IMPOLITENESS STRATEGIES AND ITS SPEECH ACTS OF MAIN

ANTAGONIST CHARACTER UTTERANCES IN CRUELLA

MOVIE
1
Wildaan Mukhallad, 2Agung Prasetyo Wibowo
English Department, Faculty of Letters and Culture, Universitas Gunadarma
Jl. Margonda Raya No.100, Pondok Cina, Depok 16424, Jawa Barat
1
wildaanmukh@[Link], 2agungpw@[Link]

Abstract
This research discusses impoliteness strategies and its speech acts of main antagonist
utterances in Cruella movie. The objectives of this research are to find out the impoliteness
strategies in the utterances of main antagonist in Cruella movie using Culpeper’s impoliteness
strategies (1996) and to find out the speech acts in the impolite utterances of main antagonist in
Cruella movie using Searle’s classification of speech acts (1979). The study adopted a
descriptive qualitative method. The source of data of this research is a movie entitled Cruella.
This research uses the dialogue script of Cruella movie as the data. The result shows that there
are 90 data found in this research consisting of five impoliteness strategies and five kinds of
speech acts in the utterances of main antagonist in Cruella movie. The impoliteness strategies
found in this research are negative impoliteness with 49 data or 54%, positive impoliteness with
18 data or 20%, bald-on record impoliteness with 11 data or 12%, sarcasm or mock politeness
with 8 data or 9%, and withhold politeness with 4 data or 4%. The kinds of speech acts found in
this research are directive with 41 data or 46%, representative with 22 data or 24%, expressive
with 21 data or 23%, commissive with 4 data or 4%, and declaration with 2 data 2%. The
classification of speech acts found in the impoliteness strategies are directive in negative
impoliteness with 30 data or 33%, expressive in negative impoliteness with 12 data or 13%,
representative in positive impoliteness strategy with 8 data or 9%, representative acts in bald-
on record impoliteness with 7 data or 8%, directive in positive impoliteness with 6 data or 7%,
representative in negative impoliteness strategy with 4 data or 4%, expressive in sarcasm or
mock politeness with 4 data or 4%, directive in bald-on record impoliteness with 4 data or 4%,
commissive in negative impoliteness with 3 data or 3%, expressive in withhold politeness with 3
data or 3%, expressive in positive impoliteness with 2 data or 2%, declaration acts in positive
impoliteness strategy with 2 data or 2%, representative in sarcasm or mock politeness strategy
with 2 data or 2%, commissive in sarcasm or mock politeness with 1 datum or 1%, directive in
sarcasm or mock politeness with 1 datum or 1%, and representative in withhold politeness with
1 datum or 1%. Based on the result of this research, directive speech act in negative
impoliteness strategy is the most frequent utterances performed by the main antagonist in
Cruella movie.

Keywords: Cruella, illocutionary, impoliteness strategies, movie, speech acts

INTRODUCTION activity performed by someone by stating an

Speech acts are the study of language utterance, such as a notification, command,
application put forward by Austin (1962) in regret, or congratulating, always followed by
his book entitled How to Do Things with a speech act of certain actions or intentions.
Words which was further developed by his Speech act is used as a unit of analysis to
student, Searle (1979). Speech acts according obtain a resolution of the inability of the truth
to Searle in Markoem (2017) are a speaking condition as the only measure that is

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determined as a criterion of truth or utterance. structures, but also shows certain actions
In pragmatic studies, the analysis of a which will be called as speech acts. Based on
discourse is not only in the scope of sentence Yule’s explanation about speech act, it can be
or utterance analysis but also involves speech understood as action taken by someone when
act. uttering. Searle (1979) classified speech acts
In a conversation, the speaker has the into five general types of functions;
potential to attack the opponent’s face and declaration, representative, expressive,
vice versa where the conversation that occurs directive, and commissive.
becomes a kind of competition that threatens Impoliteness is the opposite of
each other. This act is known as a face politeness used to threaten or damage
threatening act (2018). To be able to avoid the someone’s face. According to Culpeper
threat from happening, the speaker can say (2011), impoliteness is an attitude or behavior
something that can reduce or even prevent the that is contrary to the nature of politeness that
threat. This action is known as a face-saving occurs in a certain context. Culpeper (1996)
act. To answer this problem, Brown and identified five impoliteness strategies
Levinson (1987) described preventive consisting of bald-on record impoliteness,
measures against these threats, known as positive impoliteness, negative impoliteness,
politeness strategies. sarcasm or mock politeness, and withhold
In the practice of conversation that has politeness.
a specific purpose, impoliteness is often The phenomena of impoliteness in
found in speech. Actions that are intended to speech acts can also be found in the
threaten or attack the face of the interlocutor utterances of characters in a movie. Movie is
are deliberately carried out to create conflict defined as a branch of art that uses audio and
and social disharmony. Culpeper (2011) visual as its medium. According to Parera
explained in detail that impoliteness can occur (2004), movie is a literary discourse and
if in communicating using language, the belongs to a group of expressive discourses.
utterer does have the intention to attack or Movie can act as language communication.
threaten the face of the interlocutor. Movie has multiple functions, apart from
Culpeper’s impoliteness strategies (1996) are being a form of entertainment, as well as a
the alternative actions to Brown and medium of communication to convey
Levinson's (1987) theory of politeness messages from the author to the audience.
strategies. The researcher conducted further
The definition of speech acts was stated investigation of impoliteness strategies
by Yule (2018) that the utterance expressed applied in utterances of main antagonist and
by someone is not only contain grammatical the identification of speech acts performed in

