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2nd International Conference on Oil & Gas Engineering and Geological Sciences IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 558 (2020) 022006 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/558/2/022006
Application of Stress Analysis Software in Oil and Gas
Pipeline
Bowen Li1, Xinhang Li2, Yubin Miao1, Hao Yang3
1
Zhuhai branch of China Petroleum Pipeline Engineering Corporation, Zhuhai City,
Guangdong, China
2
EDAG Engineering & Design (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
3
China Petroleum Pipeline Engineering Corporation, Langfang City, Hebei, China
Abstract. With the rapid development of China's national economy, the development
of the petrochemical industry is particularly rapid, high-temperature and high-pressure
pipelines are widely used in the oil and gas storage and operation industries. The
design level becomes the key to measuring whether a design unit can win in the fierce
market competition, and one of the core technologies is the stress analysis of the
pressure pipeline. CAESARⅡ pipeline stress analysis software is more popular in the
international one of pipe stress analysis software. Its data input is simple and the
graphic display is intuitive, which is easy for beginners to master, but also has a strong
engineering practicality. This article will discuss the advantages and problems of
CAESARII stress analysis software in practical applications, and use examples to
perform relevant analysis.
1. Purpose of stress analysis of oil and gas pipelines
With the development of China's national economy, the construction of oil and gas pipeline facilities
and other infrastructure has gradually increased, the construction length has been greatly increased,
and the construction environment has become more complicated, which has brought new requirements
for the stress safety analysis of pipelines. CAESARⅡ as recognized pipe stress checking software is
widely used in pipeline design.
The so-called stress analysis of the pipeline refers to a physical concept that reflects the difficulty
of deformation of the pipeline, that is, the ability of the pipeline to absorb thermal expansion and cold
contraction and other displacement deformation through its own deformation. Through the stress
calculation of the pipeline, the following objectives can be achieved [1]:
1) Make the stress in the pipes and fittings not exceed the allowable stress value;
2) Make the pipeline load of the equipment connected to the piping system within the allowable
range of the manufacturer or international norms;
3) Make the local stress of the pipe orifice of the equipment connected with the piping system meet
the requirements of the specification;
4) Calculate the design loads of supports and constraints in the piping system;
5) Optimize piping design.
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2nd International Conference on Oil & Gas Engineering and Geological Sciences IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 558 (2020) 022006 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/558/2/022006
2. The establishment of stress analysis model and its analysis process
2.1. Determination of calculated temperature and calculated pressure
Because the design temperature and design pressure are usually too conservative, and the pipeline is
running under normal operating conditions for most of the time, in general, the calculated temperature
and calculated pressure can be taken as the operating temperature and operating pressure, but the most
unfavourable situation should be considered. When the design temperature and design pressure are not
much different from the operating temperature and operating pressure, the calculated temperature and
calculated pressure can also be taken as the design temperature and design pressure. In short, the
calculated pressure of the pipeline should not be lower than the highest pressure expected during
normal operation or the corresponding operating pressure at the harshest temperature; The calculated
temperature of the pipe shall not be lower than the maximum (minimum) temperature expected in
normal operation or the harshest temperature under other working conditions, and the maximum
(minimum) value shall be taken, or both shall be considered for calculation. Working conditions with
special requirements for the process (referring to the coupling of temperature and pressure) should also
be considered [2].
2.2. Analysis process
The stress analysis of the pipeline can be divided into static analysis and dynamic analysis. The
pipeline stress analysis conducted recently is mainly static analysis. The static analysis of the pipeline
system requires calculation conditions (temperature, pressure, etc.), pipeline material properties
(elastic modulus, the coefficient of linear expansion, allowable stress, etc.), pipeline size (diameter,
Wall thickness, length, spatial direction, restraint method, etc.) are input into the CAESAR calculation
program as basic data. These data have changed along the pipeline, and nodes have been established
where changes have occurred. In this way, the whole pipe segment is divided into several units, and
each unit is composed of two nodes. CAESARⅡ adopts the method of inputting unit by unit, and the
input of units is completed by filling in forms. The CAESAR II software program is considered in
three dimensions, that is, considering the three directions of X, Y, and Z. The program defines the first
node coordinate as (0, 0, 0) by default.
CAESARⅡ program for input pipe shape have a graphical display function, and has a self-
checking function for errors. The graphic display generally includes the following elements: the
number and position of the nodes, the outer diameter of the pipe, the wall thickness of the pipe, the
length of the pipe, the position and restraint form of the support and hanger, the thickness of the
insulation material, the concentrated load and the uniform load the pipe bear, types of pipe materials
and rigid components.
After the first input has been error checked, the first step of the pipeline model analysis is to define
the static conditions. The possible loads on the high-temperature and high-pressure pipeline include
gravity load (including pipeline weight, insulation material weight, medium weight, etc.), pressure
load, displacement load (including pipeline thermal expansion and contraction displacement, end point
additional displacement, etc.), seismic load, impact load , Transient flow impact load (such as pressure
shock when the safety valve takes off and the valve quickly opens and closes), pressure pulsation load
and machine vibration load (such as vibration of rotary equipment, etc.). After the load is determined,
various loads are combined according to different requirements to judge the safety of the pipeline.
