LEAST EXPENSIVE.
A STEEL DRIVE- WELLPOINT IS FITTED ON ONE END OF THE PIPE
SECTION & DRIVEN INTO THE EARTH.
  BORED WELLS DUG W/ EARTH AUGERS USUALLY LESS THAN 30M
DEEP. THESE ARE DONE WHEN THE EARTH TO BE BORED IS
BOULDER FREE AND WILL NOT CAVE IN. THE WELL IS LINED WITH
METAL, VITRIFIED TILE OR CONCRETE.
 DRILLED WELL REQUIRE MORE ELABORATE EQUIPMENT AND
ACCOMPANIED BY THE LOWERING OF A CASING.

METHODS OF PURIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF WATER

1. SEDIMENTATION – ARTICLE OF AMTTERS THAT ARE SUSPENDED IN THE

WATER ARE ALLOWED TO STAY IN A CONTAINER SO THAT THEY WILL
SETTLE IN SEDIMENTS IN THE CONTAINER.

2. CHEMICAL TREATMENTS – WATER ARE GIVEN CHEMICAL TREATMENTS

TO KILL THE HARMFUL BACTERIA’S PRESENT AND TO CURE TURBID TASTE
OR MUD TASTE, REMOVE CLAY, SALT AND IRON.

3. FILTRATION – WATER ARE FILTERED ON VARIOUS PROCESSES, SO AS TO

REMOVE THE PARTICLES OF VEGETABLE MATTER, MUD, AND OTHER
PARTICLES OF MATTER PRESENT IN THE WATER, MOST COMMONLY USED
MATERIALS ARE SAND AND GRAVEL.

4. AERATION – RAW MATERIALS IS MADE TO PASS ON PIPES OF TINY

SIEVES AND EXPOSED TO AIR OF FINE MIST.

IV. MICROCLIMATE

MICROCLIMATE REFERS TO VERY LOCALIZED WEATHER CONDITIONS

AROUND BUILDINGS OR SMALL NEIGHBORHOOD CLUSTERS. BUILDING
LOCATION AND GEOMETRY CAN AFFECT MICROCLIMATE ESPECIALLY IN
DENSE URBAN AREAS WHERE AIR MOVEMENT CAN BE DISTORTED TO
FORM WAKE AND DOWNWASH PHENOMENA THAT REDUCE THE LIVE
ABILITY OF EXTERNAL SPACE. TALL BUILDINGS CREATE THEIR OWN
MICROCLIMATE, BOTH BY OVERSHADOWING LARGE AREAS AND BY
CHANNELING STRONG WINDS TO GROUND LEVEL. WIND EFFECTS AROUND
TALL BUILDINGS ARE ASSESSED AS PART OF A MICROCLIMATE STUDY.

1. COASTAL REGIONS

THE COASTAL CLIMATE IS INFLUENCED BY BOTH THE LAND AND SEA

BETWEEN WHICH THE COAST FORMS A BOUNDARY. THE THERMAL
PROPERTIES OF WATER ARE SUCH THAT THE SEA MAINTAINS A
RELATIVELY CONSTANT DAY TO DAY TEMPERATURE COMPARED WITH THE
LAND. THE SEA ALSO TAKES A LONG TIME TO HEAT UP DURING THE
SUMMER MONTHS AND, CONVERSELY, A LONG TIME TO COOLDOWN
DURING THE WINTER. COASTAL MICROCLIMATES DISPLAY DIFFERENT
CHARACTERISTICS DEPENDING ON WHERE THEY OCCUR ON THE EARTH’S
SURFACE.

2. FOREST

TROPICAL RAINFORESTS COVER ONLY ABOUT 6% OF EARTH’S LAND

SURFACE, BUT IT IS BELIEVED THEY

HAVE A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON THE TRANSFER OF WATER VAPOUR TO

THE ATMOSPHERE. THIS IS DUETO A PROCESS KNOWN AS
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM THE LEAVES OF THE FOREST TREES.

3. URBAN WINDS

TALL BUILDINGS CAN SIGNIFICANTLY DISTURB AIRFLOWS OVER

URBAN AREAS, AND EVEN A BUILDING100 METERS OR SO HIGH CAN
DEFLECT AND SLOW DOWN THE FASTER UPPER ATMOSPHERE WINDS. THE
NET RESULT IS THAT URBAN AREAS, IN GENERAL, ARE LESS WINDY THAN
SURROUNDING RURAL AREAS. HOWEVER, THE ‘OFFICE QUARTER’ OF
LARGER CONURBATIONS CAN BE WINDIER, WITH QUITE MARKED GUSTS.
THIS IS THE RESULT OF THE INCREASED SURFACE ROUGHNESS THAT THE
URBAN SKYLINE CREATES, LEADING TO STRONG VORTICES AND EDDIES.
WHY USE MICROCLIMATE DESIGN?