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the impolite utterances of main antagonist in impoliteness and the types of speech acts by
Cruella movie. The objectives of this research Searle (1979) to analyze the impoliteness in
are to find out the impoliteness strategies the Prison Break Series. Based on the results,
which are applied in the utterances of main there are 50 data of impoliteness strategies
antagonist character in Cruella movie using used in the two seasons of movie series. The
Culpeper’s impoliteness strategies (1996) researcher found the highest amount of
then the results of the analysis are used as the speech acts data used is directives speech acts
data to find out the speech acts which are with 18 data (36%). Bald on record and
performed in the impolite utterances of main positive impoliteness are the dominant
antagonist character in Cruella movie using strategies in this research with 14 data (28%)
Searle’s speech acts (1979). each. The researcher concluded that the
Culpeper’s theory of impoliteness combination of the speech acts and the
strategies (1996) and Searle’s theory of impoliteness strategies used in the Prison
speech acts (1979) are frequently used by Break movie series results bald on record in
previous researchers in related research. directives speech acts is the largest category
Therefore, these theories are appropriate to be with 10 data (20%).
used as the basis for analyzing this research. Siahaan (2019) explored the types of
The reason why researcher used the impoliteness strategies using Culpeper’s
utterances of main antagonist character as the theory (1996) and the function of using
source of data is because the utterances of this impoliteness strategies in the comments of
character have a lot of potential data of Lady Gaga’s haters on Instagram. The
impoliteness strategies and the speech acts to researcher found 26 data from 20 haters using
be explored and analyzed. The movie is also impoliteness strategies. The negative
interesting to be used as the source of data impoliteness strategy and positive strategy are
because this movie won Oscar Award 2022 equally the most frequent strategies with 10
for the category of the best costume design. data or 38.46% each of them. There are 4 data
This research also fulfilled the element of or 15.38% using bald on record impoliteness
exclusivity because there has been no and 2 data or 7.69% for sarcasm strategy. The
research that discusses the topic of most frequent function is affective
impoliteness strategies and speech in the impoliteness with 17 data or 65.38%, the
Cruella movie. second is coercive impoliteness with 4 data or
The researcher used three previous 15.38%, and the least is entertaining
studies related to the disciplines analyzed in impoliteness with 5 data or 19.23%.
this study. Susanto (2018) used Culpeper’s Krisdayanti (2020) investigated the
theory (2005) about the strategies of types of impoliteness strategies using

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Culpeper’s theory (1996) and the characters’ Sudaryanto, (1998, p. 62) descriptive method
intention of using those types of impoliteness is a method that describes facts and data that
strategies using Searle’s theory of are analyzed systematically, factually, and
illocutionary acts (1979). The result shows accurately. Subroto (1992, p. 7) explained
that there are 136 impoliteness strategies used that descriptive qualitative research is
by the characters in the Straight Outta performed by taking careful notes on data in
Compton movie. There are 103 data (76%) of the form of words, sentences, discourses,
positive impoliteness strategy, 22 data (16%) pictures/photos, diaries, memorandums and
of negative impoliteness strategy, 9 data (7%) videotapes. Sutopo (2006, p. 35) described
of bald-on record impoliteness strategy, and 2 descriptive qualitative research as research
data (1%) of sarcasm or mock politeness. The that focuses on data in the form of words,
researcher found the characters’ intentions of sentences, or pictures that have more meaning
using those impoliteness strategies, as than numbers or frequencies. Based on the
follows: convincing, reporting, ordering, explanation from the experts regarding the
questioning, threatening, anger, like, dislike, qualitative descriptive method above, this
sadness, boasting, praising, surprised, and research uses descriptive qualitative method
blaming. to find out the impoliteness strategies in the
Based on the description of the three utterances of main antagonist in Cruella
similar previous studies, this research tries to movie using Culpeper's impoliteness
present novelty in applying Culpeper’s theory strategies (1996) and to find out the speech
of impoliteness strategies (1996) and Searle’s acts in the impolite utterances of main
theory of speech acts (1979) which results in antagonist using Searle's classification of
a combination of data in a particular utterance speech acts (1979).
instead of just examining one theory or both
but separately. This research also attempts to RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
prove that Culpeper’s theory of impoliteness The researcher obtained 90 data that
strategies (1996) and Searle’s theory of consist of five impoliteness strategies and five
speech acts (1979) are interesting to study speech acts. The impoliteness strategies found
because they are interrelated with each other in the utterances of main antagonist in
so that they can broaden scientific references, Cruella movie are bald-on record
especially in pragmatics studies. impoliteness, positive impoliteness, negative
impoliteness, sarcasm or mock politeness, and
METHODS withhold politeness. The classification speech
The method applied in this research is a acts found in the impolite utterances of main
qualitative descriptive method. According to antagonist in Cruella movie are declaration,