Judging the safety and reliability of the pipeline is different from the conventional pressure vessel
design method. During the initial operation of the high-temperature and high-pressure pipeline, the
pipeline is allowed to yield locally, or the stress in the opposite direction is pre-added by means of
cold tightening method. The stress of high-temperature and high-pressure pipeline can be roughly
divided into three categories: primary stress, secondary stress and peak stress. The primary stress
refers to the stress generated by the internal pressure, self-weight and other external loads of the
pipeline, which is self-limiting; the secondary stress refers to the normal stress and shear stress caused
by the obstruction of pipeline deformation; The peak stress is the local structure of the pipe fitting that
2
2nd International Conference on Oil & Gas Engineering and Geological Sciences IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 558 (2020) 022006 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/558/2/022006
is discontinuous, with stress concentration or local thermal stress, the sum of the attached to primary
stress or secondary stress.
The static calculation results of the high-temperature and high-pressure pipeline generally include:
the stress of each point of the pipeline, the stress of each constraint on the pipeline, and the
displacement of each point on the pipeline, etc.
2.3. Points for attention
There are several issues to be noted in the use of CAESARⅡ, which are explained here.
After the first input is completed, the CAESARII program must perform data inspection before
performing static calculations. For fatal errors that occur during the inspection process, the engineer
must return to the Piping Spreadsheet state to make corrections in order to ensure the reliability of the
data.
There are three commonly used combinations of working conditions [3]: one is the operating state
(OPE): it is generally composed of gravity, pressure, uniform load, end point displacement,
concentrated load and temperature; second is the continuous state (SUS): it is generally composed of a
combination of gravity and pressure, also including concentrated load and uniformly distributed load.;
the third is pure thermal state. (EXP): The difference value between the above operating state and the
continuous state. The design of the working condition combination must be scientific. Pipeline stress
check generally includes primary stress check and secondary stress check.
3. Application in a project
3.1. Basic information
A natural gas transmission pipeline has a diameter of 1016mm and a wall thickness of 19.2mm, the
material of the pipeline uses L485. Due to routing restrictions, the pipeline must be laid on a steep
slope section with a maximum slope of about 70 °. The high steep slope section has a horizontal length
of 164.3m and a vertical height difference of 183.3 m, the stress calculation of the oil and gas pipeline
under this working condition is required to analyze the safety of the pipeline during construction and
operation. The basic parameters are as Table 1:
Table 1. Basic parameters of pipeline stress analysis
Name Unit Numerical value
Pipeline installation temperature ℃ 5
Maximum operating temperature ℃ 25
Design pressure MPa 10
Test pressure MPa 12.5
Soil type —— Sandy soil
Buried depth of pipe top m 1.5
Angle of soil internal friction ° 30
Temperature change ℃ 20
Degree of compaction —— Medium compaction
3.2. Model establishment
In the simulation of working conditions, two working conditions are adopted. The pipeline pressure
test working condition is used to simulate the construction condition when the pipeline is not
backfilled, and the pipeline operating condition is simulated after the pipeline backfill is used. The
model is as follows:
3
2nd International Conference on Oil & Gas Engineering and Geological Sciences IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 558 (2020) 022006 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/558/2/022006
Figure 1. Simulation of working condition of unbackfilled pipeline
Figure 2. Pipeline condition simulation after backfilling
3.3. Analysis results
3.3.1. Analysis results of pipeline pressure test conditions without backfilling. From the stress check
results, the stress of the pipeline under all working conditions is within the allowable stress range, and
the maximum normal stress (330 MPa) is only 76% of the allowable stress (434MPa). Thus, it can be
seen that the pipeline is safe from Table 2.
Table 2. Stress distribution table of pipeline pressure test conditions without backfilling
Nod
Specification stress value (KPa) Percentage of allowable stress (%)
e
10 331 76.1
20 123 28.3
30 331 76.1
40 108 24.8
50 124 28.5
60 113 26.1
70 103 23.7
80 104 24
90 331 76.1
100 105 24.2
4
2nd International Conference on Oil & Gas Engineering and Geological Sciences IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 558 (2020) 022006 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/558/2/022006
According to the calculation results, under this working condition, the pipe is axially pulled and the
maximum axial tension (internal force) is 630kN, which is located at node No. 10 (anchored pier). The
maximum axial stress of the pipeline is 109MPa, which is the tensile stress and is located at the No. 10
node (anchored pier). When the pipeline is axially stretched, no axial instability will occur.
3.3.2. Analysis of operating conditions after pipeline backfilling. From the results of stress check, the
stress of the pipeline under the operating conditions is within the allowable stress range, and the
maximum is only 71% of the allowable stress. Thus, it can be seen that the pipeline is safe from Table
3.
Table 3. Stress calculation results of operating conditions after pipeline backfilling
Maximum
Buried Allowable Maximum Maximum Determinati
specification stress
model stress [B31.8] axial stress hoop stress on
[B31.8]
Extrem Meet
434 308 40 264
um specifications
Node
53 91 11
number
3.3.3. Analysis conclusion. The calculated stress of the high and steep slope is less than the allowable
value under the pressure test condition and the operating condition, and the pipeline is safe.
4. Conclusion
CAESARⅡ can be widely used in stress analysis of oil and gas storage and transportation pipelines,
which makes the stress analysis of complex oil and gas pipeline systems more accurate, the pipeline
system is more reasonable and safe, and can effectively improve the level of pipeline design and
design efficiency.
References
[1] Hongwen Liu, Mechanics of materials (3rd Edition). Beijing: Higher Education Press, 1992.
[2] Yongjin Tang. Stress Analysis of Pressure Pipeline (Second Edition). Beijing: China
Petrochemical Press, 2003
[3] Mingye Sun, calculation and analysis of pipeline stress [J]. Gas and Heat, 2008, 28 (12)
