Chapter4:TheStructuresofCrystallineSolids

‰ ISSUESTOADDRESS...
™ Šƒ–ƒ”‡ ‘‘ ”›•–ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡•ˆ‘”‡–ƒŽ•ƒ† ‡”ƒ‹ •ǫ
™ Šƒ–ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆƒ‡–ƒŽǯ•Ȁ ‡”ƒ‹ ǯ•ƒ–‘‹ •–”— –—”‡†‡–‡”‹‡‹–•†‡•‹–›ǫ
™ ‘™†‘–Š‡ ”›•–ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡•‘ˆ ‡”ƒ‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•†‹ˆˆ‡”ˆ”‘–Š‘•‡ˆ‘”‡–ƒŽ•ǫ

ȋƒȌǦ”ƒ›†‹ˆˆ”ƒ –‹‘’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Šˆ‘”ƒ•‹‰Ž‡ ”›•–ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰‡•‹—Ǥ

ȋ„Ȍ Š‡ƒ–‹ †‹ƒ‰”ƒ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‰Š‘™–Š‡•’‘–•‹ȋƒȌƒ”‡’”‘†— ‡†Ǥ
ȋ Ȍƒ‰‡•‹—ǯ•Š‡šƒ‰‘ƒŽ Ž‘•‡Ǧ’ƒ ‡† ”›•–ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡

1 LECTURER: PROF. SEUNGTAE CHOI SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MetallicCrystalStructures
‰ Howcanwestackmetalatomstominimizeemptyspace?
™ ʹǦ†‹‡•‹‘•ǡ

˜•Ǥ

™ ‘™•–ƒ –Š‡•‡ʹǦŽƒ›‡”•–‘ƒ‡͵Ǧ•–”— –—”‡•Ǥ

‰ Metalliccrystalstructurestendtobedenselypacked.
‰ Reasonsfordensepacking:
™ ›’‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ‘Ž›‘‡‡Ž‡‡–‹•’”‡•‡–ǡ•‘ƒŽŽƒ–‘‹ ”ƒ†‹‹ƒ”‡–Š‡•ƒ‡Ǥ
™ ‡–ƒŽŽ‹ „‘†‹‰‹•‘–†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽǤ
™ ‡ƒ”‡•–‡‹‰Š„‘”†‹•–ƒ ‡•–‡†–‘„‡•ƒŽŽ‹‘”†‡”–‘Ž‘™‡”„‘†‡‡”‰›Ǥ
™ Ž‡ –”‘ Ž‘—†•Š‹‡Ž†• ‘”‡•ˆ”‘‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”Ǥ
‰ Metalshavethesimplestcrystalstructures.
‰ Wewillexaminethreesuchstructures:FCC,BCC,HCP

2 LECTURER: PROF. SEUNGTAE CHOI SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4.2TheFaceǦCenteredCubic(FCC)CrystalStructure
‰ FaceǦCenteredCubic(FCC)Crystals
™ –‘•ƒ”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ƒ–‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”‡”•ƒ†–Š‡ ‡–‡”•‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡ —„‡ˆƒ ‡•Ǥ
™ –‘•–‘— Š‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ƒŽ‘‰ˆƒ ‡†‹ƒ‰‘ƒŽ•Ǥ
™ šƒ’Ž‡ǣŽǡ—ǡ—ǡ‹ǡ–ǡ‰
™ ‹– ‡ŽŽ‡†‰‡Ž‡‰–Šˆ‘” ǣƒ ൌ ʹ ʹ ȋαƒ–‘‹ ”ƒ†‹—•Ȍ
‰ Thenumberofatomsperunitcell,N
ே೑ ே೎
™ ܰ ൌ ܰ௜ ൅ ൅ ǡ™Š‡”‡ ܰ௜ α–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‹–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‘•
ଶ ଼
ܰ௙ α–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆˆƒ ‡ƒ–‘•
ܰ௖ α–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ ‘”‡”ƒ–‘•
™ ‘”  ”›•–ƒŽ•ǡܰ௜ αͲǡܰ௙ α͸ǡƒ†ܰ௖ αͺǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ܰαͶǤ