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representative, commissive, directive, and Based on the table 3, the classification
expressive. Based on the table 1, there are of speech acts found in the impoliteness
five impoliteness strategies found in the strategies are declaration acts in positive
utterances of main antagonist with 90 data. impoliteness strategy with 2 data or 2%,
The strategies in the utterances of main representative acts in bald-on record
antagonist are bald-on record impoliteness impoliteness with 7 data or 8%, representative
with 11 data or 12%, positive impoliteness in positive impoliteness strategy with 8 data
with 18 data or 20%, negative impoliteness or 9%, representative in negative impoliteness
with 49 data or 54%, sarcasm or mock strategy with 4 data or 4%, representative in
politeness with 8 data or 9%, and withhold sarcasm or mock politeness strategy with 2
politeness with 4 data or 4%. The table shows data or 2%, representative in withhold
that negative impoliteness gets the highest politeness with 1 datum or 1%, commissive in
percentage which means it is the most negative impoliteness with 3 data or 3%,
frequent impoliteness strategy and withhold commissive in sarcasm or mock politeness
politeness gets the lowest percentage which with 1 datum or 1%, directive in bald-on
means it is the most infrequent impoliteness record impoliteness with 4 data or 4%,
strategy applied by the main antagonist. directive in positive impoliteness with 6 data
Based on the table 2, there are five or 7%, directive in negative impoliteness
classification of speech acts found in the with 30 data or 33%, directive in sarcasm or
impolite utterances of main antagonist with mock politeness with 1 datum or 1%,
90 data. The speech acts in the impolite expressive in positive impoliteness with 2
utterances of main antagonist are declaration data or 2%, expressive in negative
with 2 data or 2%, representative with 22 data impoliteness with 12 data or 13%,
or 22%, commissive with 4 data or 4%, expressive in sarcasm or mock politeness with
directive with 41 data or 46%, and expressive 4 data or 4%, and expressive in withhold
with 21 data or 23%. The table shows that politeness with 3 data or 3%. The result
directive gets the highest percentage which shows that directive in negative impoliteness
means it is the most frequent speech act and gets the highest percentage which means it is
declaration gets the lowest percentage which the most frequent speech act and
means it is the most infrequent speech act impoliteness strategy performed by the main
performed by the main antagonist. antagonist.

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 Table 1. Impoliteness Strategies
No. Impoliteness Strategies Frequency Percentage
1 Bald-on Record Impoliteness 11 12%
2 Positive Impoliteness 18 20%
3 Negative Impoliteness 49 54%
4 Sarcasm or Mock Politeness 8 9%
5 Withhold Politeness 4 4%
Total 90 100%

Table 2. Speech Acts

No. Speech Acts Frequency Percentage
1 Declaration 2 2%
2 Representative 22 24%
3 Commissive 4 4%
4 Directive 41 46%
5 Expressive 21 23%
Total 90 100%

Table 3. Speech Acts Found in each Impoliteness Strategies

Bald-on
Positive Negative Sarcasm Withhold
Record
Impoliteness Impolitenes Impolitenes or Mock Politenes Total
Impolitenes
s s Politeness s
s
Speech Acts
Declaration 0 0% 2 2% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 2 2%
Representativ 2
7 8% 8 9% 4 4% 2 2% 1 1% 2%
e 2
Commissive 0 0% 0 0% 3 3% 1 1% 0 0% 4 4%
4
Directive 4 4% 6 7% 30 33% 1 1% 0 0% 46%
1
2
Expressive 0 0% 2 2% 12 13% 4 4% 3 3% 22%
1
9
Total 11 12% 18 20% 49 54% 8 9% 4 4% 100%
0

Impoliteness Strategies Bald-on record impoliteness is performed

Impoliteness strategies can be when the utterer threatens interlocutor’s face
defined as tactical ways used to express directly, clearly, unambiguously, and
impolite utterance in conversation. In this concisely in circumstances where the utterer
research, there are five impoliteness strategies does not intend to maintain the
found in the utterances of main antagonist, interlocutor’s face. The researcher found 11
which are as follows: data of this strategy in the utterances of
main antagonist in Cruella movie. The
Bald-on Record Impoliteness example is as follow:

