The Einstein-Rosen Bridge and the
Schwarzschild Wormhole
Gregory Mendell
LIGO Hanford Observatory
LIGO-G2001423
Would you believe you could fall into hole in
completely empty space, a hole from which
nothing can escape, not even light?
Black Holes are: Event Horizon
Our Universe
2. Holes in Space
Time
Credit: Alain Riazuelo, IAP/UPMC/CNRS
Space
1. Black
0
Escape Velocity = Speed of Light 3. Space & Time Warps
Schwarzschild 1916; Einstein & Rosen
1935; many others in the 1960s
Niels Bohr Albert Einstein
Time Dilation
Δx=vΔt
cΔT
ΔT= Δt 1-v2/c2
Δ = change in
T = time measured by motorcycle riders
t = time measured by Bohr and Einstein
v = speed of motorcycles
c = speed of light
Warning: thought experiment only; do not try this at home.
Start Motorcycle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_racing
The Pythagorean Theorem Of Spacetime
c2ΔT2 + v2Δt2 = c2Δt2
c2ΔT2 = c2Δt2 - v2Δt2
c2ΔT2 = c2Δt2 - Δx2
c = 1 light-year/year
ΔT2 = Δt2 - Δx2
(Usually known as the spacetime interval)
Example
t Spacetime
c = 1 light-year/year
ΔT2 = Δt2 - Δx2
Δt = 30 years; Δx = 29 lt-yrs.
Δt = 30 years
v = 96.7% the speed of light
ΔT2 = 302 – 292 = 59 yrs2
ΔT = 7.7 years
Δx = 29 light-years x
Schwarzschild Black Hole
2 2⎛ 2GM ⎞ 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
c dT = ⎜1 − ⎟ c dt − dr − r dθ − r sin θdφ
⎝ rc 2 ⎠ ⎛ 2GM ⎞
⎜1 − 2 ⎟
⎝ rc ⎠
2
2 2 ⎛ vesc ⎞ 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
c dT = ⎜1 − 2 ⎟c dt −
⎜ ⎟ 2
dr − r dθ − r sin θdφ
⎝ c ⎠ ⎛ vesc ⎞
⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ c ⎠ Karl Schwarzschild
Object Schwarzschild Radius
2GM • Escape
vesc = You 1 thousand, million,
r Velocity million, millionth the
2GM thickness of a human hair
• Schwarzschild
Rs = 2 Earth 1 cm (size of marble)
c Radius
Sun 3 km (2 miles)
LIGO-G0900422-v1
Embedding Diagram
Schwarzschild for t = 0, θ = π /2:
2 1
ds = dr 2 + r 2 dφ 2
⎛ 2GM ⎞
⎜1 − 2 ⎟
⎝ rc ⎠
Flat space cylindrical coordinates:
z
ds 2 = dz 2 + dr 2 + r 2 dφ 2
z = f (r ) (Surface of revolution about z-axis.)
dz = f ' (r )dr y
x
ds 2 = [ f ' (r ) 2 + 1]dr 2 + r 2 dφ 2
LIGO-G0900422-v1
Black Hole Embedding Diagram
Schwarzschild solution to General
Relativity for t = constant, θ = π /2:
2 1
ds = dr 2 + r 2 dϕ 2
" 2GM %
$1− 2 '
# rc &
z
The Schwarzschild Wormhole
or Einstein-Rosen Bridge
(Flamm 1916, Physikalische
Zeitschrift. XVII: 448; Einstein &
Rosen 1935, Phys. Rev. 48 73; y
Misner & Wheeler 1957, Ann. x
Phys. 2: 525)
LIGO-G0900422-v1
Einstein-Rosen Bridge
Our Universe
Another Universe?
LIGO-G0900422-v1
Falling Into A Black Hole
∞ yrs
60 yrs
Singularity J 40 yrs
20 yrs
K
J
Black Hole K
J
K
Another Universe? KJ
White Hole
Singularity
LIGO-G0900422-v1
-∞ yrs
Embedding Diagram Inside
The Black Hole
Schwarzschild for r = R, θ = π /2:
ds2 = c2[2GM/(Rc2)-1]dt2 + R2dφ2.
Flat space cylindrical coordinates:
ds2 = dz2 + dr2 + r2dφ2. z
Comparing, in the flat space r = R =
constant = a cylinder! So:
ds2 = dz2 + R2dφ2 y
x
and need to match up z with t via:
dz2 = c2[2GM/(Rc2)-1]dt2.LIGO-G0900422-v1
Eddington Finkelstein
Coordinates
If we introduce the following form of the Eddington Finkelstein
time coordinate, t',
ct = ct' – (2GM/c2)ln|rc2/(2GM) – 1|
outside the horizon, and
ct = ct' – (2GM/c2)ln|1-rc2/(2GM)|
inside the horizon, then inside or outside, we get
ds2 = -c2[1-2GM/(rc2)]dt'2 + 4GM/(rc2)dt'dr + [1+2GM/(rc2)]dr2
+ r2dθ2 + r2sinθ2dφ2.
Note that there is no coordinate singularity at the horizon.
LIGO-G0900422-v1
Schwarzschild Worm Hole
LIGO-G0900422-v1
Embedding With Interior Dynamics
Our Universe
Another Universe
LIGO-G0900422-v1
Non-traversable Wormhole
Our Universe
Another Universe
LIGO-G0900422-v1
Stellar Collapse To Form A Black Hole
When pressure can no And it collapses
longer support a star's to a Singularity.
gravity its mass falls
through its horizon.
Penrose Diagrams & Black Holes
Schwarzschild Black Hole
t=∞
t = -∞
LIGO-Gnnnnnn-00-W
Figures: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose_diagrams
LIGO-G0900422-v1
Credit: ligo.caltech.edu
19
The End