A WELL-CONSIDERED MICROCLIMATIC STRATEGY IN THE DESIGN OF

BUILDINGS AND URBAN SPACE, HELP REDUCE EXPOSURE AND TO
CONTRIBUTE TO THE SUCCESS OF WELL USED EXTERNAL SPACE.
CAREFUL ATTENTION TO BUILDING FORM CAN ENSURE THAT POTENTIALLY
HARMFUL WIND EFFECTS ARE MITIGATED AROUND TALL BUILDINGS. THE
USE OF SHELTER BELTS, BOTH NATURAL AND CONSTRUCTED REDUCE
EXPOSURE TO THE FACES OF BUILDINGS THEREFORE REDUCING
EXCESSIVE HEAT LOSS AND PROTECTING EXTERNAL FINISHES FROM
PREMATURE DETERIORATION. MICROCLIMATE IS ACRITICAL DESIGN ISSUE
FOR BOTH ARCHITECTURE AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE DISCIPLINES
AND A SHARED SENSIBILITY ENCOURAGES EFFECTIVE
TRANSDISCIPLINARY AND CROSS DISCIPLINARY COLLABORATION.

WHEN TO USE A MICROCLIMATIC STRATEGY?

DESIGNING FOR MICROCLIMATE IS RELEVANT PARTICULARLY IN

DISPERSED, LOW-DENSITY SETTLEMENTS. CONVERSELY, IT IS ALSO VITAL
TO CONSIDER IN DENSE URBAN AREAS WITH A WIDE VARIETY OF BUILDING
PLAN FORM AND HEIGHT. PROPOSALS THAT INCLUDE EXTERNAL AMENITY
AND RECREATIONAL SPACE ARE RELEVANT.

V. ORIENTATION

DESIGN FOR ORIENTATION IS A FUNDAMENTAL STEP TO ENSURE

THAT BUILDINGS WORK WITH THE PASSAGE OF THE SUN ACROSS THE SKY.
KNOWLEDGE OF SUN PATHS FOR ANY SITE IS FUNDAMENTAL IN DESIGN
BUILDING FACADES TO LET IN LIGHT AND PASSIVE SOLAR GAIN, AS WELL
AS REDUCING GLARE AND OVERHEATING TO THE BUILDING INTERIOR. IT IS
IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THAT THE POSITION OF THE SUN IN THE SKY IS
DYNAMIC, CHANGING ACCORDING TO TIME OF DAY, TIME OF YEAR AND THE
SITE’S LATITUDE.

WHY CONSIDER BUILDING ORIENTATION?

WELL-ORIENTATED BUILDINGS MAXIMIZE DAY LIGHTING THROUGH

BUILDING FACADES REDUCING THE NEED FOR ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING. SOME
TYPOLOGIES ESPECIALLY HOUSING CAN BE ZONED TO ENSURE DIFFERENT
FUNCTIONAL USES RECEIVE SUNLIGHT AT DIFFERENT TIMES OF THE DAY.
A CAREFUL STRATEGY CAN ALSO MITIGATE OVERHEATING AND GLARE
WHEN SUNLIGHT IS EXCESSIVE. YOU SHOULD KNOW HOW THE SUN
INTERACTS WITH YOUR BUILDING IN HIGH SUMMER AND THE DEPTHS OF
WINTER.

LAYOUT AND ORIENTATION MUST BE CONSIDERED FROM THE BEGINNING

OF THE DESIGN PROCESS:

 ORIENTATION FOR PASSIVE HEATING AND COOLING

 CHOOSING A SITE
 BUILDING LOCATION
 LAYOUT
 OVERCOMING OBSTACLES

ORIENTATION, LAYOUT AND LOCATION ON SITE WILL ALL INFLUENCE

THE AMOUNT OF SUN A BUILDING RECEIVES AND THEREFORE ITS YEAR-
ROUND TEMPERATURES AND COMFORT. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
INCLUDE ACCESS TO VIEWS AND COOLING BREEZES.

ORIENTATION AND LAYOUT WILL ALSO BE INFLUENCED BY

TOPOGRAPHY, WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION, THE SITE’S RELATIONSHIP
WITH THE STREET, THE LOCATION OF SHADE ELEMENTS SUCH AS TREES
AND NEIGHBORING BUILDINGS, AND VEHICLE ACCESS AND PARKING.