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Baroness : Don’t touch the ankle. Negative Impoliteness
Roger : Yes, sorry. It’s in. Negative impoliteness is performed
Roger put shoes on Baroness, but when the utterer intentionally aims to attack
Baroness does not seem to like it when Roger the interlocutor’s negative face. The
touches her ankle. Bald-on record researcher found 49 data of this strategy in the
impoliteness strategy is performed by utterances of main antagonist in Cruella
Baroness in her utterance because she does movie. The example is as follow:
not only tell roger not to touch her ankle but Baroness : Get me lunch. Soy salmon,
she directly forbids it so that roger who does lemon-zest risotto, cucumber
not have any intentions becomes exposed to sliced into two-inch diagonals
threats from Baroness. at an eighth of an inch width
sprinkled with seven leaves of
Positive Impoliteness parsley, shredded, not torn.
Positive impoliteness is performed Estella : Right.
when the utterer acts intentionally deployed to The Baroness tells Estella to prepare
attack interlocutor’s positive face. The lunch for her. The Baroness demands a super
researcher found 18 data of this strategy in the complicated lunch menu. Negative
utterances of main antagonist in Cruella impoliteness strategy is performed by
movie. The example is as follow: Baroness in her utterance because Baroness
Baroness : You. Grubby girl. gives Estella the burden of responsibility for
Estella : Yes? serving her by providing her lunch. By
Baroness calls Estella because conducting it, Baroness has attacked Estella’s
Baroness curious with the creator who made negative face. This strategy is also classified
the artistic window display at the Liberty. into sub-strategy: put others’ indebtedness on
Baroness did not know Estella’s real name record.
before because this is the first time, they meet
each other. Positive impoliteness strategy is Sarcasm or Mock Politeness
performed by Baroness in her utterance Sarcasm or mock politeness is
because Baroness calls Estella by other name performed when the utterer conveys
that represents her shabby look instead of something that is obviously insincere,
asking Estella her real name. By conducting pretending, or looking polite just on the
it, Baroness has attacked Estella’s positive surface. The researcher found 8 data of this
face. This strategy is also classified into sub- strategy in the utterances of main
strategy: call the other names: Use derogatory antagonist in Cruella movie. The example is
nominations. as follow:

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Baroness : Oh. Finally, someone competent. five illocutionary acts used by Baroness in her
Roger : Whoa! identified impolite speech, which are as
Baroness : And someone not. follows:
Estella seems to have succeeded in
bringing the lunch as the Baroness wanted. Declaration
Roger comes stumbling. Sarcasm strategy is Declaration is the act intended by the
performed by Baroness in her utterance utterer to create a new condition to the
because Baroness compares one's behavior interlocutor, such as changes in status or
with others by praising one but in the same circumstances. The researcher found 2 data of
time also mocking others. this speech act in the impolite utterances of
main antagonist in Cruella movie. The
Withhold Politeness example is as follow:
Withhold politeness is performed when Roger : You do?
the utterer does not conduct a politeness Baroness : So I have a gap to fire you.
strategy either due to negligence or There’s a gap. You’re fired.
intentional as expected such as being silent Roger's opinion does not match the
and not thanking the interlocutor after being baroness's wishes so he is fired and kicked
treated well. The researcher found 4 data of out of the car in the middle of the road by
this strategy in the utterances of main Baroness. The utterance is categorized into
antagonist in Cruella movie. The example is declaration act because Baroness fires Roger
as follow: to make him silent because she does not want
Baroness : It’s… to hear Roger’s opinion anymore. Roger's
Estella : Stunning. dismissal by the Baroness makes Roger no
Baroness : Hmm. longer Baroness’ lawyer. Baroness performs
Estella all night doing her job. She the act of firing.
sewed the dress using gold trim. The next day
Baroness is impressed looking the elegant Representative
dress. Withhold politeness strategy is Representative is the act that binds the
performed by Baroness in her utterance utterer to the truth of what the utterer says to
because Baroness holds back her amazed interlocutor. The researcher found 22 data of
expression by not finishing her sentence. this speech act in the impolite utterances of
main antagonist in Cruella movie. The
Speech Acts example is as follow:
Speech act can be defined as the act Baroness: You’re a man who can’t
of doing something. In this research, there are take responsibility.

