MODULE 1

Volcanoes
 What is Volcano?

A volcano is an opening in the earth’s

crust through which lava, volcanic ash,
and gases escape.
 Parts of a Volcano
The outer parts of the volcano are the following:
summit, slope and base.

Above the summit is either a crater or a caldera

which is the large depression of land that often
formed because of the emptying of a magma
chamber resulting from the loss of structural
support.
Vent is the opening of the volcano that
emits lava and hot gases.
Slope is the side of the volcano that
radiates from the main vent.
Base is the flat surface that holds the
entire volcano.
External Parts of a Volcano

SUMMIT

SLOPE

BASE
 The inner parts of the volcano are:
Magma chamber, which serves as the storage of
molten rocks;
Conduit, which serves as the pipe;
Sill, which is the intrusion between layers of
sedimentary rocks, ash cloud, consist of pulverized
rocks and small fragments as a result of an eruption;
Volcanic bombs which are formed when a volcano
ejects fragments of lava during eruption.
Cross section of a Volcano
Figure 1. Parts of a Volcano
Volcanoes are classified according to:
1. Record of eruption
2. Shape of volcanic cone
 Classification of Volcanoes
According to Record of Eruption
1. Active volcanoes – are those that have a
record of eruption within the last 600
years
2. Inactive volcanoes – are those that
have not erupted for the last 10 years.
Top 10 Most Active Volcanoes
in the Philippines
Mayon Volcano
 Mayon Volcano
- situated in Albay
- the most active
volcano
- it has erupted 50
times
Today, Mayon is more admired than feared.
It has drawn visitors because of its perfect cone
shape, which is unmatched anywhere else in
the world.
Taal Volcano
 Taal Volcano
- located in Batangas
- it has 47 craters

According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and

Seismology (Phivolcs), Taal Volcano is classified as a
complex volcano system. This means the volcano does
not have only one main vent, but several through which
it can spew ash, lava, or magma.
 Binintiang Malaki
- is one of the 47
craters of Taal
Volcano
Binintiang Malaki’s first recorded eruption was
in 1707. It is said that this eruption led to its
formation. Aside from the 1707 eruption,
Binintiang Malaki also exploded in 1715.
Mt. Pinatubo
 Mt. Pinatubo
- located in Zambales
- it is an active
stratovolcano
Mt. Pinatubo’s eruption in June 15, 1991 is one of
the devastating volcanic eruptions recorded in Asia
and the world. It is the world's largest volcanic
eruption to happen in the past 100 years.
Mt. Kanlaon (Negros)
Mt. Bulusan (Sorsogon)
Mt. Smith (Babuyan Island)
Mt. Hibok-Hibok (Camiguin)
Mt. Musuan (Bukidnon)
Mt. Isarog (Camarines Sur)
 List of Some Inactive Volcanoes in the Philippines

INACTIVE VOLCANOES LOCATION

Cabaluyan Pangasinan
Cocoro Palawan
Pulung Zamboanga
Tamburok Leyte
Urot Sulu
 Types of Volcanoes
According to Shape of Volcanic Cone
1. Shield cone
• A broad, slightly domed structure that
resembles a warrior’s shield.
• formed by the accumulation of non-
viscous lava that oozes out from the
volcano.
• Ex. Mauna Loa in Hawaii
Mauna Loa (Hawaii)
 Types of Volcanoes
According to Shape of Volcanic Cone
2. Cinder cone
• is built from ejected lava fragments
• it has a steep slope and wide crater
• most abundant of the three types
• Ex. Paricutin Volcano in Mexico
Mt. Smith in Babuyan Island
Paricutin Volcano (Mexico)
Mt. Smith (Babuyan Island)
 Types of Volcanoes
According to Shape of Volcanic Cone
3. Composite cone (stratovolcano)
• Large, nearly perfect sloped structure
formed from alternate solidification of
both lava and pyroclastic deposits.
• Formed by high-viscosity lava.
• Ex. Mayon Volcano in Albay
Mayon Volcano (Albay)
 COMPOSITE CINDER CONE SHIELD CONE
CONE VOLCANO VOLCANO VOLCANO