3 LECTURER: PROF. SEUNGTAE CHOI SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4.2TheFaceǦCenteredCubic(FCC)CrystalStructure
‰ CoordinationNumber=thenumberofnearestneighborortouchingatoms
™ ‘” ǡ–Š‡ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘—„‡”‹•ͳʹǤ

‰ AtomicPackingFactor(APF)

Volumeofatomsinaunitcell
™ ‫ ܨܲܣ‬ൌ
Totalunitcellvolume

‰ ForFCCcrystals,APF=0.74 2a
™ Ž‘•‡Ǧ’ƒ ‡††‹”‡ –‹‘•ǣŽ‡‰–ŠαͶܴ ൌ ʹܽ
™ ‹– ‡ŽŽ ‘–ƒ‹•Ͷƒ–‘•ȋܰαͶȌǤ

ÝȋͶȀ͵ȌɎ͵
™  α
ƒ͵ a
ͶÝȋͶȀ͵ȌɎȋ ʹƒȀͶȌ͵
α
ƒ͵ Adapted from Fig. 3.1(a),
Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
αͲǤ͹Ͷ ȋƒš‹—ƒ Š‹‡˜ƒ„Ž‡ Ȍ

4 LECTURER: PROF. SEUNGTAE CHOI SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4.3TheBodyǦCenteredCubic(BCC)CrystalStructure
‰ BodyǦCenteredCubic(BCC)Crystals
™ –‘•ƒ”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ƒ–ƒŽŽ‡‹‰Š– ‘”‡”•ƒ†ƒ•‹‰Ž‡ƒ–‘ƒ––Š‡ —„‡ ‡–‡”Ǥ
™ –‘•–‘— Š‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ƒŽ‘‰ —„‡†‹ƒ‰‘ƒŽ•Ǥ
™ šƒ’Ž‡ǣ”ǡǡ ‡ȋDȌǡƒ–ƒŽ—ǡ‘Ž›„†‡—
™ ‹– ‡ŽŽ‡†‰‡Ž‡‰–Šˆ‘”ǣƒ ൌ ͶȀ ͵ ȋαƒ–‘‹ ”ƒ†‹—•Ȍ
‰ Thenumberofatomsperunitcell,N
ே೑ ே೎
™ ‘” ”›•–ƒŽ•ǡܰ௜ αͳǡܰ௙ αͲǡƒ†ܰ௖ αͺǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ܰ ൌ ܰ௜ ൅ ൅ αʹǤ
ଶ ଼
‰ ForBCC,thecoordinationnumberis8.

Adapted from Fig. 4.1,

Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

5 LECTURER: PROF. SEUNGTAE CHOI SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4.3TheBodyǦCenteredCubic(BCC)CrystalStructure
‰ APFforabodyǦcenteredcubicstructure=0.68
™ Ž‘•‡Ǧ’ƒ ‡††‹”‡ –‹‘•ǣŽ‡‰–ŠαͶܴ ൌ ͵ܽ
™ ‹– ‡ŽŽ ‘–ƒ‹•ʹƒ–‘•ȋܰαʹȌǤ

‘Ž—‡‘ˆƒ–‘•‹ƒ—‹– ‡ŽŽ
™  α
‘–ƒŽ—‹– ‡ŽŽ˜‘Ž—‡
ÝȋͶȀ͵ȌɎ͵
α
ƒ͵
α ʹÝȋͶȀ͵ȌɎȋ ͵ƒȀͶȌ
͵

ƒ͵
αͲǤ͸ͺȋƒš‹—ƒ Š‹‡˜ƒ„Ž‡ Ȍ

R
a
Adapted from Fig. 4.1(a),
Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