ORIENTATION FOR PASSIVE HEATING AND COOLING:

  FOR MAXIMUM SOLAR GAIN, A BUILDING WILL BE LOCATED,
ORIENTED AND DESIGNED TO MAXIMIZE WINDOW AREA FACING
NORTH (OR WITHIN 20 DEGREES OF NORTH)
 ORIENTATION FOR SOLAR GAIN WILL ALSO DEPEND ON OTHER
FACTORS SUCH AS PROXIMITY TO NEIGHBORING BUILDINGS AND
TREES THAT SHADE THE SITE.

FOR SOLAR GAIN, AS WELL AS CONSIDERING LOCATION, ORIENTATION AND

WINDOW SIZE AND PLACEMENT, IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER THE
THERMAL PERFORMANCE AND SOLAR HEAT GAIN EFFICIENCY OF THE
GLAZING UNIT ITSELF.

IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS OF SOLAR GAIN FOR PASSIVE HEATING

 NOISE
 DAYLIGHTING
 PROTECTION FROM PREVAILING WINDS
 ACCESS TO BREEZES FOR VENTILATION
 SHADE TO PREVENT SUMMER OVERHEATING AND GLARE
 VIEWS
 PRIVACY
 ACCESS
 INDOOR/OUTDOOR FLOW
 OWNERS’ PREFERENCES
 COVENANTS AND PLANNING RESTRICTIONS

SIGNIFICANCE OF ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATION IN SITE ANALYSIS

ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SITE ANALYSIS ARE OF PARAMOUNT

SIGNIFICANCE AS THEY PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN FOSTERING
SUSTAINABLE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE DEVELOPMENT.BY
INCORPORATING ECOLOGICAL FACTORS, PLANNERS AND DEVELOPERS
CAN IDENTIFY AND PRESERVE VALUABLE ECOSYSTEMS, CONTRIBUTING TO
THE OVERALL CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY (COSTANZA ET AL., 2017).
UNDERSTANDING THE ECOLOGICAL NUANCES OF A SITE ENABLES THE
RECOGNITION AND OPTIMIZATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES, SUCH AS
WATER PURIFICATION, POLLINATION, AND SOIL FERTILITY, WHICH ARE
VITAL FOR THE WELL-BEING OF BOTH THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN
COMMUNITIES (MEA, 2005). THIS APPROACH ALIGNS WITH THE PRINCIPLES
OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ENSURING THAT THE DEVELOPMENT
MEETS PRESENT NEEDS WITHOUT COMPROMISING THE ABILITY OF
FUTURE GENERATIONS TO MEET THEIR OWN NEEDS (WCED, 1987).
MOREOVER, ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS CONTRIBUTE TO THE
RESILIENCE OF DEVELOPMENTS TO CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS, PROMOTE
EFFECTIVE WATER MANAGEMENT, AND MITIGATE POTENTIAL NEGATIVE
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, SUCH AS HABITAT DESTRUCTION AND
POLLUTION. COMPLIANCE WITH LEGAL AND REGULATORY
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS IS FACILITATED BY INTEGRATING
ECOLOGICAL FACTORS INTO SITE ANALYSIS, REDUCING THE RISK OF
LEGAL ISSUES AND ENSURING RESPONSIBLE LAND USE (UNEP, 1992).
OVERALL, ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SITE ANALYSIS ARE
ESSENTIAL FOR CREATING DEVELOPMENTS THAT ARE NOT ONLY
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY BUT ALSO CULTURALLY AND
AESTHETICALLY VALUABLE, CONTRIBUTING TO THE HEALTH, EDUCATION,
AND LONG-TERM VIABILITY OF COMMUNITIES (BEATLEY, 2011; NASSAUER,
1995).
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………….3

II. ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS………………………………………………...…3

a. GROUND FORM…………………………………………………………………….3
1. PATTERN GROUND……………………………………………………………4
2. TYPES OF PATTERN GROUND……………………………………………...4
b. SOIL AND GEOLOGY……………………………………………………………...4
1. SOILS IN CONSTRUCTION…………………………………………………...6
2. TYPES OF SOIL…………………………………………………………………
7
3. OTHER AREAS OF
APPLICATION…………………………………………..7
c. RAINWATER RESOURCES……………………………………………………….8
1. THREE SOURCES OF WATER……………………………………………….8
2. METHODS OF PURIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF WATER……….10
d. MICROCLIMATE…………………………………………………………………..10
1. WHY USE MICROCLIMATE DESIGN………………………………………12
2. WHEN TO USE A MICROCLIMATIC STRATEGY...................................12
e. ORIENTATION……………………………………………………………………..12
1. WHY CONSIDER BUILDING ORIENTATION………………………………
13
2. ORIENTATION FOR PASSIVE HEATING AND
COOLING……………….13
3. IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS OF SOLAR GAIN FOR PASSIVE
HEATING……………………………………………………………………….14
III. SIGNIFICANCE OF ECOLOGICAL
CONSIDERATION…………………………...14