TYPES OF VOLCANOES
Caldera
• is a large depression formed when a
volcano erupts and collapses.
• some calderas form a lake as the
bowl-shaped depression fills with
water.
• Ex. Taal Volcano in Batangas
Taal Volcano Caldera
The shape of volcanic cone depends on three
factors:
1. Composition of magma
Magma is the molten or semi-molten rocks found
beneath the surface of the Earth.
It may contain crystals, minerals, fragments of
unmelted rocks and hot gases.
There are also traces of sulfur and silica.
• Silica
a. Less silica content = low viscosity
b. High silica content = high viscosity
The shape of volcanic cone depends on
three factors:
2. Temperature of magma
• High temperature = low viscosity
• Low temperature = high viscosity
The shape of volcanic cone depends on
three factors:
3. Amount of gas
• Magma contains dissolved gases, which
provide the driving force that causes
most volcanic eruptions.
• The main gases dissolved in magma are
water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur
gases, with lesser amounts of hydrogen,
hydrochloric acid, and hydrofluoric acid.
 KINDS OF ERUPTION

Explosive Eruption
Effusive Eruption
 Two Kinds of Volcanic Eruptions

Effusive eruption occurs when hot runny

basaltic magmas reach the surface as dissolved
gases and lava escape easily.
There is minimal or almost no gas upon eruption.
The lava flows to the ground like water on the river,
characterized by non-explosive outpouring of lava.
 Effusive eruptions can create a sloping
shield volcano. The well known effusive volcano is
Mt. Kilauea in Hawaii.

Figure 2. Mt. Kilauea in Hawaii

Explosive eruption happens in steep slope
volcanoes, with viscous magma and slow
moving lava that prevents the release of the
hot gases, resulting in pressure and violent
eruption of the volcano.
Broken fragments (pyroclasts) are released
into the atmosphere.
Mount Pinatubo eruption in Zambales is considered
as one of the most explosive volcanoes in the history
of mankind.

Figure 3. Mt. Pinatubo in Zambales

Figure 4. Effusive Eruption Figure 5. Explosive Eruption
 Volcanic Explosivity Index or VEI is an
instrument used to determine the magnitude of
an explosive eruption based on the total volume
of erupted material called tephra.
It operates like a Richter scale for earthquakes
that each interval in value represents a ten times
increasing magnitude.
The scale starts at zero and the largest eruption
is magnitude 8.
 Types of Volcanic Eruptions
1. Hawaiian
2. Strombolian
3. Vucanian
4. Plinian
5. Phreatic
6. Phreatomagmatic
 Types of Volcanic Eruptions
1. Hawaiian Eruption
• is a type of volcanic eruption where
lava flows from the vent in a relatively
gentle, low level eruption.
• the weakest and calmest type of
eruption
• Ex. Kilauea volcano in Hawaii
Hawaiian Eruption
 Types of Volcanic Eruptions
2. Strombolian Eruption
• moderately explosive eruption
• a periodic weak to violent eruption
characterized by fountain of lava.
• consist of irregular explosive bursts which
eject pyroclasts as high as hundreds of
feet into the air in firework-like
incandescent rooster-tails.
• Ex. Irazu Volcano in Costa Rica
Strombolian Eruption
 Types of Volcanic Eruptions
3. Vulcanian Eruption
• more explosive that strombolian
• characterized by tall eruption columns
that reach up to 20 km high with
pyroclastic flow and ashfall.
• Ex. Paricutin Volcano in Mexico
Vulcanian Eruption (Paricutin Volcano)
 Types of Volcanic Eruptions
4. Plinian
• is an intensely violent explosive type of
volcanic eruption
• characterized by explosive ejection of of
viscous lava, gas-rich magma and large
amount of pumice
• Ex. Mt. Vesuvius in Italy
Mt. Pinatubo in Zambales
Plinian Eruption
 Types of Volcanic Eruptions
5. Phreatic Eruption
• Steam-driven eruption as the hot
rocks come in contact with water
• Short-lived eruption characterized by
ash columns.
• Ex. Taal Volcano in Batangas
Phreatic Eruption (Taal Volcano)
 Types of Volcanic Eruptions
6. Phreatomagmatic Eruption
• is a violent eruption due to the
contact between water and magma.
• Ex. Taal Volcano in Batangas
Phreatomagmatic Eruption (Taal Volcano)
 WORD HUNT
Directions: In a 1 whole sheet of paper, find and draw a line on the
words related to volcanoes and give a short description.
In a long bond paper, draw and label the cross section of a volcano.
Thank you!