6 LECTURER: PROF. SEUNGTAE CHOI SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SimpleCubic(SC)CrystalStructure
‰ Rareduetolowpackingdensity(onlyPohasthisstructure)
‰ CloseǦpackeddirectionsarecubeedges.
‰ ThecoordinationnumberofSCcrystalsis6.
‰ APFforasimplecubicstructure=0.52
™ Ž‘•‡Ǧ’ƒ ‡††‹”‡ –‹‘•ǣŽ‡‰–Šαʹܴ ൌ ܽ
™ ‹– ‡ŽŽ ‘–ƒ‹•ͳƒ–‘•ȋܰαͳȌǤ

™
ÝȋͶȀ͵ȌɎ͵
 αα
ͳÝȋͶȀ͵ȌɎȋͲǤͷƒȌ͵
ƒ ͵ ƒ͵
αͲǤͷʹȋƒš‹—ƒ Š‹‡˜ƒ„Ž‡ Ȍ

Fig. 4.2, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

7 LECTURER: PROF. SEUNGTAE CHOI SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4.4HexagonalCloseǦPacked(HCP)Structure
‰ ABAB...StackingSequence
‰ Example:Cd,Mg,Ti,Zn
‰ ThecoordinationnumberofHCPcrystalsis12.
‰ Thenumberofatomsperunitcell,N,is6.
‰ APFforaHCPstructure=0.74.
‰ c/a=1.633

Ȉ͵”‘Œ‡ –‹‘ Ȉʹ”‘Œ‡ –‹‘

•‹–‡•
‘’ Žƒ›‡”
c
 •‹–‡• ‹††Ž‡Žƒ›‡”

•‹–‡•
‘––‘Žƒ›‡”
a
Adapted from Fig. 4.3(a),
Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

8 LECTURER: PROF. SEUNGTAE CHOI SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4.5DensityCalculationsǦMetals
‰ TheoreticalDensityforMetals,U
ƒ••‘ˆƒ–‘•‹—‹– ‡ŽŽ nA
‡•‹–›αU α α
‘–ƒŽ˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ—‹– ‡ŽŽ VC N

™Š‡”‡ n ᐗ„‡”‘ˆƒ–‘•Ȁ—‹– ‡ŽŽ

A α ƒ–‘‹ ™‡‹‰Š–
VC α‘Ž—‡‘ˆ—‹– ‡ŽŽαa͵ ˆ‘” —„‹ Adapted from Fig. 4.1(a),
N α˜‘‰ƒ†”‘ǯ•—„‡” Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

α͸ǤͲʹʹšͳͲʹ͵ ƒ–‘•Ȁ‘Ž
‰ Ex:Cr(BCC)
™ ȋƒ–‘‹ ™‡‹‰Š–ȌαͷʹǤͲͲ‰Ȁ‘Ž
™ ȋƒ–‘‹ ”ƒ†‹—•ȌαͲǤͳʹͷ
™ αʹƒ–‘•Ȁ—‹– ‡ŽŽ

ʹ㽢ͷʹǤͲͲ
‡•‹–›αU α
ƒ͵㽢͸ǤͲʹʹ㽢ͳͲʹ͵ R
a
™ ɏ–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ α͹Ǥͳͺ‰Ȁ ͵
™ ɏƒ –—ƒŽ α͹Ǥͳͻ‰Ȁ ͵ ܽ ൌ ͶܴȀ ͵αͲǤʹͺͺ͹