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 Men from departments store that stock Directive
the Baroness’ product come to meet Directive is the act performed by the
Baroness. They intend to give input to the utterer with the intention that the interlocutor
Baroness. Unfortunately, it turns backfired to does the actions mentioned in the utterance.
them. Baroness straightforwardly humiliate The researcher found 41 data of this speech
them by telling the depravity of their work act in the impolite utterances of main
and how they can be incompetent in it. The antagonist in Cruella movie. The example is
utterance is categorized into representative act as follow:
because Baroness tells her opinion of her Baroness : Time for my nine-minute
client with disdainful tendencies. Baroness power nap. Box up my lunch,
performs the act of telling. Estella. (Grunts)
Baroness is going to take a nap.
Commissive Baroness gives Estella an order to package
Commissive is the acts that binds the the meal so Baroness can eat her lunch later.
utterer to do what is stated in the utterer’s The utterance is categorized into directive act
speech. The researcher found 4 data of this because Baroness as the dominance give
speech act in the impolite utterances of main Estella an order to do everything she asks for.
antagonist in Cruella movie. The example is Baroness performs the act of ordering.
as follow:
Cruella : This is between us. Let Jasper Expressive
and Horace, imbeciles that they Expressive is the act intended by the
are for letting you follow them, utterer so that the utterance is interpreted as
let them go. an evaluation of the things mentioned in the
Baroness : Oh, I shall. They’re going to jail. speech where the utterer expresses the
Cruella arrives home after ruining the utterer’s feelings or behavior. The researcher
Baroness’ fashion show. She is surprised with found 21 data of this speech act in the
Baroness and her men’ presence. Cruella also impolite utterances of main antagonist in
does not expect when finding out Horace and Cruella movie. The example is as follow:
Jasper tied up. Cruella is subdued and tied Officer : Well, someone tipped them off
with them. The baroness intends to report and gave them the wrong tip.
them to the police for the crimes they Baroness : Thank you for your time.
committed. The baroness sprinkled kerosene Incompetent as always.
all over the room and set the building and Baroness commands the police officer
Cruella on fire. Cruella is helpless in the to look for Cruella's whereabouts. She wants
flame that is keep spreading. to make sure if Cruella still alive or dead.

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Unfortunately, the police could not find any performed when Baroness changes Roger's
trace of Cruella. Baroness looks upset. She status so that Roger is no longer her lawyer.
even throws a chair to her servant's feet. The Positive impoliteness strategy is applied when
utterance is categorized into expressive act Baroness disowns Roger’s desire to
because Baroness gives feedback as an contribute as lawyer.
expression of disappointment to the officer by
judging him incompetent. Baroness performs Representative in Bald-on Record
the act of criticizing. Impoliteness
Representative in bald-on record
Speech Act in Each Impoliteness Strategy impoliteness means the number of
Speech act in each impoliteness representative act performed in a bald-on
strategy is the number of speech act record impoliteness strategy. The researcher
performed in an impoliteness strategy. The found 7 data of this combination in the
researcher found 16 combination of speech utterances of main antagonist in Cruella
act in impoliteness strategy shown in this movie. The example is as follows:
research which are as follows: Baroness : My feedback. You’re short,
you’re fat, you smell like an
Declaration in Positive Impoliteness anchovy, you’re color-blind,
Declaration in positive impoliteness but you pretend you aren’t.
means the number of declaration act Men from departments store that stock
performed in a positive impoliteness strategy. Baroness’ product come to meet Baroness.
The researcher found 2 data of this They intend to give input to Baroness.
combination in the utterances of main Unfortunately, it turns backfired to them.
antagonist in Cruella movie. The example is Baroness straightforwardly humiliate them by
as follows: telling the depravity of their work and how
Roger : You do? they can be incompetent in it. The utterance is
Baroness : So I have a gap to fire you. categorized into representative act in bald-on
There’s a gap. You’re fired. record impoliteness strategy because
Roger's opinion does not match Baroness bluntly attacks the guy from
Baroness’ wishes so he is fired and kicked out department store by describing his lack of
of the car in the middle of the road by physical condition. Representative act is
Baroness. The utterance is categorized into performed when Baroness describes the
declaration act in positive impoliteness physical condition of the interlocutor based
strategy because Baroness attacks Roger's on her observation. Bald-on record
positive face by firing him. Declaration act is impoliteness strategy is applied when

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Baroness delivers her abusive statements Representative in Negative Impoliteness
clearly and straightforwardly. Representative in negative impoliteness
means the number of representative acts
Representative in Positive Impoliteness performed in a negative impoliteness strategy.
Representative in positive impoliteness The researcher found 4 data of this combination
means the number of representative act in the utterances of main antagonist in
performed in a positive impoliteness strategy. Cruella movie. The example is as follows:
The researcher found 8 data of this combination Baroness : You’re a fool.
in the utterances of main antagonist in Baroness talks to Gerald about Estella
Cruella movie. The example is as follows: who made the artistic window display. Gerald
Estella : Who was the woman? says that Estella is going to be fired because
Baroness : Not really the point of the of the mess she created but apparently Gerald
story. The story’s about how misunderstands about the situation. Gerald
lucky I am, but anyway, she does not know that the Baroness actually
had a kid. wants to appreciate the window. The
Estella notices Baroness’ necklace was utterance is categorized into representative act
worn by Catherine before but Estella pretends in negative impoliteness strategy because
not to know it. Estella tries to get information Baroness attacks Gerald's negative face by
from Baroness to talk about it. Baroness says scorning his authority in deciding.
her necklace was stolen by a woman. Estella Representative act is performed when
is getting more curious about the story of the Baroness tells her opinion about Gerald that
necklace. The utterance is categorized into she thinks Gerald would waste Estella’s
representative act in positive impoliteness potency. Negative impoliteness strategy is
strategy because Baroness attacks Estella's applied when Baroness scorns Gerald's
positive face by ignoring and disinterested to personal decision to fire Estella.
Estella's question but instead focuses on
explaining the story about herself. Representative in Sarcasm or Mock
Representative act is performed when Politeness
Baroness responds to Estella’s question by Representative in sarcasm or mock
talking about her as the main topic of the politeness means the number of representative
story. Positive impoliteness strategy is applied acts performed in a sarcasm or mock
when Baroness deliberately does not answer politeness strategy. The researcher found 2
Estella's question as she wanted but diverts data of this combination in the utterances of
the conversation by telling her about how main antagonist in Cruella movie. The
important Baroness in her story. example is as follows:

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Baroness : Oh. Finally, someone competent. Representative act performed when Baroness
Roger : Whoa! indirectly says that she agrees with Jeffrey’s
Baroness : And someone not. statement about her. Withhold politeness
Estella seems to have succeeded strategy is applied when Baroness does not
bringing the lunch as Baroness wanted. Roger intend to convey her gratitude directly but she
suddenly comes stumbling. Baroness gives shows her arrogance statement instead.
her opinion about both of them. The utterance
is categorized into representative act in Commissive in Negative Impoliteness
sarcasm or mock politeness strategy because Commissive in negative impoliteness
Baroness indirectly states that Roger is means the number of representative act
clumsy and incompetent. Representative act performed in a negative impoliteness strategy.
performed when Baroness conveys her The researcher found 3 data of this
thought about Roger being incompetent. combination in the utterances of main
Sarcasm or mock politeness strategy is antagonist in Cruella movie. The example is
applied when Baroness praises Estella but as follows:
also mocks Roger indirectly at the same time. Baroness : She’s really Estella.
Cruella : Cruella de Vil.
Representative in Withhold Politeness Horace : It’s spelled “Devil,” but it’s
Representative in withhold impoliteness pronounced “de Vil.”
means the number of representative acts Baroness : You wait, I’ll get even.
performed in a withhold politeness strategy. After pushing Estella into the sea
The researcher found 1 datum of this became known to the all witnesses, Baroness
combination in the utterances of main is arrested by the authorities. Estella, who has
antagonist in Cruella movie. The example is changed her character to Cruella, comes to
as follows: Baroness’ residence to see her triumph.
Baroness : All right, how do I look? Baroness irritably explains to the people that
Jeffrey : Fabulous. the whole thing was Estella’s trick. Cruella
Baroness : Well, I know that. smiles proudly for defeating Baroness. The
Baroness has finished changing and utterance is categorized into commissive act
asks Jeffrey what he thinks of her appearance. in negative impoliteness strategy because
The utterance is categorized into Baroness tries to attack Cruella's negative
representative act in withhold politeness face by committing to threaten and get
strategy because Baroness does not respond to revenge. Commissive act is performed when
Jeffrey’s compliment politely as it should be Baroness tells Cruella that she commits to get
but she conveys it in impolite way instead. revenge one day. Negative impoliteness

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strategy is applied when Baroness frightens on fire but Baroness will obtain the glory for
Cruella with threats. defeating Cruella.

Commissive in Sarcasm or Mock Politeness Directive in Bald-on Record Impoliteness

Commissive in sarcasm or mock Directive in bald-on record
politeness means the number of commissive impoliteness means the number of directive
act performed in a sarcasm or mock act performed in a bald-on record
politeness strategy. The researcher found 1 impoliteness strategy. The researcher found 4
datum of this combination in the utterances of data of this combination in the utterances of
main antagonist in Cruella movie. The main antagonist in Cruella movie. The
example is as follows: example is as follows:
Baroness : I’ll tip off the press. I’d love Baroness : Don’t touch the ankle.
them to know that you went out Roger : Yes, sorry. It’s in.
in a blaze of glory. (Chuckling) Roger put shoes on Baroness, but
Cruella arrives home after ruining Baroness does not seem to like it when Roger
Baroness’ fashion show. She is surprised with touches her ankle. The utterance is
Baroness and her men’ presence. Cruella also categorized into directive act in bald-on
does not expect when finding out Horace and record impoliteness strategy because
Jasper tied up. Cruella is subdued and tied Baroness directly forbids Roger not to touch
with them. Baroness intends to report them to her ankle. Directive act is performed when
the police for the crimes they committed. Baroness strictly forbids Roger from touching
Baroness sprinkled kerosene all over the room her ankle. Bald-on record impoliteness
and set the building and Cruella on fire. strategy is applied when Baroness tells her
Cruella is helpless in the flame that is keep prohibition to Roger clearly and directly
spreading. The utterance is categorized into which makes Roger feels reprimanded.
commissive act in sarcasm or mock politeness
strategy because Baroness commits to make Directive in Positive Impoliteness
sure Cruella gives up and abandons all her Directive in positive impoliteness
achievements on fire. Commissive act means the number of directive act performed
performed when Baroness plans to burn in a positive impoliteness strategy. The
Cruella and promises the press to announce researcher found 6 data of this combination in
her death caused by fire. Sarcasm or mock the utterances of main antagonist in Cruella
politeness strategy is applied when Baroness movie. The example is as follows:
talks to Cruella about the blaze of glory which Baroness : You. Grubby girl.
it actually means Cruella will lose her glory Estella : Yes?

218 Journal of Language and Literature Volume 10 No 2 Desember 2022

 Baroness calls Estella because worker has to obey Baroness’ orders to get
Baroness curious with the creator who made her lunch. Directive act is performed when
the artistic window display at the Liberty. The Baroness gives Estella an order to get her
utterance is categorized into directive act in lunch. Negative impoliteness strategy is
positive impoliteness strategy because applied when Baroness gives Estella the
Baroness attacks Estella's positive face by burden of responsibility to serve her lunch.
calling her the other names using derogatory
nominations. Directive act is performed when Directive in Sarcasm or Mock Politeness
Baroness calls Estella to make her respond to Directive in sarcasm or mock
Baroness. Positive impoliteness strategy is politeness means the number of directive act
applied when Baroness does not recognize performed in a sarcasm or mock politeness
Cruella’s proper name but she uses strategy. The researcher found 1 datum of this
derogatory name to call her instead. combination in the utterances of main
antagonist in Cruella movie. The example is
Directive in Negative Impoliteness as follows:
Directive in negative impoliteness Baroness : Do I pay you for your
means the number of directive act performed opinions or for your
in a negative impoliteness strategy. The obedience?
researcher found 30 data of this combination John : Well, are you asking my
in the utterances of main antagonist in Cruella opinion? I’ll see it’s done.
movie. The example is as follows: Baroness tells John to keep Estella in
Baroness : Get me lunch. Soy salmon, her office when she arrives. Baroness
lemon-zest risotto, cucumber suspects Estella but John convinces her that
sliced into two-inch diagonals Estella is not Cruella. The utterance is
at an eighth of an inch width categorized into directive act in sarcasm or
sprinkled with seven leaves of mock politeness strategy because Baroness
parsley, shredded, not torn. asks John about his unwanted opinion that has
Estella : Right. a tendency to disobey her orders. Directive
Baroness tells Estella to prepare lunch act performed when Baroness asks a question
for her. Baroness demands a super to John to make him answer why he doubts
complicated lunch menu. The utterance is Baroness’ orders and tell his unwanted
categorized into directive act in negative opinion to Baroness. Sarcasm or mock
impoliteness strategy because Baroness politeness strategy is applied when Baroness
attacks Estella's negative face by putting shows her power by doubting and asking John
Estella in a position where she as Baroness’ about his obligation.

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Expressive in Positive Impoliteness After the fire incident, the police
Expressive in positive impoliteness managed to imprison Horace and Jasper.
means the number of expressive act Baroness orders the police to look for
performed in a positive impoliteness strategy. Cruella's whereabouts. She wants to make
The researcher found 2 data of this sure if Cruella still alive or dead.
combination in the utterances of main Unfortunately, the police couldn't find any
antagonist in Cruella movie. The example is trace of Cruella. Baroness looks upset. She
as follows: throws a chair at his servant's feet. The
Roger : Baroness, we have that utterance is categorized into expressive act
meeting at the Ritz. in negative impoliteness strategy because
Baroness : Oh, for heaven’s sakes. Baroness attacks her servant’s negative face
(Sighs) by blaming the maid for blocking her way
Roger interrupts Baroness' nap to let and not giving the servant's right to self-
her know she has a meeting. Baroness feels defense. Expressive act is performed when
annoyed so she throws slices of cucumber at Baroness expresses her anger by blaming her
Roger which she used to cover her eyes. The servant for things that the servant did not
utterance is categorized into expressive act in actually do to her. Negative impoliteness
positive impoliteness strategy because strategy is applied when Baroness performs
Baroness attacks Roger’s positive face by abuse of power to take away the maid's
expressing her tiredness with swear words to personal right to defend herself for what she
respond Roger’s invitation. Expressive act is did not do.
performed when Baroness sighs to express
her tiredness. Positive impoliteness strategy is Expressive in Sarcasm or Mock Politeness
applied when Baroness curses or uses swear Expressive in sarcasm or mock
words to convey her expression. politeness means the number of expressive
acts performed in a sarcasm or mock
Expressive in Negative Impoliteness politeness strategy. The researcher found 4
Expressive in negative impoliteness data of this combination in the utterances of
means the number of expressive act performed main antagonist in Cruella movie. The
in a negative impoliteness strategy. The example is as follows:
researcher found 12 data of this combination Anita : I’m so grateful you’ve given
in the utterances of main antagonist in Cruella Tattletale an exclusive tonight.
movie. The example is as follows: Baroness : Not apparently grateful
The Servant : (Exclaims). enough to observe the dress
Baroness : You’re in the way. code.

220 Journal of Language and Literature Volume 10 No 2 Desember 2022

 Baroness meets Anita in the party. Withhold politeness strategy is applied when
Anita is working as a journalist of Tattletale Baroness holds her expression when she
Press to cover the event. Baroness does not wants to appreciate the dress.
like it when Anita wears wrong dress code.
The utterance is categorized into expressive CONCLUSION
act in sarcasm or mock politeness strategy The result of this research shows that
because Baroness expresses her displeasure there are 90 data found in this research
by insinuating Anita's dress code and consisting of five impoliteness strategies and
accusing her of being ungrateful. Expressive five kinds of speech acts in the utterances of
act performed when Baroness expressive her main antagonist in Cruella movie The
displeasure to Anita because she wears wrong impoliteness strategies found in this research
dress code. Sarcasm or mock politeness are negative impoliteness with 49 data or
strategy is applied when Baroness insinuates 54%, positive impoliteness with 18 data or
Anita for her contradictive behavior. 20%, bald-on record impoliteness with 11
data or 12%, sarcasm or mock politeness with
Expressive in Withhold Politeness 8 data or 9%, and withhold politeness with 4
Expressive in withhold politeness data or 4%. The kinds of speech acts found in
means the number of expressive act this research are directive with 41 data or
performed in a withhold politeness strategy. 46%, representative with 22 data or 24%,
The researcher found 3 data of this expressive with 21 data or 23%, commissive
combination in the utterances of main with 4 data or 4%, and declaration with 2 data
antagonist in Cruella movie. The example is 2%. The classification of speech acts found in
as follows: the impoliteness strategies are directive in
Baroness : It’s… negative impoliteness with 30 data or 33%,
Estella : Stunning. expressive in negative impoliteness with 12
Baroness : Hmm. data or 13%, representative in positive
Estella all night doing her job. She impoliteness strategy with 8 data or 9%,
sewed the dress using gold trim. The next day representative acts in bald-on record
Baroness is impressed looking the elegant impoliteness with 7 data or 8%, directive in
dress. The utterance is categorized into positive impoliteness with 6 data or 7%,
expressive act in withhold politeness strategy representative in negative impoliteness
because Baroness tries to hold her amazed strategy with 4 data or 4%, expressive in
expression by not finishing her words. sarcasm or mock politeness with 4 data or
Expressive act performed when Baroness 4%, directive in bald-on record impoliteness
feels impressed looking on the dress. with 4 data or 4%, commissive in negative

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impoliteness with 3 data or 3%, expressive in Impoliteness. Journal of Pragmatics
withhold politeness with 3 data or 3%, 25, 349-367.
expressive in positive impoliteness with 2 Culpeper, J. (2011). Impoliteness: Using
data or 2%, declaration acts in positive Language to Cause Offence. New
impoliteness strategy with 2 data or 2%, York: Cambridge University Press.
representative in sarcasm or mock politeness Cummings, L. (2019). Pragmatik Sebuah
strategy with 2 data or 2%, commissive in Perspektif Multidisipliner. Yogyakarta:
sarcasm or mock politeness with 1 datum or Pustaka Pelajar.
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with 1 datum or 1%, and representative in Strategies in Straight Outta Compton
withhold politeness with 1 datum or 1%. Movie. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah
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strategy is the most frequent utterances Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas Indonesia.
performed by the main antagonist in Cruella Markoem, M. (2017). Semantik dan
movie. It can be concluded that the main Pragmatik. Tangerang: Pusataka
antagonist frequently uses negative Mandiri.
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in her utterances because most of utterances Penerbit Erlangga.
spoken by the main antagonist are imperative Searle, J. R. (1979). Expression and Meaning:
sentences. She is described as a chief of a Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts.
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the right to rule over her subordinates and her Siahaan, I. P. (2019). Impoliteness Strategies
employees, she also maintains her reputation of Lady Gaga in Her Instagram
as a fashion legend who has high status and Comments. Medan: University of
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Penelitian Linguistik Struktural.
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