9 LECTURER: PROF. SEUNGTAE CHOI SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DensitiesofMaterialClasses
”ƒ’Š‹–‡Ȁ
‰ Ingeneral ‡–ƒŽ•Ȁ
‡”ƒ‹ •Ȁ ‘Ž›‡”•
‘’‘•‹–‡•Ȁ
ŽŽ‘›• ˆ‹„‡”•
Umetals >Uceramics >Upolymers ‡‹ ‘†
͵Ͳ
 ƒ•‡† ‘†ƒ–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ͳǡƒŽŽ‹•–‡”
Žƒ–‹—
‰ Why? ʹͲ ‘Ž†ǡ ȗ ǡ ǡƬ ƒ”‡ Žƒ••ǡ
ƒ–ƒŽ— ƒ”„‘ǡƬ”ƒ‹† ‹„‡”Ǧ‡‹ˆ‘” ‡†
’‘š› ‘’‘•‹–‡•ȋ˜ƒŽ—‡•„ƒ•‡†‘
‰ Metalshave... ͳͲ ‹Ž˜‡”ǡ‘
͸ͲΨ˜‘Ž—‡ˆ”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆƒŽ‹‰‡†ˆ‹„‡”•
‹ƒ‡’‘š›ƒ–”‹šȌǤ
—ǡ‹
™ Ž‘•‡Ǧ’ƒ ‹‰ȋ‡–ƒŽŽ‹ „‘†‹‰Ȍ –‡‡Ž•
‹ǡ‹
™ ‘ˆ–‡Žƒ”‰‡ƒ–‘‹ ƒ••‡• ‹” ‘‹ƒ
ɏ ȋ‰Ȁ Ȍ

ͷ
͵

‹–ƒ‹—
Ͷ Ž‘š‹†‡
‰ Ceramicshave... ‹ƒ‘†
͵ ‹‹–”‹†‡
™ Ž‡••†‡•‡’ƒ ‹‰ Ž—‹— Žƒ•• Ǧ•‘†ƒ Žƒ••ˆ‹„‡”•
™ ‘ˆ–‡Ž‹‰Š–‡”‡Ž‡‡–• ‘ ”‡–‡
‹Ž‹ ‘   ȗ
ʹ ƒ”„‘ ˆ‹„‡”•
ƒ‰‡•‹— ”ƒ’Š‹–‡   ȗ
‹Ž‹ ‘‡
‰ Polymershave...   ”ƒ‹†ˆ‹„‡”•
  ȗ

™ Ž‘™’ƒ ‹‰†‡•‹–› ͳ 
ǡ
ȋ‘ˆ–‡ƒ‘”’Š‘—•Ȍ ǡ
™ Ž‹‰Š–‡”‡Ž‡‡–•ȋǡ ǡȌ
ͲǤͷ
‘‘†
‰ Compositeshave... ͲǤͶ
ͲǤ͵
™ ‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡˜ƒŽ—‡• ƒ–ƒˆ”‘ƒ„Ž‡ǤͳǡCallister&Rethwisch,9e.

10 LECTURER: PROF. SEUNGTAE CHOI SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4.12PolymorphicFormsofCarbon
‰ Diamond
™ –‡–”ƒŠ‡†”ƒŽ„‘†‹‰‘ˆ ƒ”„‘ƒ–‘•
Ȉ Šƒ”†‡•–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘™
Ȉ ˜‡”›Š‹‰Š–Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›
™ Žƒ”‰‡•‹‰Ž‡ ”›•–ƒŽ•Ȃ ‰‡•–‘‡•
™ •ƒŽŽ ”›•–ƒŽ•Ȃ —•‡†–‘‰”‹†Ȁ —–‘–Š‡”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•
™ †‹ƒ‘†–Š‹ˆ‹Ž•
Ȉ Šƒ”†•—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘ƒ–‹‰•Ȃ —•‡†ˆ‘” —––‹‰–‘‘Ž•ǡ
‡†‹ ƒŽ†‡˜‹ ‡•ǡ‡– Ǥ Fig. 4.17, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

‰ Graphite
™ Žƒ›‡”‡†•–”— –—”‡Æ ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡ŽŠ‡šƒ‰‘ƒŽƒ””ƒ›•‘ˆ
ƒ”„‘ƒ–‘•
™ ™‡ƒ˜ƒ†‡”ƒƒŽǯ•ˆ‘” ‡•„‡–™‡‡Žƒ›‡”•
™ ’Žƒ‡••Ž‹†‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›‘˜‡”‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”Æ ‰‘‘†
Ž—„”‹ ƒ–

Fig. 4.18, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

11 LECTURER: PROF. SEUNGTAE CHOI SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4.12PolymorphicFormsofCarbon
‰ Graphene
™ ”ƒ’Š‡‡‹•ƒƒŽŽ‘–”‘’‡‘ˆ ƒ”„‘
‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ–™‘Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽǡ
ƒ–‘‹ Ǧ• ƒŽ‡ǡŠ‡šƒ‰‘ƒŽŽƒ––‹ ‡‹ ”ƒ’Š‡‡
™Š‹ Š‘‡ƒ–‘ˆ‘”•‡ƒ Š˜‡”–‡šǤ
‰ CarbonNanotube(CNT)
™ ƒ”„‘ƒ‘–—„‡•ȋ•Ȍƒ”‡
ƒŽŽ‘–”‘’‡•‘ˆ ƒ”„‘™‹–Šƒ
›Ž‹†”‹ ƒŽƒ‘•–”— –—”‡Ǥ
‰ C60(BuckyǦBall)
™ — ‹•–‡”ˆ—ŽŽ‡”‡‡ȋ‘”„— ›Ǧ
„ƒŽŽȌ‹•ƒ•’Š‡”‹ ƒŽˆ—ŽŽ‡”‡‡
‘Ž‡ —Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ͸ͲǤ – ‹‰Ž‡ǦƒŽŽ‡†
Šƒ•ƒ ƒ‰‡ǦŽ‹‡ˆ—•‡†Ǧ”‹‰•–”— –—”‡
ȋ–”— ƒ–‡†‹ ‘•ƒŠ‡†”‘Ȍ™Š‹ Š
”‡•‡„Ž‡•ƒ•‘ ‡”„ƒŽŽȋˆ‘‘–„ƒŽŽȌǡ
ƒ†‡‘ˆ–™‡–›Š‡šƒ‰‘•ƒ†
–™‡Ž˜‡’‡–ƒ‰‘•ǡ™‹–Šƒ ƒ”„‘
ƒ–‘ƒ–‡ƒ Š˜‡”–‡š‘ˆ‡ƒ Š’‘Ž›‰‘ —Ž–‹ǦƒŽŽ‡†
ƒ†ƒ„‘†ƒŽ‘‰‡ƒ Š’‘Ž›‰‘‡†‰‡Ǥ ͸Ͳ

12 LECTURER: PROF. SEUNGTAE CHOI SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4.13PolymerCrystallinity
‰ Orderedatomicarrangementsinvolving
molecularchains
‰ Polymermoleculesareoftenonlypartially
crystalline(orsemicrystalline),having
crystallineregionsdispersedwithinthe
remainingamorphousmaterial.
‰ Percentcrystallinity

U ȋU•UƒȌ
Ψ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‹–› αu ͳͲͲ
U•ȋU UƒȌ

™ U•ǣ†‡•‹–›‘ˆƒ•’‡ ‹‡
™ Uƒǣ†‡•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽŽ›ƒ‘”’Š‘—•’‘Ž›‡”
™ U•ǣ†‡•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡’‡”ˆ‡ –Ž› ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡’‘Ž›‡”

‰ Thedegreeofcrystallinity ofapolymer
‹‰ǤͶǤͳͻ””ƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ” Šƒ‹•
dependsontherateofcoolingduring ‹ƒ—‹– ‡ŽŽˆ‘”’‘Ž›‡–Š›Ž‡‡Ǥ
solidificationaswellasonthechain
configuration.
13 LECTURER: PROF. SEUNGTAE CHOI SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CrystalsasBuildingBlocks

‰ Someengineeringapplications ‰ Polycrystals
requiresinglecrystals: ™ ‘•–‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡
™ †‹ƒ‘†•‹‰Ž‡ ”›•–ƒŽ•ˆ‘”ƒ„”ƒ•‹˜‡• ’‘Ž› ”›•–ƒŽ•Ǥ
™ –—”„‹‡„Žƒ†‡• ™ ƒ Š̶‰”ƒ‹̶‹•ƒ•‹‰Ž‡ ”›•–ƒŽǤ
™ ˆ‰”ƒ‹•ƒ”‡”ƒ†‘Ž›‘”‹‡–‡†ǡ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ
‘’‘‡–’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ƒ”‡‘–†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽǤ
™ ”ƒ‹•‹œ‡•–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›”ƒ‰‡ˆ”‘ͳ–‘ʹ
ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡˆ”‘ƒˆ‡™–‘‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆƒ–‘‹ 
ȋ‘—”–‡•›ƒ”–‹‡ƒ‹•ǡ
Žƒ›‡”•ȌǤ
—’‡”ƒ„”ƒ•‹˜‡•ǡ‘”–Š‹‰–‘ǡ Ǥ
•‡†™‹–Š’‡”‹••‹‘ǤȌ

‰ Propertiesofcrystallinematerials ‹•‘–”‘’‹
oftenrelatedtocrystalstructure.
™ šǣ—ƒ”–œˆ”ƒ –—”‡•‘”‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›ƒŽ‘‰
•‘‡ ”›•–ƒŽ’Žƒ‡•–Šƒ‘–Š‡”•Ǥ
ͳ •‘–”‘’‹
(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)

‹‰Ǥǡ ‘Ž‘”‹•‡–’ƒ‰‡•‘ˆCallister 5eǤ

ȋ‘—”–‡•›‘ˆƒ—ŽǤƒ‹‡Ž•‘ǡ‡Ž‡†›‡ƒŠ Šƒ‰Ž„ƒ›Ȍ

14 LECTURER: PROF. SEUNGTAE CHOI SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Singlevs.Polycrystals &Polymorphism

‰ SingleCrystals ‰ Polymorphism
™ ”‘’‡”–‹‡•˜ƒ”›™‹–Š†‹”‡ –‹‘ǣƒ‹•‘–”‘’‹ ™ ™‘‘”‘”‡†‹•–‹ – ”›•–ƒŽ
™ šƒ’Ž‡ǣȋ‘—‰ǯ•‘†—Ž—•Ȍ‹‹”‘ •–”— –—”‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
ȋƒŽŽ‘–”‘’›Ȁ’‘Ž›‘”’Š‹•Ȍ
‰ Polycrystals
™ šǣ‹–ƒ‹—ǡȽǡȾȂ‹ǡƒ”„‘ǡ ”‘
™ ”‘’‡”–‹‡•ƒ›Ȁƒ›‘–˜ƒ”›™‹–Š†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ
™ ˆ‰”ƒ‹•ƒ”‡”ƒ†‘Ž›‘”‹‡–‡†ǣ‹•‘–”‘’‹ Ž‹“—‹†
ȋȋ’‘Ž› ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡‹”‘ȌαʹͳͲ ƒȌ
™ ˆ‰”ƒ‹•ƒ”‡–‡š–—”‡†ǣƒ‹•‘–”‘’‹ ͳͷ͵ͺ㼻

 ɁǦ ‡
ʹͲͲɊ
ͳ͵ͻͶ㼻
 ɀǦ ‡
•‘–”‘’‹

ͻͳʹ㼻

‹•‘–”‘’‹ ȽǦ ‡
ƒ–ƒˆ”‘ƒ„Ž‡͵Ǥ͵ǡ †ƒ’–‡†ˆ”‘ ‹‰Ǥ͸Ǥͳͻȋ„Ȍǡ
Callister &Rethwisch 9eǤ Callister &Rethwisch 9eǤ ”‘•›•–‡
15 LECTURER: PROF. SEUNGTAE CHOI SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4.16LinearandPlanarDensities

—„‡”‘ˆƒ–‘• ‡–‡”‡†‘†‹”‡ –‹‘˜‡ –‘”

‰ LinearDensityofAtoms{ LD=
‹–Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ†‹”‡ –‹‘˜‡ –‘”

ȏͳͳͲȐ

‡šǣŽ‹‡ƒ”†‡•‹–›‘ˆŽ‹ȏͳͳͲȐ†‹”‡ –‹‘

a αͲǤͶͲͷ

͓ƒ–‘•
ʹ
a ‫ ܦܮ‬ൌ ൌ ͵Ǥͷିଵ
ʹܽ
Ž‡‰–Š
†ƒ’–‡†ˆ”‘ ‹‰Ǥ͵ǤͳȋƒȌǡ
Callister &Rethwisch 9e.

16 LECTURER: PROF. SEUNGTAE CHOI SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4.16LinearandPlanarDensities
‰ PlanarDensityof(100)Iron: AtT<912‚CironhastheBCCstructure.

ȋͳͲͲȌ ʹ”‡’‡ƒ–—‹–

Ͷ ͵
aα R
͵

‹‰ǤͶǤʹȋ ȌǡCallister &Rethwisch 9eȏˆ”‘Ǥ Ǥ‘ˆˆƒ––ǡ ǤǤ‡

ƒ”•ƒŽŽǡƒ† Ǥ—ŽˆˆǡTheStructureandPropertiesofMaterialsǡ‘
ŽǤ ǡStructureǡ’ǤͷͳǤ‘’›”‹‰Š–̹ͳͻ͸Ͷ„› ‘Š‹Ž‡›Ƭ‘•ǡ‡
™‘”Ǥ‡’”‹–‡†„›’‡”‹••‹‘‘ˆ ‘Š‹Ž‡›Ƭ‘•ǡ  ǤȐ ƒ†‹—•‘ˆ‹”‘R αͲǤͳʹͶͳ
ƒ–‘•
ʹ”‡’‡ƒ–—‹–
ͳ ͳ ƒ–‘• ƒ–‘•
ଵଽ
Žƒƒ”‡•‹–›α‫ ݔ‬ൌൌൌ
ʹ
ͳʹǤͳ ൌ ͳǤʹ ൈ ͳͲ
a2 ʹ ʹ
Ͷ ͵
ƒ”‡ƒ ܴ
͵
ʹ”‡’‡ƒ–—‹–
17 LECTURER: PROF. SEUNGTAE CHOI SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4.16LinearandPlanarDensities
‰ PlanarDensityof(111)Iron ͳƒ–‘‹’Žƒ‡Ȁ—‹–•—”ˆƒ ‡ ‡ŽŽ

ʹƒ ƒ–‘•‹’Žƒ‡
ƒ–‘•ƒ„‘˜‡’Žƒ‡
ƒ–‘•„‡Ž‘™’Žƒ‡

ଷ
݄ൌ
ଶ
a

ଶ
Ͷ ͵ ଶ
ͳ͸ ͵ ଶ
ܽ‫ ܽ݁ݎ‬ൌ ʹ݄ܽ ൌ ͵ܽ ൌ ͵ ܴ ൌ ܴ
ƒ–‘• ͵ ͵
ʹ”‡’‡ƒ–—‹–
ͳ ƒ–‘• ƒ–‘•
ଵଽ
Žƒƒ”‡•‹–›α‫ ݔ‬ൌൌ ͹ǤͲ ൌ ͲǤ͹Ͳ ൈ ͳͲ
ʹ ʹ
ͳ͸ ͵ ʹ
ƒ”‡ƒ ܴ
͵
ʹ”‡’‡ƒ–—‹–
18 LECTURER: PROF. SEUNGTAE CHOI SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
4.17CloseǦPackedCrystalStructures
‰ FCC&HCPcrystalstructures
™ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘—„‡”αͳʹ Ȉ ‹–‡ŽŽ
™  αͲǤ͹Ͷ

‰ FCCStackingSequence 
™ Ž‘•‡Ǧƒ ‡†Žƒ‡ǣȋͳͳͳȌ’Žƒ‡ 
™ –ƒ ‹‰‡“—‡ ‡
‰ HCPStackingSequence
™ Ž‘•‡Ǧƒ ‡†Žƒ‡ǣȋͲͲͲͳȌ’Žƒ‡
™ –ƒ ‹‰‡“—‡ ‡

B
 B

C

A

B
 B
 B

C
 C

B
 B


‹‰ǤͶǤʹͶŽ‘•‡Ǧ’ƒ ‡†’Žƒ‡•–ƒ ‹‰•‡“—‡ ‡ •‹–‡• •‹–‡• •‹–‡•

ˆ‘”–Š‡ •–”— –—”‡Ǥ
19 LECTURER: PROF. SEUNGTAE CHOI SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

XǦRayDiffraction
‰ Diffractiongratingsmusthavespacingscomparabletothewavelengthof
diffractedradiation.
‰ Can’tresolvespacings ɉ
‰ Spacingisthedistancebetweenparallelplanesofatoms.

20 LECTURER: PROF. SEUNGTAE CHOI SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

InterferenceandBragg’sLaw

‰ Constructiveinterferencevs. ‰ Bragg’sLaw
destructiveinterference

݊ߣ ൌ ܵܳ ൅ ܳܶ
ൌ ݀௛௞௟ •‹ ߠ ൅ ݀௛௞௟ •‹ ߠ
ൌ ʹ݀௛௞௟ •‹ ߠ

‫ ߣ݊ ׵‬ൌ ʹ݀௛௞௟ •‹ ߠ

ܽ
݀௛௞௟ ൌ
݄ଶ ൅ ݇ ଶ ൅ ݈ ଶ

21 LECTURER: PROF. SEUNGTAE CHOI SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

XǦRaystoDetermineCrystalStructure
‰ IncomingXǦraysdiffractfromcrystalplanes.

”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘•—•–
„‡‹’Šƒ•‡ˆ‘”
ƒ†‡–‡ –ƒ„Ž‡•‹‰ƒŽ
‡š–”ƒ
†‹•–ƒ ‡
ɉ †ƒ’–‡†ˆ”‘ ‹‰ǤͶǤʹͻǡ
–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡† Ʌ Ʌ Callister &Rethwisch 9eǤ
„›™ƒ˜‡䇾ʹ䇿 •’ƒ ‹‰
d „‡–™‡‡
’Žƒ‡•

Ǧ”ƒ› ”ƒ‰‰ǯ•Žƒ™
‡ƒ•—”‡‡–‘ˆ ”‹–‹ ƒŽƒ‰Ž‡ǡ ‹–‡•‹–›
Ʌ ǡƒŽŽ‘™• ‘’—–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ɉ
ȋˆ”‘ dα
’Žƒƒ”•’ƒ ‹‰ǡdǤ †‡–‡ –‘”Ȍ ʹ•‹ Ʌ
Ʌ

Ʌ
22 LECTURER: PROF. SEUNGTAE CHOI SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 XǦRayDiffractionPattern
z z z
c c c

y ȋͳͳͲȌ y y
a b a b a b
–‡•‹–›ȋ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ȍ

x x x
ȋʹͳͳȌ

(200)

‹ˆˆ”ƒ –‹‘ƒ‰Ž‡ʹ
Ʌ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ȽǦ‹”‘ȋȌ
‹ˆˆ”ƒ –‹‘’ƒ––‡”ˆ‘”’‘Ž›

†ƒ’–‡†ˆ”‘ ‹‰Ǥ͵ǤʹʹǡCallister 8e.

23 LECTURER: PROF. SEUNGTAE CHOI SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING