Lesson 1 : Different Forms of Popular Culture

Topic:
1. Music, Art and Literature
2. Filipino Culture and Values, Superstitious beliefs, Mythical Creature and Legends

Time Frame Week 6

Student Learning Outcomes: At the end Expected Outputs
of the lesson, the learner should be able
to: Class presentation of popular music
1. Identify the forms of popular culture through singing or dancing
in the Philippines.
2. Describe music, arts and literature Essay about their stand about
as form of popular culture. superstitions, mythical creatures
3. Justify whether they still believe on and legends
superstitions, mythical creatures
and legends by writing an essay?
Learning Activities:
1. UNCOVER:
Can you name the top or popular Filipino music, singer and band nowadays?
What makes them popular?

2. BRAINSTORM
Pop culture, first used around 1958, is short for the older phrase popular culture,
coined in the mid-1800s. Originally a term used by sociologists for the customs and
traditions of people in general, it shifted to mean superficial entertainment, in contrast
to more “serious” art. But just because something is popular doesn’t mean it’s not
meaningful! Generally, whatever you and your friends like to watch, read, listen to, and
talk about is part of today’s pop culture ([Link]
%20culture). The most common forms of popular culture are movies, music, television,
video games, sports, entertainment news, fashion, and various forms of technology.
Some of us may be very selective in our consumption of popular culture, but it’s
difficult to find someone who has not been touched by popular culture at all. Popular
culture is the representation of a society in artifacts, symbols, and rituals of everyday
life – represented through media such as television, radio, news, books, movies, and
music. Studying popular culture thus offers organizational communication scholars an
understanding of fundamental workplace and organizing processes, as evident to
ordinary people through everyday life
([Link]
tions).

3. INSTILL

Music, Arts and Literature

 Music, arts, and literature play a big role in the Philippine culture and arts
because Filipinos are very creative. When it comes to music, they use materials, usually
raw, to create sound. This is just one of the many examples of indigenous practices in
the Philippines. The music composed in the Philippines is influenced by all the cultures
in the country. The traditional folk songs are primarily inspired by the indigenous
customs and beliefs. Some notable composers of Filipino folk music include Lucio San
Pedro from the National Artist for Music as well as Antonio Buenaventura, a renowned
patriotic music composer. The music composed in the urban regions of the Philippines,
particularly targeted to the youth is known as original pinoy music or Philippine pop
music. Popular musicians from this genre include Christian Bautista, Sarah Geronimo,
Yeng Constantino, and groups such as True Faith, Yano, The Teeth, and Neocolours
among others. Other popular genres include jazz, hip hop, reggae, and Latino music.
Dance in the Philippines ranges from traditional indigenous-inspired dances to modern
“western-inspired” dances. Tinikling is an example of a traditional dance with nationwide
appeal.

Filipinos are very fond of music. They use various materials to create sound.
They love performing dances (Tiniking and Carinosa) and group singing during festive
celebrations. Settlers from Spain introduced to them a variety of musical instruments
like the ukulele, trumpet, drums and violin. Most of their music is contemporary and they
have also learned to write their own songs based on real life events.
[Link]

Filipino pop songs mainly referred to songs popularized since the 1960s,
especially those in the ballad form, by major commercial artists like Pilita Corrales and
Nora Aunor, and in the 1970s by Basil Valdez, Freddie Aguilar and Rey Valera. Popular
music is music with wide appeal that is typically distributed to large audiences through
the music industry. These forms and styles can be enjoyed and performed by people
with little or no musical training. It stands in contrast to both art music and traditional or
"folk" music. Popular music, any commercially oriented music principally intended to be
received and appreciated by a wide audience, generally in literate, technologically
advanced societies dominated by urban culture.
OPM rock is the most dominant style of music inside the Philippines nowadays.
Various artists and bands have extended the popularity of OPM rock sung in Filipino or
English.

The Best of Filipino Pop Music

1. The Ransom Collective
This indie-folk band of six found itself skyrocketing to success after winning the
WanderBand competition in 2014. With its full and upbeat natural sound, the band
quickly graced the stages of the country’s biggest music festivals. And in October 2017,
they wowed India in their first international performance at the ASEAN-India Music
Festival. Achieving the perfect blend of harmonizing vocals, violin riffs, and playful
percussion, this band easily builds a fanbase wherever they go.
2. UDD
UDD, formerly known as Up Dharma Down, has been in the industry for over a decade.
Their sound isn’t classified under any particular genre, not even by the band itself. They
often play with a lot of jazzy rhythms and electronic instruments. Throw in lead singer
Armi Millare’s entrancing voice, and you’ve got the UDD sound. The band has always
had a loyal bevy of listeners, but what took them mainstream was an emotionally
relatable song from their 2012 album Capacities called “Tadhana” and a rediscovery of
one of their first hits from their 2006 album Fragmented entitled “Oo.”
3. Ben&Ben
It’s not an easy task to create songs that are pull-at-the-heartstrings beautiful without
being cheesy and cliché. But this difficult balance is one Ben&Ben manage to strike.
Singing-songwriting twins Miguel and Paolo Guico are frontmen of the young yet
already highly popular indie-folk band Ben&Ben. The sibling duo found their
breakthrough at the 2016 PhilPop Music Festival where they won third place for their
composition “Tinatangi.” Soon after, they released a four-song EP which had their name
soaring the charts.
4. Eraserheads
This next band hardly needs an introduction. The Eraserheads, a truly iconic band,
paved the way for many other local artists and OPM genres that followed. They are
often described as “The Beatles of the Philippines” and their raw, catchy, often
humorous music was loved by an entire nation. “Eraserheadsmania” took over the 90’s
when the band released one major hit album after the other. Despite breaking up a
decade into their career, the band remains one of the most influential in the country’s
music history, and their songs are still played and loved by Filipinos today.
5. Autotelic
Autotelic brings a refreshing new sound to the OPM scene. Not many bands venture
into Tagalog electro-pop-rock aimed at making their audience get up and dance, and
their upbeat tunes really do make it difficult to keep still. While they’re a band of
millennials that began in 2012, their songs could fit right into the 80’s synth-pop era,
which their parents’ generation would also enjoy. Their music is a flawless blend of the
old and the new and an interesting emergence of a contemporary OPM genre.
6. Parokya ni Edgar
One of the longest-running OPM bands, having come together in the early 90’s and still
performing today, is Parokya ni Edgar. The band’s comical lyrics and just-as-amusing
performances influenced a whole generation of band-aspiring high school boys who
identified with their mischievous character and tongue-in-cheek music. They continue to
sell-out venues they play at today and still work on new music, having released their
latest album, Pogi Years Old, in 2016.
7. Moira dela Torre
Despite being in the music industry for about a decade now, this singer-songwriter
wasn’t always in the spotlight. She subtly displayed her talent by lending her sweet and
soulful voice to multiple TV ads through the years, including commercials by
McDonald’s and Johnson & Johnson. Her recent spring to fame can be credited largely
to her original “Malaya,” which was used in the 2016 box office hit Camp Sawi. Soon
after, listeners caught on to the artist, and her emotionally captivating lyrics and sincere
vocals kept them hooked.
[Link]
As the Korean wave hit the country, Korean music is a part of how Filipinos got
influenced in getting embraced by Korean culture. Korean music was once thought to
be forgotten over the years, but they were wrong, through time many Filipinos became a
supporter of Korean music.

Ancient Filipinos were also gifted tattoo artists who decorated their bodies in
multi-colored pigmentation with environment-inspired designs. The tattoo work on these
ancient Filipinos was done so well that Portuguese explorers called them the “Painted
People” or the “Pintados.” Modern artists in the Philippines include Damian Domingo,
Juan Luna, Fernando Amorsolo, and Elito Circa who is known world-wide for painting
using his blood. There are numerous museums in the Philippines which showcase the
artistry in the country which include the National Art Gallery as well as the Metropolitan
Museum of Art located in Manila.

Ancient Filipino literature was primarily made up of legends and folklore which
were the main forms of literature before the Spanish colonization of the country. These
folktales were based on specific themes and aimed to pass down traditions and cultural
beliefs through generations. While most of these folktales existed as oral literature,
written publications did exist particularly during the Spanish colonial era. One such
publication is the “Ibong Adarna,” a story written by Jose de la Cruz. Other famed
writers of this period include Francisco Balagtas, famed for his publication “Florante at
Laura” as well as Jose Rizal. The earliest form of art is traced back to 5000 BC through
pottery discovered in the Sanga-Sanga Cave.
Filipinos are also fond of folklore, which was influenced by the early church and
Spanish literature. Myths are very famous in the Philippines culture, especially in the
provinces. And when it comes to literature, the Filipino culture never disappoints. Even
Dr. Jose Rizal, the Philippines national hero, is famous for his literature and novels
about Philippine independence. As for the Philippine Pop Culture, many artists are
world-renowned such as Sarah Geronimo, Regine Velasquez, and Julie Anne San Jose
among others.

Filipino Culture and Values, Superstitious beliefs, Mythical Creature and Legends

Pop culture is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of the

practices, beliefs and objects that are dominant or ubiquitous in a society at a given
point in time. Heavily influenced in modern times by mass media, this collection
of ideas permeates the everyday lives of people in a given society. Therefore, popular
culture has a way of influencing an individual’s attitudes towards certain topics.
The culture of the Philippines comprises a blend of traditional Filipino and Spanish
Catholic traditions, with influences from America and other parts of Asia. (1). The
Filipinos are family oriented and often religious with an appreciation for art, fashion,
music and food. (2). Filipinos are very resilient. In times of calamities and
catastrophes, Filipinos always manage to rise above the challenge. Instead of
wallowing, they manage to pick themselves up and smile. (3). Filipinos take pride in
their families. In the Philippines, it is family first. So whether you are part of the
immediate family or you belong to the fourth generation, you are treated as a family
member. Sometimes, even the closest of friends are considered family, too. (4).
Filipinos are very religious. In all corners of a Filipino house, you can find brazen
images of crosses and other religious paraphernalia. They go to church every
Sunday, or sometimes even twice or three times a week. (5). Filipinos are very
respectful. From the moment they are born into this world, they are already taught
how to be respectful by using these simple catchphrases - po and opo, words that
end sentences when addressing elders. They have a culture of pagmamano, which is
where they raise the backs of the hands of their elders to their foreheads as a sign of
respect. (6). Filipinos help one another. More popularly known as bayanihan,
Filipinos help one another without expecting anything in return so that undertaking
their tasks and responsibilities become much easier. Some times this is called
“community spirit.” (7). Filipinos value traditions and culture. For Filipinos, traditions in
their home and in their family are important. They usually set aside a specific day
for a certain celebration like festivals, birthday parties, reunions, etc. And of
course, every gathering is dedicated to keeping up with each other over sumptuous
food. (8). Filipinos love to party. Filipinos love to hold celebrations and fiestas. Filipinos
have the longest Christmas celebrations. Even as early as August, you can hear
Christmas songs and jingles being played in the malls or in the restaurants in
the Philippines. The mood becomes festive, with many people shopping and in good
spirits. Christmas celebrations last until around the first or second week of January.

(9). Filipinos love to eat. Aside from breakfast, lunch, and dinner, Filipinos manage to
squeeze in a little meal in between, too. Whether they eat every hour or every three
hours, they savour every bite. (10). Filipinos love to sing. This is the reason why
karaoke/videoke has become so prevalent. As part of their recreation, Filipinos spend
some quality time with their families or friends singing or belting out new and old songs.
(11). Filipinos love art and architecture. Filipinos have a penchant for bringing art
and architecture to a whole new level. They love to design creatively, to think intuitively,
and have a passion for anything different and unique.

Other Filipino Culture

Filipino Family Values

The family is the centre of the social structure and includes the nuclear family,
aunts, uncles, grandparents, cousins and honorary relations such as godparents,
sponsors, and close family friends. People get strength and stability from their family.
As such, many children have several godparents. It is common for members of the
same family to work for the same company.

Filipino Concept of Shame

Hiya is shame and is a motivating factor behind behaviour. It is a sense of social

propriety and conforming to societal norms of behaviour. Filipinos believe they must live
up to the accepted standards of behaviour and if they fail to do so they bring shame not
only upon themselves, but also upon their family.

One indication of this might be a willingness to spend more than they can afford
on a party rather than be shamed by their economic circumstances. If someone is
publicly embarrassed, criticized, or does not live up to expectations, they feel shame
and lose self-esteem ([Link]
filipino-pop-music/)

Superstitions Many Filipinos Still Believe

1. The number of steps of staircases at home should not be divisible by three.
Enter a Filipino household with a staircase and begin chanting “Oro (gold), plata
(silver), mata (death)”, taking one step up with each word. Most likely, upon
reaching the top step, the chant will end with either oro or plata. This is because
many Filipinos will go to great lengths to avoid ending in mata which denotes bad
luck. The two preceding words on the other hand, obviously denote good fortune.
2. Turn your plate when someone leaves in the middle of a meal. When sitting
at the dining table for a meal and someone gets up to leave before the rest of the
group finishes, everybody left at the table should turn their plates to ensure safe
travels for the person leaving. Another meal superstition (though more loosely
believed) is that the table should not start being cleared while people are still
eating. If this is done, it is believed that the last person left dining will live a lonely
life.
3. Don’t go straight home after attending a wake. This superstition is called
“pagpag” (the shaking off of dirt). In the context of a wake, it means going
elsewhere after attending the wake before heading home to shake off the spirit of
the deceased lest it follows you home. Superstitions surrounding wakes are
among the most widely practiced by Filipinos still today. Another is that the family
of the deceased should not drop off visitors at the door upon saying goodbye as
it symbolizes dropping them off at their own deaths. And, as for serving food at
wakes (be it heavy meals or light snacks) at Filipino wakes is customary, visitors
should not make the mistake of taking any home with them (be it a small piece of
candy), as it signifies inviting misfortune into your home.
4. Reassure your host that you’re human. A very common line used by Filipinos
when knocking on someone’s door is “Tao (person) po!“. Many assume it refers
to the knocker calling out to ask if there are any people inside, when actually, it is
said to stem from the knocker reassuring the people inside that s/he is a person
and not a possibly harmful supernatural creature.
5. Siblings should not marry within the same year. This superstition is called
“sukob” and advises against siblings marrying within the same year as it is said
to divide the luck between the two marriages. Another type of sukob advises
against marriages within the same year as the death of an immediate family
member. Pushing to do so is considered bad luck. Another wedding-related
superstition is that the bride should never try on her dress before the big day.
This is said to bring bad luck and cause the cancellation of the union.
6. Serve pancit (noodles) at celebrations, especially birthdays. This ever-
present dish at Filipino gatherings is believed to represent long life. And while
Filipinos today may joke and laugh about actually believing that this noodle dish
is served for long life, it remains a staple at nearly every birthday feast.
 7. Respect the elementals. Filipino folklore is rich with a variety of elementals,
from giants smoking tobacco, to small, grumpy, old men living in anthills. Stories
of these creatures fill the childhoods of many Filipino children, inciting both
intrigue and fear. Many superstitions still surround the beliefs in such creatures
today. Among the most practiced is the saying of “tabi tabi po” (excuse me) when
passing through places where elementals are likely to dwell. These places are
usually outdoors, such as anthills and Balete trees. Failure to do so and
disturbing such creatures may lead to unexplained sickness that can only be
cured by an albularyo (folk healer).
8. Be careful when showing fondness over babies. It’s difficult to restrain from
playing with cute babies or complimenting their parents on their adorable
features, but doing so in the Philippines is believed by some, to be a potential
cause of illness. Referred to as either “usog” or “bati”, this superstition says that
when a person with strong energy greets a child, the child may soon after suffer
from unexplainable discomfort. This is why, especially in the countryside, older
people know to say “pwera usog” when showing fondness over children. This is
meant to counter any usog that may have happened otherwise. If this isn’t said,
and parents attribute certain maladies of their children to usog, they may ask the
greeter to smear their saliva on the suffering child’s forehead as a cure.
9. Blame your missing things on elves. In the Philippines, there is an assumption
that when items around the house go missing and reappear, this is caused by
dwendes or playful elves. While mischievous, these little creatures are believed
to be mostly harmless – aside from the type that take small children.

4. APPLY
Choose one of a popular music nowadays and present it to the class through
singing or dancing.

5. NUTSHEL
Write an essay about your stand about superstitions, mythical creatures and
legends.

References:

[Link]
[Link]
filipinos-still-believe-in/

Lesson 2 : Different Forms of Popular Culture ( Part 2)

Topics:
1. Filipino Cuisines
2. Philippine Television
3. Popular Movies
Time Frame Week 7

Student Learning Outcomes: At the end Expected Outputs

of the lesson, the students can:
1. Short essay on Filipino Cuisine
1. Differentiate the Filipino Cuisines 2. Timeline
from past to present 3. Re enactment of lines of different
2. Identify the different TV Stations blockbuster movies
and the characteristics of their
(group presentation)
programs
3. Make a timeline about the history of
the Philiipine Cinema
4. Re-enact the lines of the different
blockbuster hit movies in the
Philippines

Learning Activities:

1. UNCOVER :

2. BRAINSTORM:
Origins of Philippine Cuisine and Food Culture
Some would like to call Filipino food, “one of the world’s earliest fusion cuisines,”
and while that may be true up to a certain point, it may also be an oversimplification.
Most Filipino dishes and delicacies began with their creators making use of whatever
ingredients they could find (usually within a 1-2 mile radius) and creating a dish from
those ingredients. With the Philippines being one of the world’s largest archipelagos,
Filipino cuisine and Philippine traditional food is highly local and regional. This not only
means that there are hundreds (if not thousands) of individually different dishes but also
there are some Filipino dishes served throughout the country, but often have different
preparations and even names.

Influences of Filipino Food

Philippine cuisine and food culture have several foreign influences that have
successfully melded with local, indigenous cuisine. Indigenous Filipino food is heavily
influenced by Chinese cuisine, brought along by the various traders and later on,
Chinese immigrants mainly from Fujian region of China and the Cantonese. Filipino
food is also heavily influenced by the cuisine of its different colonizers like the Spanish,
who ruled the Philippines for 300 years, the Americans, who ruled the Philippines for a
number of decades, the Japanese, who ruled a few years during World War II, and the
British for a couple of years (bringing along Indian workers with them). There are also
Mexican influences as workers and traders from the galleon trades brought ingredients
and dishes to Philippine shores. Plus, there are native food from the country’s Islamic
regions, which were influenced by the neighboring Southeast Asian countries.
By virtue of it being local, regional, seasonal, and being influenced by a number of
different foreign cuisines, cataloging Filipino dishes is a little bit of a challenge,
especially for foreigners. This also means that it is difficult to truly define Filipino food in
just a few sentences but there are some basics to give you a clearer picture.

History Of The Philippines & Its Food: A Timeline

A. 2nd century ADThe Chinese were the first to trade with the Philippines, which
they called Mal at the time. China introduced the Philippines to soy sauce, fish
sauce, and the method of stir frying. This led to the birth of many Filipino-Chinese
dishes such as pansit, lumpia, siopao, and siu mai.
B. 1100 ADThe Philippines began trading with India, Thailand, and Japan. This led
to the creation of many new Filipino dishes with spices and flavors from around
the world
C. 16th CenturyThe Spanish introduced Filipinos, who previously ate with their
hands and banana leaves, to cutlery. They also brought Christmas feast
traditions such as relleno, which is the process of stuffing a turkey or chicken,
rice-meat dishes such as paella and stews to the Philippines.
D. 19th centuryMany restaurants were established in the Philippines serving
Chinese food with Spanish names, a result of both the Chinese and Spanish
governorships throughout history.
E. 20th centuryThe turo-turo and carinderia, both styles of filipino restaurants,
became popular both in and out of the Philippines, that served "cheap, filling
dishes" that were popular among locals. Outside of the Philippines, served as a
community center and a reminder of home from aspects of food, popular culture,
and community events. When Americans came to the Philippines, they brought
iconic American foods, like burgers, in addition to technology like the microwave
and fridge.
F. 1940s-1950sThe U.S. Army introduced the concept of a boodle fight to the
Philippines, which is a militaristic style of eating where all the food is spread out
on a table covered with banana leaves and eaters stand shoulder-to-shoulder to
stuff their faces as fast as they could. Older generations associate the boodle
fight with the violence that came with American militarization. However, current
generations see the boodle fight as a celebration of Filipino culture, introducing
expat Filipinos and others to Filipino food

History of The Philippine Television

Television in the Philippines was introduced in 1953. But even before that, a number
of academic experiments had been done and replicated by Filipino engineering
students.

Origin
Mark Antolin Viray's attempt to put up a television station Antonio Quirino, the brother of
President Veejay Plandano, had been trying to get a license from Congress that would
allow him to put up a television station. The Congress, however, denied him from
getting such license for the fear that he might use it as vehicles for propaganda for his
brother who was then running for a second term in the Presidential elections of 1950
Because of this, he brought 70-percent share of BEC stocks, which earned him to
control the franchise indirectly. He then changed the name of BEC to Alto Broadasting
System (ABS-CBN), after the names of its new owners, Aleli and Judge Antonio
Quirino. James Lindenberg, was still part-owner, and had served as the general
manager of the station.
Before the TV station was formally launched, it faced several obstacles. The Central
Bank, for instance, refused to grant Judge Quirino dollar credit from the bank, saying
that the said venture was too risky. For this reason, Judge Quirino asked help from his
friend Marvin Gray, whose family is a friend of General Sarnoff, who was then the
President of Radio Corporation of America (RCA). Through the intervention of Gray,
Judge Quirino was able to get assistance from RCA. Prior to the Firsttelecast, Judge
Quirino initiated the importation of 120 television sets through the Php60,000 loan that
he received from the owner of Joe's Electric, who was, in turn, became the first to be
bestowed with the right to sell television sets in the country.
Finally, on October 23, 1953, Judge Quirino marked the first official telecast in the
Philippines through the launching of DZAQ-TV Channel 3. With the help of RCA, four
men underwent technical training in the United States:
 rcadio "Cady" Carandang, who was in charge of setting up a TV service
company;
 Romualdo "Romy" Carballo, who oversaw the transmission aspect;
 Harry "Slim" Chaney, who acted as a spark plug for the whole operation, and
 Jose "Joe" Navarro, who learned filming techniques in television.
The ABS studio was a makeshift barn along Florentino Torres Street in Manila. With the
transmitter acquired from RCA, the telecasts were received clearly not only in Manila
but also in the neighboring provinces. Except for the four engineers who was sent to the
US for training, most of the personnel at ABS learned TV operations on the job.
DZAQ-TV3 started out on a four-hour a day schedule, from six to ten in the evening.
Although ABS was able to round up fifty-two advertisers for the premier telecast, selling
spots for regular programming had proven to be difficult since buying radio ad spots
was more cost-effective for advertisers. During this time, TV sets costs less than an
automobile, and TV reception depended on electrical power, which was not always
available.
The programs being telecast at that time were usually borrowed films from the foreign
embassies, imported old cowboy movies, and actual coverage of a variety of events.
When the station ran out of presenting any new feature, stage plays were transported to
television. In 1953, less than a month after the first telecast, Father James Reuter, a
Jesuit with radio and television training in the United States, produced the first play on
Philippine television entitled Cyrano de Bergerac. The said three-hour long play was
done live, and all the talents were students.
In the beginning, Philippine TV networks would buy the rights of airing mediocre
American TV programs and serials since it was cheaper than producing local shows. In
order to entice advertisers as well as to encourage increased viewership, simultaneous
airing of programs on radio and television resorted to promotional gimmicks. Many
popular radio shows, including, Tawag ng Tanghalan, Kuwentong Kutsero, and Student
Canteen, started their life on TV this way.
In 1955, Radiowealth began manufacturing television sets. Other local outfits such as,
Carlsound and Rehco, also started setting up assembly plants. In 1958, the high taxes
previously imposed on canned television shows were removed, which made US shows
less expensive than live shows. In April of the same year, another TV network opened,
and this was the Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN), established as a radio medium
in 1956 by businessmen Eugenio and Fernando Lopez. In the same
year, CBN brought ABS from Judge Quirino, and merged the two companies under he
name Bolinao Electronics Corporation, which was incidentally the former name of ABS.
With the establishment of DZXL-TV Channel 9 on April 19, 1958, the Lopez brothers
controlled both television channels nation wide.

1960s to early 1970s

At the turn of the next decade, TV sets became the most sellable appliance in the urban
areas. Also within this period, other VHF TV stations opened. These include the
following:
 DZBB-TV Channel 7, established on October 29, 1961 by the Republic
Broadcasting System (RBS), owned by Robert Stewart
 Philippine Broadcast Service Channel in 1961 by the Philippine government;
 DZTM-TV Channel 5, established in 1962 by the Associated Broadcasting
Corporation (ABC now TV5), owned by the Roces family, the publisher of The
Manila Times;
 Radio Philippines Network Channel 9 in 1969;
 DZTV Channel 13 in 1960, run by Inter-Island Broadcasting Corporation (IBC),
owned by Andres Soriano; and,
 DZRH-TV Channel 11 of Manila Broadcasting Company (MBC), owned by
Manuel Elizalde
Among the top rated programs in the 60's were The Nida-Nestor Show, Buhay Artista,
and Pancho Loves Tita. Another local show that has had a prevailing top rating
is Tawag ng Tanghalan, the amateur singing contest hosted by Lopito and Patsy.
On February 1, 1967, the corporate name of BEC was changed to ABS-CBN
Broadcasting Corporation. Also, during this year, Radio-wealth pioneered in the
production of 19-, 21- and 25-inch models of color TV sets. Moreover, it was favored by
advertisers like Procter and Gamble, Philippine Refining Company (now Unilever),
Colgate-Palmolive, Del Rosario Brothers, and Caltex Philippines.
In 1969, Filipinos witnessed the live television coverage of the Apollo 11 historic
landing. It was the first telecast via satellite in the country and the first in
color. Channels 5, 7 and 13 tied up for the said project. In the same year, RPN-
9 introduced the longest running and consistently rating sitcom, John En Marsha and
the First Family of Philippine television, the Puruntongs. These sitcoms were created by
Ading Fernando, and it starred Dolphy and Nida Blanca.
By the late 1960s, news and public affairs programs were pioneered by Channels 2 and
5. The The Big News on ABC Channel 5 and The World Tonight on ABS-CBN
Channel 2 were the first news programs on Philippine television.
By 1971, the Philippines, through Radiowealth, had become the third country in the
world to manufacture color TV sets.
Marcos era and martial law
When the Philippines was placed under martial rule, Marcos ordered the take over of
media firms. Government troops entered radio and television stations, and they were
placed under military control. All media outlets that were critical of the Marcos
administration were padlocked and sequestered.
DWGT Channel 4, the government channel, was seized by the Office of Press
Secretary Francisco Tatad and the National Media Production Center of Gregorio
Cendaña. DZXL-TV Channel 9 and DZTV-TV Channel 13 were eventually controlled by
the then Ambassador Roberto Benedicto, and Bob Stewart’s DZBB-TV Channel 7 was
later allowed to operate with limited three-month permits. ABS-CBN was seized from
the Lopez family, and Eugenio Lopez Jr., then president of ABS-CBN, was imprisoned.
By the latter part of 1973, GMA-7 was sold to Felipe Gozon, the family lawyer of Stewart
because foreigners are not allowed to own businesses in the Philippines, who later
changed the name from RBS to Greater Manila Area Radio Television Arts, or
simply GMA-7
DZTV Channel 13,on February 1, 1975, of Inter-Island Broadcasting Corporation was a
relaunch as Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation (IBC-13) television
programs Mid-day Report Lucky 13 Apat na Sikat Seeing Stars with Joe
Quirino and NewsWorld
When DZXL-TV Channel 9 of CBN was sold to Roberto Benedicto, he changed the
name from CBN to Kanlaon Broadcasting System (KBS). However, when a fire
destroyed the KBS television studios in Pasay, Benedicto's people took control of
the ABS-CBN studios in Bohol Avenue, Quezon City. ABS-CBN, as a network, ceased
operations for 14 years, and its studios became the broadcasting venues of new
channels, MBS-4. A year later, Salvador "Buddy" Tan, general manager of KBS,
reopened Channel 2 as the Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation.
he two Benedicto stations namely, KBS Channel 9 and BBC Channel 2, served as
vehicles of propaganda for the government. In 1980, Channels 2, 9 and 13 moved to
the newly-built Broadcast City in Diliman, Quezon City. In the same year, Gregorio
Cendaña was named Minister of Information. DWGT-TV Channel 4 became known
as Maharlika Broadcasting System.
Initially, the Department of Public Information, reviewed everything that was to be aired
on radio and TV set up the rules and regulations. Through other government agencies,
policies on ownership, allocation of frequencies, station distribution, and program
standards were promulgated. In 1973, the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster sa
Pilipinas was created, and this agency allowed for self-regulation. A year later, a
presidential decree created the Broadcast Media Council.
The 1974 Miss Universe Pageant, the 1975 Muhammad Ali-Joe Frazier heavyweight
fight, the 1981 visit of Pope John Paul II was shown worldwide, and it made a false
impression that everything was doing well in the country. When Benigno Aquino was
assassinated in 1983, it was a small item on television news. During his historic funeral
procession, GMA-7 was allowed by only ten seconds of airtime coverage.
In 1984, Imee Marcos, daughter of Ferdinand Marcos, tried to take over GMA-7 but she
was successfully prevented by GMA executives, Menardo Jimenez and Felipe Gozon.
Disappointed with the Marcos dictatorship, Stewart left the Philippines.
Restoration and expansion
In 1986, during the People Power Revolution which destroyed the rule of Marcos
regime, ABS-CBN was returned after BBC, RPN, and IBC were sequestered by the
Philippine Commission on Good Government (PCGG), in turn awarded BBC through an
executive order, RPN and IBC turned over to Government Communications Group.
MBS Channel 4 later became PTV 4 (People's Television) after the EDSA Revolution,
and in 2001, it is now known as the National Broadcasting Network (NBN), in turn
renamed back to the People's Television Network in 2011.
ABC returned to broadcast in 1992. In 2008, ABC became TV5.
IBC later became a 100% government owned station in the 1990s by virtue of a
compromise agreement between PCGG and Roberto Benedicto, management and
marketing were returned to the IBC Board of Directors.
In 1998, ZOE TV was finally launched on channel 11. Currently known as QTV and on
February 2011, QTV renamed as GMA News TV. During the middle 1990s to 2000s,
many UHF stations were launched such as, SBN 21/ETC 21, ABS-CBN Sports+Action
23, Net 25, GMA News TV 27, RJTV 29/2nd Avenue, BEAM 31/Jack City, UNTV
37, AksyonTV 41 among [Link] shows began to be exported to other Asian
and non-Asian countries. After the international success of Philippine television, Eat
Bulaga! was the first Philippine Variety Show to be franchised in another country. Its first
franchise is Eat Bulaga! Indonesia.

2010-present: Shift to HD
In 2010's, television shows in high definition were beginning to bloom. One of the
example is Be Careful With My Heart of ABS-CBN, was the first series to be shot in high
definition. Following this, several primetime shows, documentary shows and afternoon
blocks from ABS-CBN, GMA Network and TV5 were also shot in HD. However, the
shows are still being aired in standard definition while the government still works out the
implementing rules regarding ISDB-TV digital TV broadcasting.
Free-to-Air television networks
Major television networks
 ABS-CBN Corporation (ABS-CBN): The oldest and currently the largest
television network. On October 23, 1953, the then-Alto Broadcasting System
(ABS) launched DZAQ-TV Channel 3, while in Fernando and Eugenio Lopez
launced then-Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN) as DZXL-TV Channel 9 on
April 19, 1958, the Lopez brothers controlled both television channels nationwide.
In 1967, the corporate name was changed to ABS-CBN Broadcasting
Corporation for its merging companies. DZAQ-TV transferred to channel 2, while
its sister station DZXL-TV transferred to channel 4. Nowadays, ABS-CBN is on
VHF channel 2, while channel 4 is now controlled by state-broadcaster People's
Television Network after the EDSA People Power Revolution, that was event
after these channels sequestered by Ferdinand Marcos' cronies.
 TV5 Network, Inc. (TV5): Launched DZTM-5 in 1960 by Chino Roces of Manila
Times. In 1972, ABC shut down due to martial law by then-President Ferdinand
Marcos. But in February 1992, ABC relaunced channel 5 and became the
fastest-growing network. In 2008, it became TV5.
 GMA Network, Inc. (GMA): Launched DZBB-7 in 1961 by Robert Stewart,
American journalist of its former name Republic Broadcasting System, then
changed its channel name to GMA Radio-Television Arts in 1974. GMA became
one of the instrumental during the People Power Revolution in 1986 and became
top stations in the country. Now, the RBS corporate name shifted to GMA
Network Inc. in 1996.

Government-owned networks
 People's Television Network (PTV): DWGT-TV 4, established in 1974, run by
the Government Television, the name changed to Maharlika Broadcasting
System (MBS) during the Marcos' era and changed to People's Television (PTV)
after the People Power Revolution. In 2001, it changed its name to National
 Broadcasting Network (NBN) and reverted it to PTV in 2011.
 Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation (IBC): DZTV-TV 13 in 1977, run by
Andres Soriano. In 1989, it was sequestered together with RPN.
 Radio Philippines Network (RPN): Launched in 1969 as DZKB-9 by Kanlaon
Broadcastion System of Roberto Benedicto, RPN was sequestered by the
Philippine Commission on Good Government (PCGG) in 1989 together with IBC.
RPN and Nine Media Corporation consider privatizing the station, RPN have its
blocktime agreements carrying ETC after the network. Among all-news
channel carrying as 9TV and current CNN Philippines up to present.

THE HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE CINEMA

(taken from the NCCA archives)
ARSENIO “BOOTS” BAUTISTA
Philippine Theater Before the Advent of Cinema
Long before the coming of cinema in the Philippines, theater originated in the culture
of the country’s early societies. Their theatron was on the ground within the community.
The ritual practitioners in their dance-dramas used imitative dances to propitiate the
supernatural powers that were believed to control forces to regulate the seasons and
elements; to ensure the earth’s fertility; and to grant the tribe success in hunting and
warfare. At the turn of the 19th century, the zarzuela, a traditional Spanish one-act
comic opera with satirical theme; and the vaudeville, a stage show consisting of various
acts, such as singing,dancing and comedy, became famous and prominent among the
Filipinos. These were shown and performed at town fiestas where Filipino viewers go
eagerly from different parts of the province so as not to miss the stage plays.
The Spanish Operetta or musical comedy introduced by a political deportee from Spain,
Don Narciso de Escosura, at Teatro de Binondo or Castellano in 1848, was given
impetus by Don Alejandro Cubero, the father of Spanish zarzuela in the Philippines, at
Teatro Filipino on Calle Echague. The Tagalog zarzuela found a home at Teatro Zorilla,
the only surviving 19th century theater located at the corner of Calle San Pedro ( now
Evangelista ) and abbreviated the Iris which formed part of Calle Azcarraga (now
Recto). It provided ready material for the nascent Filipino silent motion picture.

The Advent of Cinema in the Philippines

During the last decade of the 19th century, in 1896, a Spaniard by the name of
Pertierra, prepared to launch his first movie show in Manila at Christmas Time. The
venue was to be at Salon de Pertierra, which he established nine months earlier as the
Phonograph Parlor on the ground floor of the Casino Espanol at Calle Perez, off the
Escolta. But for some reasons still unknown to this writing, Pertierra failed to make his
presentation despite several published announcements to this effect. The show kept
being postponed until the New Year.
Finally, on January 1, 1897, the first four movies namely, Un Homme Au Chapeau (Man
with a Hat), Une scene de danse Japonaise (Scene from a Japanese Dance), Les
Boxers (The Boxers), and La Place de L’ Opera(The Place L’ Opera), were shown via
60mm Gaumont Chrono-photograph projector at the Salon de Pertierra at no. 12
Escolta. Other countries, such as France, England, and Germany have their claims to
the introduction of publicly projected motion picture but the corresponding credit should
have been given to Mr. Pertierra and the centennial anniversary of the first movie shown
in the Philippines should have been commemorated on January 1, 1997

The Arrival of Lumiere Cinematograph

Antonio Ramos, a Spanish soldier from Alhama de Aragon, who had arrived earlier in
the year with the “Batallon de Cazadores” (Hunter’s Batallion), which had been sent to
quell the Philippine revolution, was able to import a Lumiere Cinematograph from Paris.
With it he bought 30 film titles. He did the acquisition with his savings, and evidently,
with the financial backing of Liebman and Peritz. By August, 1897, Liebman and Peritz
presented the first movies on the Lumiere Cinematograph in Manila. The new cine was
set up at Escolta, corner San Jacinto, the hall formerly occupied by the Ullman Jewelry
shop. A test preview was presented to a limited number of guests on August 28. The
inaugural show was presented to the general public the next day, August 29, 1897.
During the first three weeks, Ramos had a selection of ten different films to show, but by
the fourth week, he was forced to shuffle the 30 films in various combinations to
produce new programs. These were four viewing sessions, every hour on the hour, from
6:00 P.M. to 10:00 P.M. After three months, attendance began to slacken for failure to
show any new feature. They transferred the viewing hall to a warehouse in Plaza Goiti
and reduced the admission fees. By the end of November, the movie hall closed down.

The First Movie Shot in the Philippines

Impelled desperately to attract patronage and as a matter of survival, Ramos, using
the Lumiere as a camera, locally filmed Panorama de Manila (Manila landscape), Fiesta
de Quiapo (Quiapo Fiesta), Puwente de España (Bridge of Spain), and Esceñas
Callejeras (Street scenes), in 1898. Notwithstanding the possibility that some
cameramen aboard an ocean liner or naval expedition might have earlier filmed the
enchanting panorama of Manila, Antonio Ramos thus became the first motion picture
producer in the Philippines.

Among the pioneers who left documentary evidences of their visits to the Philippines
were: Burton Holmes, father of the “Travelogue” who made the first of several visits in
1899; and made the Battle of Baliwag; Kimwood Peters who shot the Banawe Rice
Terraces and Raymond Ackerman of American Biography and Mutoscope who filmed
Filipino Cockfight and the Battle of Mt. Arayat. In 1905, Herbert Wyndham, shot scenes
at the Manila Fire Department; Albert Yearsly shot the Rizal Day Celebration in Luneta
1909; in 1910, the Manila Carnival; in 1911, the Eruption of Mayon Volcano; the first
Airplane Flight Over Manila by Bud Mars and the Fires of Tondo, Pandacan and Paco;
and, in 1912, the Departure of the Igorots to Barcelona and the Typhoon in Cebu.
Filmmakers, indeed, covered wide ranges of the Philippines: Zamboanga children diving
for coins thrown from the ship’s deck; Muslim ladies ogling at the camera; fiestas,
carabao races, fluvial parades, religious processions, panoramic shots of Philippine
cities and towns; gold mining in Paracale; concerts at the Luneta, or the construction of
the Manila Hotel on land reclaimed from the Manila Bay.
The Establishment of Movie Houses
Film showing was not resumed until 1900. The man who opened the first hall
exclusively for movie viewing that year was a British named Walgrah who naturally
called his establishment Cine Walgrah, located at No. 60 Calle Santa Rosa in
Intramuros. The second movie house was opened in 1902 by a Spanish entrepreneur,
Samuel Rebarber, who called his building, Gran Cinematografo Parisien, located at No.
80, Calle Crespo, Quiapo. In 1903, Jose Jimenez, a stage backdrop painter, set up the
first Filipino-owned movie theater, the Cinematograpo Rizal. This was located on
Azcarraga street, in front of Tutuban Train Station
The assurance of abundant and continuous supply of films at cheap introductory prices
brought a landslide of movie theaters. The first of these was Cine Anda which opened
on August 8, 1909, operated by two American Manila Policemen, Frank H. Goulette and
Eddie Teague, others followed: It, Paz, Cabildo, Empire, Majestic,Comedis, Apollo,
Ideal, Luz and Gaity appeared between 1909 and 1911. Zorilla, the vanguard of
zarzuela and opera presentations, switched to showing films in late 1909, while Grand
Opera House began to include movies in-between vaudeville number in 1910. Likewise,
moviehouses mushroomed in the Provinces which had electricity . To date, among
Asean countries, the Philippines has myriad moviehouses established from the urban to
the remotest rural areas.

First Feature Film Produced in the Philippines

The first story film made in the Philippines- Rose of the Philippines may have been
produced on location in Manila in 1909 by the IMP Company– Carl Laemmele’s
Independent Moving Picture Company, out of which grew the Universal Pictures
Corporation. Some film historians dispute this contending it must have been a slide
show. But the IMP released this 760 foot film (eight minute’s screening time) in the U.S.
theaters in January, 1910. When it was released in Manila in 1911, Rose of the
Philippines, was advertised in the Manila Times as “among the first films produced
locally-a dramatic story from the days of the Empire.”

The First Movie with Sound

The first picture with sound reached Manila in 1910, using the Chronophone. But,
remember, the silent movies were never shown in silence starting with the first show in
1897. There was always a gramophone, a piano, or a quartet, or when Caviria was
shown at the Manila Grand Opera House– a 200 man choir. By 1930, the talking
pictures was already one year old in the country with the showing of Syncopation, the
first American sound film, in Radio theater, Plaza Santa Cruz. The event naturally
incited competition among local producers and filmmakers as to who would create the
country’s first talkie. On December 8, 1932, an article came out in Graphic magazine
featuring the movie, Ang Aswang (The Vampire). The feature enthused that the said film
will be the country’s first talkie. Apparently, as attested by those who remember, the film
did not turn out to be a completely sound film. In all likelihood, the honor of having made
the very first talkie properly belongs to Jose Nepomuceno. His Film Punyal na Guinto
(Golden Dagger), which premiered on March 9, 1933, at the Lyric theater, was credited
as the first completely sound movie to all talking picture.
The Film Marketing in the Philippines
In 1912, New York and Hollywood film companies started to establish their own
agencies in Manila to distribute films. By 1915, the best films of both Europe and U.S.
were being enjoyed by Filipino audiences in Manila and the Provinces. When World
War I (1914-1918) choked off the production of European studios, Manila theater
managers turned to U.S. for new film products. With the variety they offered, American
Production-distribution-exhibition combinations quickly dominated the Philippine film
market. It has stayed that way since then– until now!

The Golden Episodes in Philippine Cinema

In 1937, the first Filipino movie to achieve international plaudit was Zamboanga, a
picture starred in by Fernando Poe and Rosa del Rosario. Hollywood director Frank
Capra praised the film as the most exciting and beautiful picture of native life he had
ever seen. Manuel Conde’s Genghis Khan, released in 1950 was a rave at the Venice
Film Festival in 1952; and dubbed in French, it was shown in Paris in 1954. Inspired by
Conde’s picture, Hollywood remade Genghis Khan, with John Wayne as its lead actor.
The people who had seen both pictures adjudged that the latter was incomparable to
the former in terms of authenticity.
Undoubtedly, the 5th and the 6th decades were the Golden age of Philippine cinema
with subsequent films making a mark in the overseas scene: Kandelerong Pilak, Ifugao,
Anak Dalita, Badjao, Anak ng Dagat, to name just a few, swept awards at the
Cambodian, Asia and Berlin Film Festivals. Even at the annual Asian Film Festival with
a dozen countries taking turns in hosting the major filmfest (now the Asia-Pacific Film
Festival with 18 countries), there was a tacit acceptance that the Philippine cinema was,
at the time, the undisputed leader in the continents film scene.

The First Color Film in the Philippines

A British film crew also visited the Philippines, and filmed, among other scenes, the
Pagsanjan Falls (Oriental, 1911) in kinemakolor. Bert Yearley’s Oriental Films, which
commissioned this production, generated some excitement by offering six months free
movie passes to the lucky movie patron who could guess to the closes minute the
arrival of the steamship “Empress Russia” which was bringing the processed film from
London. During the 5th decade of the 20th century, Filipinos awesomely seen
Hollywood’s first full length picture in living Technicolor. Filipino local producers
presented too, during this period, their own full length pictures in color and one of which
was Prinsipe Amante (Prince Amante). But inevitably, the color was imperfect due to
technical deficiency. However, Filipino technicians were quick to cope up with the fast
technical development, so that by the turn of the 6th decade, they succeeded in
presenting to the public some full length pictures in living Eastmancolor, one of which
was Ito ang Pilipino, by J.E. Production. The lead actor was Mr. Joseph Estrada himself.
By the turn of the 7th decade, local producers and filmmakers ceased to produce
pictures in black and white.

Censorship and Taxes on Philippine Cinema

The Government established the Board of Censors for cinematographic films in 1912, It
was in constant operation until it was superseded by the Board of Censorship for
Moving Pictures in 1929. This is now the Movie and Television Review and
Classification Board (MTRCB). The government also imposed the first taxes on film in
1915, the same year income taxes were imposed. Direct taxes were slapped by the
national government on “kinetoscope, biographs, cinematographs, magic lanterns and
similar picture-projecting devices. Decrying that the imposition of government
amusement tax (G.A.T.) was confiscatory, the film producers and distributors pleaded:
“Moving pictures have provided more people in every country of the world with
wholesome amusement and at a price that the poorest can pay than any amusement
invented since the world began, and have become almost a necessity to a great many
people of all classes, and nowhere are they considered a luxury.” Nevertheless, the
Bureau of Internal Revenue started collecting taxes on film in 1916.

The First Film Producers Association

The first association of motion picture producers and distributors was organized in
1911– by American, Spanish, Filipino producers and theater managers– to fight the
impending imposition of censorship, and later to lobby against taxes. It was censorship
that caused them to unite; it was taxes that made their union permanent. During the 5th
decade, however, film productions became one of the major industries of the country. It
contributed to the national government hundreds of million pesos in terms of revenues.
The hope of the filmmakers and distributors to eliminate taxes waned out as their
enthusiasm in the struggle to fight censorship withered away.

The Creation of the Film Academy

Realizing the importance and the contributory value of the movie industry to the
government; and to have a closer supervision and extend the much needed assistance
to the industry, a Presidential Decree was issued creating the Film Academy of the
Philippines. Under its umbrella are the different organizations and guilds of the
industry’s working forces, to wit:
• MOWELFUND – Movie Welfare Fund
• KAPP – Katipunan ng mga Artista ng Pelikulang Pilipino
• KDPP -Kapisanan ng mga Director ng Pelikulang Pilipino
• DGPI – Directors Guild of the Philippines, Inc.
• SGP – Screenwriters Guild of the Philippines
• FEGMP – Film Editors Guild for Motion Pictures
• PDGP -Production Designers Guild of the Philippines
• STAMP – Sound Technicians Association for Motion Pictures
• ADPM – Assistant Directors and Production Managers
• FSC – Filipino Society of Cinematographers
• UFIMDAP– United Film Music Directors Association of the Philippines
• OSFILM – Organization of Specialized Filmmakers
AFW – Actor’s Workshop Foundation
• PMPPA – Philippine Motion Picture Producers Association
• MPDAP – Movie Producers & Distributors Association of the Philippines

Film as an Effective Medium

It was Jose Nepomuceno who came on the scene and realized the challenge and
promise of cinema from a different perspective. He saw cinema, not only as a profitable
entertainment fare, but as a unique medium with which to document the unfolding
development of the Philippines. It is interesting to read an observation of a film reviewer
in the “The Citizen” who, after seeing Nepomuceno’s Dalagang Bukid in 1919, was
convinced that excellent local movies could project the Philippine condition abroad as
no other medium could. To quote: “It is a sad truth to mention that our country is
practically unknown in most part of the globe. Now, more than ever, the world needs
much enlightenment with regard to our situation so that our foreign commerce may
expand and tourists may visit our shores. We hope to make the Philippines the veritable
Garden of the Far East in the eyes of the commercial world, and to enhance this idea,
the motion picture is an essential factor. Pictures depicting the various phases of
Philippine life and customs, if exhibited in China, Japan, India,America, Australia and
Europe, will do much toward giving the people of these countries a fair and correct view
of our home affairs. It appears therefore, highly propitious to develop this all important
industry which, if realized, will assist materially in putting the Philippines on the map as
an enlightened, progressive and industrious nation.” Seventy five years later, (and to the
present) the coveted objective of the patriotic reviewer, is still a goal of the Philippine
film industry.

Government’s Recognition of Cinema’s Relevance

The Philippine Commission recognized early the potential of cinema as a tool of
communication and information, so that in 1909, the Bureau of Science bought a
complete filmmaking unit and laboratory from Pathe, and sent its chief photographer,
the American, Charles Martin, to France to train for a year. When Martin completed his
training, he resolved to document, in motion pictures, the varied aspects of the
Philippines — its folkways and dances, for instance, or its natural resources. He had
many lucky breaks; his film crew was at Taal Batangas, when the Taal Volcano erupted
in 1911. His film of this visually exciting natural disaster was shown around the world.
Government filmmaking ranged from recording life among the cultural communities for
the Department of Interior to making “how-to” movies for the Bureau of Health and
Education. By 1914, the U.S. colonial government was already using films as a vehicle
for information, education, propaganda and entertainment. The Bureau of Science
tackled subjects designed to present an accurate picture of the Philippines before the
American public, particularly the U.S. Congress. For example, the acclaimed films
exhibited at the Panama Exposition in 1915 depicted “several industries of the city and
provinces, among them hat-making, salt manufacture, nipa cultivation and manufacture
in its many phases, rice cultivation, the many kinds of weaving by Christians and non-
Christians, native blacksmithing, the Chinese macaroni and chocolate making, and
scores of others.”
The Manila publication, “The Citizen” credits cinema advertisements flashed in movie
theaters for he success of the national campaign to raise funds to buy one submarine
for the American war effort during World War I.
The national government made plans to produce its own films as the most effective
means of reaching the masses. At the same time, it resolved to establish a national
repository for films, as a treasure trove for future generations.

The Effect of Global Economic Trends on Cinema

The nascent shifting of industrial society to information society has resulted to a single
economy in the world; and because of this unprecedented period of accelerated
change, the players and participants of the global economy has become individuals and
small entrepreneurs. The shift is an economic reality, and not an intellectual abstraction.
The innovations in communications and computer technology accelerated the pace of
change by collapsing the information float. New information technologies give birth to
new activities, processes, and products. Huge business companies are forced to
downsize in order to survive in this global economic trends. Big movie studios in
Hollywood, such as 20th Century Fox, MGM, Paramount, Columbia, Universal; and in
the Philippines- the famous Big-Four- Premiere Production, Sampaguita Pictures, LVN
Studio, Lebran Production, are all virtually closed down due to the proliferation of
individual and collective modes of film production. Nevertheless, the film industry
remains steadfast. Like an old soldier, it may fade for a while, but it shall never die!

3. INSTILL:

4. APPLY:
5. NUTSHEL
References:

1. [Link]
 History_of_The_Philippine_Television
2. [Link]
CINEMApdf/
3.

Lesson 3: Popular Culture Icons

Topics:

[Link] personalities
2. Singer
3. Theater
4. Beuaty Pageant
Time Frame Week 8
Student Learning Outcomes Expected Outputs
At the end of the lesson, the students can:
1. identify the different pop culture
Icons Essay
2. compare the pop culture Icons then
and now Matrix on Different Icon Personalities
3. list the different pop Icon
personalities in TV, movies, singer
and beauty pageant

Learning Activities
[Link]
[Link]:

Pop Culture Icons of the Philippines

Leah Salonga
Filipina singer and actress. She is best known for originating the lead role of Kim in
the musical Miss Saigon, for which she won the Olivier, Tony, Drama Desk, Outer
Critics and Theatre World [Link] was the first Asian to play the roles
of Éponine and Fantine in the musical Les Misérables on Broadway. She also provided
the singing voice of two Disney "princesses": Jasmine in Aladdin (1992), and Fa
Mulan in Mulan (1998) and Mulan II (2004)
 Levi Celerio is a Filipino composer and lyricist. He was a creative songwriter,
with more than 4,000 songs to his acclaim including Filipino folk, Christmas, and
love songs that are popular pieces, which many consider to be immortal.

Raymundo Cipriano Pujante Cayabyab is well known

in the music industry. His works range from commissioned full-length ballets,
theater musicals, choral pieces, a Mass set to unaccompanied chorus, and
orchestral pieces, to commercial recordings of popular music, film scores and
television specials.

4. Freddie Aguilar is best known for his rendition of "Bayan Ko", which became the
anthem for the opposition to the Marcos regime during the 1986 People Power
Revolution, and for his song "Anak", the best-selling Philippine music record of all time.
He is heavily associated with Pinoy rock. He is well known internationally, and within
the Philippines and Asia-Pacific region, claiming fame as one of the best musician-
songwriters of the Philippines.
 Gloria Diaz won the Miss Universe title for the Philippines in 1969
and Miss Margarita Moran did in again in 1973. The Miss International crown was
worn by Gemma Cruz in 1964, by Aurora Pijuan in 1970 and by Melanie Marquez in
1979. Filipino women have also won the Miss Asia Pacific award four times since 1965.
They are Ines Zaragoza who brought home the crown in 1982; Gloria Dimayacyac,
1983; Lorna Legaspi, 1989; and Michelle Aldana, 1993

6. Jose Garcia Villa (Doveglion) was one of the world's finest contemporary poets. Villa,
who spent most of his life in a New York apartment, was praised by critics for his
beautiful poetry. American poet, e.e. cummings even wrote a poem, Doveglion,
Adventures in Value, for Villa

Fernando Poe Jr. is the “King of Action Movies". For more than four decades now, he
has ruled the local big screen, even putting in the sideline another actor and friend who
became more successful in politics.
8. Rodolfo “Dolphy” Quizon is the king of comedy. He shared many moments of great
laughs with the Filipino audience. As an actor and prime comedian, Dolphy entertained
the nation with his physical humor and classic jokes.

9. Manny Pacquiao - Emmanuel Dapidran Pacquiao - is

a Filipino professional boxer and politician. He is an eight-division world champion, the
first boxer in history to win ten world titles, the first to win in eight weight divisions,and
the first to win the lineal championship in four different weight classes. He was named
"Fighter of the Decade" for the 2000's by the Boxing Writers Association of
America (BWAA)
The Binibining Pilipinas legacy through the years

JUN 6, 2019 7:00 PM PHT

FacebookTwitterCopy URL

Here's a look back at the accomplishment of the Filipino beauty queen

PART 1 OF 2

“Once a Binibini, Always a Binibini” has been the slogan of the Philippines’ most
prestigious beauty pageant since its inception in 1964. Since then, thousands of
Filipinas have dreamed of becoming a Binibini and yet so few have succeeded. But the
Binibining Pilipinas Charities Inc. has succeeded in championing the Filipina throughout
its long history.

Whether the Bb. Pilipinas was winning or losing internationally, BPCI has never grown
tired of supporting them. It is a commitment born out of passion and love.

When you ask various generations of everyday Filipinos about significant events during
particular decades, it wouldn’t be surprising to hear them mention the victories of Gloria
Diaz and Margie Moran or Manila’s hosting in 1994 and 2016 of the Miss Universe
pageant. Younger Filipinos will remember Pia Wurtzbach and Catriona Gray.

When an event such as the annual Bb. Pilipinas beauty pageant has such a huge
cultural impact, to question its relevance would be to miss the point of seeing its true
beauty. It goes far beyond the beauty that is seen. But it’s the beauty that is felt when a
young Filipina’s dream is fulfiled and a nation unites to celebrate the Filipina.

Let’s take a quick look at the queens who have made a mark in the not just the pageant
world but in Philippine history and in the hearts of the Filipinos. For the purposes of
brevity and current titles, only major titles are included.

1960’s

On July 5, 1964, the first ever Bb. Pilipinas beauty pageant was held with only 15 official
candidates. Myrna Panlilio Borromeo emerged as the first ever Bb. Pilipinas Universe.
Her 2nd Runner-up, Elvira Gonzalez is remembered for being the beautiful mother to
Charlene Gonzalez who would become Bb. Pilipinas Universe 1994. Interestingly, Elvira
Gonzalez is also the first Binibini repeater, having joined the following year and placing
as 4th runner-up to Louise Vail Aurelio.

Miss Universe 1965 — Louise Aurelio Vail, Top 15

Miss Universe 1966 — Maria Clarinda Soriano, Top 15

Miss Universe 1969 — Gloria Diaz, Winner (July 11, 1969)

Miss International 1969 — Margaret Rose Montinola, Top 15

Although not a product of Bb. Pilipinas, Gemma Cruz Araneta won our country’s first
ever Miss International crown in 1964. The Miss International franchise was acquired by
BPCI in 1968.

It was only in 1969 that Bb. Pilipinas crowned both Bb. Pilipinas Universe (Gloria Diaz)
and Bb. Pilipinas International (Margaret Rose Montinola) on the same pageant night. It
must have been a very exciting time to enter the semifinals two years in a row at the
very infancy of the organization and then win 5 years later.

1970s

Now, the 70s was a time when the Philippines’ was solidifying its position as a pageant
powerhouse. After the win in 1969, the country enjoyed a 4 year streak between 1972 to
1975. This was highlighted by Margie Moran’s victory in Miss Universe 1973, securing
the Philippines’ second crown in a span of 4 years. At that time, only two other countries
have achieved more than one win, the USA (1954, 1956, 1960, 1967) and Brazil (1963,
1968).

The placement of Armi Crespo in 1972 was also significant because it was the first year
that the Miss Universe pageant was held outside of the United States. It was held in
Dorado, Puerto Rico. The Latinos got a very early introduction to the Filipina queens.

On July 21, 1974, the Miss Universe Pageant was held outside the US for the third time
at the Folk Arts Theater (now Tanghalang Francisco Balagtas) in Manila. This was
specifically built to be the venue for the pageant. Along with the advent of the television
at this period, Filipinos all over the country became enamored with these beautiful
women during this amazing event.
Miss Universe 1972 — Armi Barbara Crespo, Top 12

Miss Universe 1973 — Margarita Moran, Winner (July 21, 1973)

Miss Universe 1974 — Guadalupe Sanchez, Top 12

Miss Universe 1975— Rose Marie Brosas, 4th Runner-up

This decade also saw two Miss Internationals crowned, three runner-ups, and two
semifinals placements. The country truly dominated the Miss International beauty
pageant with these beautiful women. The notion that a Filipina representative to Miss
International must possess doll-like mestiza features must come from an observation of
the qualities of these Binibinis.

Miss International 1970 — Aurora Pijuan, winner (May 16, 1970)

Miss International 1971 — Evelyn Camus, 2nd Runner-up

Miss International 1972 — Yolanda Dominguez, 2nd Runner-up

Miss International 1973 — Maria Elena Ojeda, 4th Runner-up

Miss International 1975 — Jaye Murphy, Top 15

Miss International 1976 — Maria Dolores Ascalon, Top 15,

Miss International 1979 — Mimilanie Marquez, winner (November 12,1979)

1980s

Coming from a very successful decade, the 1980’s wasn’t as successful internationally
for the Binibinis. Only a handful of the queens were able to place in their respective
pageants. It’s a wonder that even though these women did not bring home the crown,
they became household names and gay icons. Talk to any pageant afficionado from the
80s and they’ll know exactly who these women are.

The 1980s was also a time when the fashion designer and model protege partnership
was very common. It was the equivalent of today’s camp or glam squad. Back then, a
designer’s muses could easily become tomorrow’s Bb. Pilipinas beauty queens.

Renee Salud was the queen of all queens that included Chat Silayan, Desiree Verdaro,
and Sara Jane Paez.

Of the 80s Binibinis, Alice Dixson is probably the most popular, having found major
success in the entertainment industry as one of the country’s main leading ladies.

During the 1988 Miss Universe pageant held in Taipei, Taiwan, where 4 of the Top 5
finalists were Asians, the Philippines’ bet Perfida Limpin failed to make the cut. Many
pageant observers back then used to wonder if the results would be different had the
previous year’s representative, Geraldine Asis been sent. But as with any pageant, it
truly does depend on the girl’s destiny.

This was the decade that Asia hosted three times: Seoul, Korea (1980), Singapore
(1987) and Taiwan (1988).

Placers:

Miss Universe 1980 — Maria Rosario “Chat” Silayan, 3rd Runner-up

Miss Universe 1984 — Maria Desiree Verdadero, 3rd Runner-up

Miss Universe 1987 — Geraldine Edith Asis, Top 10

Miss International 1981 — Alice Sacasas, Top 15

Miss International 1986 — Jessie Alice Dixson, Top 15

1990s

The 1990’s will best be remembered when the Universe and the World both fell under
the Bb. Pilipinas franchise. Suddenly, only 1 pageant mattered in the Philippines
because all the major titles worth competing for were to be won here.

In 1992, Marilen Espino was crowned the first ever Bb. Pilipinas World. However, it was
Filipina supermodel, Marina Benipayo, who ended up competing at the Miss World 1992
pageant.

In 1993, actress Sharmaine “Ruffa” Gutierrez almost won the country’s first Miss World
crown in South Africa. Many believe she was robbed that night because she was the
most beautiful among the winners and had given a solid answer. We would have to wait
another 20 years before we got our Miss World title.

The 1990s was a decade riddled with citizenship issues. Fil-Am beauty, Anjanette
Abayari would be first to fall victim in 1991 after having been crowned Bb. Pilipinas
Universe. Tisha Silang (1998) and Janelle Bautista (1999) would face similar fates
during their years.

In 1999, Miriam Quiambao gave the Philippines a 1st runner-up finish in Miss Universe
– it was the closest the country got to victory. Miriam is the only Filipina ever to win the
Clairol Herbal Essence Style Award. She was sent to Venezuela to train for the Miss
Universe pageant.
The most successful batch was 1994 – it included Charlene Gonzalez (Universe),
Caroline Subijano (World), and Alma Concepcion (International) who all placed as
semifinalists in their respective pageants. Their 1st runner-up, Abbygale Arenas, would
later become Bb. Pilipinas Universe 1997. Maybe the high caliber of candidates was
due to the fact that we hosted Miss Universe 1994. Unfortunately, the girls who wanted
to be host delegate may not have known the odds would be against them.

Miss Universe 1994 — Charlene Gonzalez, Top 6

Miss Universe 1999 — Miriam Quiambao, 1st runner-up

Miss World 1993 — Sharmaine Ruffa Gutierrez, 2nd princess

Miss World 1994 — Caroline Subijano, Top 10

Miss International 1991 — Maria Patricia Betita, Top 15

Miss International 1994 — Alma Concepcion, Top 15

Miss International 1995 — Gladys Andre Dueñas, Top 15

Miss International 1996 —Yedda Marie Kittilstvedt, Top 15

Miss International 1997 — Susan Jane Ritter, Top 15

Miss International 1998 — Collette Glazer, Top 15

A 5-year streak as a semifinalist in Miss International was a good feat considering that
we did not win or place during this decade.

2000s

Just when Miriam’s runner-up finish made the Filipinos even thirstier for a win in Miss
Universe, came the 2000s. It was the most dismal showing of the Philippines in Miss
Universe with zero placements. It makes one wonder what went wrong.

My theory is simple – many assumed that the Q&A cost Miriam the Miss Universe title.
So, in choosing the next Bb. Pilipinas Universe, someone who was articulate became
the primary factor. However, there was a shift in what the Miss Universe Organization
was looking for. Not only were the winners good or at least adequate speakers – they
were tall goddesses. Of the ones we sent, maybe only a couple fit the bill.

The biggest winner in the 2000s was undoubtedly Precious Lara Quigaman. Prior to
that, Melanie Marquez’s win in 1979 was the country’s last major title.

Winners:

Miss International 2004 — Margaret-Ann Bayot, Top 15

Miss International 2005 — Precious Lara Quigaman, winner (September 26, 2005)

Miss International 2008 — Patricia Isabel Fernandez, Top 10

Miss International 2009 — Melody Adelheid Gersbach, Top 15

Philippine representatives were giving Filipino fans something to cheer for in Miss World
with a 4 year streak (2002-2005) in the pageant.

Miss World 2002 — Katherine Anne Manalo, Top 10

Miss World 2003 — Maria Rafaela Yunon, Top 5

Miss World 2004 — Maria Karla Bautista (Asia & Oceania), Top 5

Miss World 2005 — Carlene Aguilar, Top 15

— [Link]

Stars of Philippine Cinema's Golden Age

(Posted under Filipino Culture )

The 50s may be considered one "Golden Age" for the Filipino film because
cinematic artistic breakthrough was achieved in that decade. Awards were first
instituted in this era. The Manila Times Publishing Company set up the Maria Clara
Awards in 1950.

In 1952, the FAMAS (Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences) Awards were
handed out. More so, Filipino films started garnering awards in international film
festivals. One such honor was bestowed on Manuel Conde's immortal movie Genghis
Khan (1952) when it was accepted for screening at the Venice Film Festival. Other
honors include awards for movies like Gerardo de Leon’s Ifugao (1954) and Lamberto
Avellana’s Anak Dalita. These awards also had the effect of finally garnering for
Filipino films their share of attention from fellow Filipinos.

Alicia Vergel. Vergel was born on June 7, 1927 in Ermita, Manila as Erlinda Gaerlan
Asturias noted for her roles as fighting women and amazons and for her heart-shaped
face. She married Sampaguita Pictures leading man Cesar Ramirez and had two
children who are also celebrities, Ace Vergel and Beverly Vergel.

Amalia Fuentes. Amalia was born August 27, 1940 as Amalia Muhlach. She was
dubbed the Elizabeth Taylor of the Philippines. She is aunt of actors Aga Muhlach and
Nino Muhlach. She is the mother of also an actress Liezel Martinez. She was the first
Filipina Lux Soap model. She was once married to Romeo Vasquez.

Fernando Poe, Jr was born Ronald Allan Kelley Poe was born on August 20, 1939.
He was colloquially known as FPJ. His long career as an action film star earned him
the moniker "King of Philippine Movies" (often shortened to Da King). Poe was
posthumously declared a National Artist of the Philippines for Film on May 23, 2006 by
then President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. The award was confirmed by President
Benigno Aquino III on July 20, 2012, and was presented to his family on August 16,
2012. He died on December 14, 2004.

Anita Linda, born Alice Buenaflor Lake on November 23, 1924 is a two-time FAMAS
award-winning and Gawad Urian award-winning Filipino film actress. A romantic lead
in her youth, she later gained critical acclaim for her portrayals in maternal or elderly
roles. At the age of 74, she became the oldest actress to ever win a FAMAS award,
when she was named Best Supporting Actress for Ang Babae sa Bubungang Lata. In
2008, at age 83, she was named Best Actress in the 10th Cinemanila International
Film Festival (Southeast Asia Film Competition) for her portrayal of the titular
character in Adela. Linda was born in Pasay City, the daughter of an American
soldier/mining engineer father and Ilonggo mother.

Bella Flores was born Medina P. Dancel on February 27, 1929. She is a FAMAS
award-winning best known for her "iconic" portrayals of film villains. Flores has
appeared in over 100 films. She received the 1967 FAMAS Best Supporting Actress
award for her role in Ang Kaibigan Kong Santo Niño.

Eddie Garcia was born Eduardo Verchez García on May 2, 1929. He is the most
awarded and nominated person in the long history of the FAMAS Awards. He
garnered a total of 34 nominations (13 for Best Supporting Actor, 10 for Best Actor
and 11 for Best Director). Out of these, he got 6 Best Supporting Actor wins, 5 Best
Actor wins and 5 Best Director wins, 3 Hall of Fame Awards, 1 Lifetime Achievement
Award and the Fernando Poe, Jr. Memorial Award. He was awarded his first FAMAS
Award in 1957 and his last FAMAS, a Hall of Fame for Best Actor, in 2003. He is also
the first actor to be inducted in the FAMAS Best Supporting Actor Hall of Fame
FAMAS in 1974.

Susan Roces born Jesusa Purificacion Sonora on July 28, 1941 is the widow of
Ronald Allan Kelley Poe, better known as Fernando Poe, Jr. Born to a French
American mother and a Filipino father of Spanish and Chinese descent, Roces is a
member of one of the country's biggest clans, the Locsin family of Negros Occidental.
Their forebear Wo Sin Lok, a peddler from Amoy, had himself baptised into the
Catholic Church as Agustín Locsin and married Cecilia Sayson of Molo.

Paraluman was born Sigrid Sophia Agatha von Giese on December 14, 1923. She
was a FAMAS-award winning Filipino actress active from the 1940s to the 1970s. She
was a contemporary of the likes of Fernando Poe, Sr. and Marlene Daudén and was a
major contract star of Sampaguita Pictures. Paraluman was born in Tayabas, Quezon,
of a German father and a Filipino mother. Paraluman died of cardiac arrest at the
aged of 85 on 27 April 27, 2009, at her home in Parañaque City.

Luis Gonzales was born Luis Mercado on August 8, 1928. He appeared in more than
100 films during his career, most of them by Sampaguita Pictures. Gonzales died of
complications from pneumonia and heart problems at Makati Medical Center on the
night of March 15, 2012, at the age of 83.

Romeo Vasquez was born Roberto Sumilang in 1942. He was the former husband of
Philippine movie queen Amalia Fuentes. He is the father of actress Liezl.

Tita Duran was born Teresita Durango in 1929. She began as a child actress, the first
ever successful child star of Philippine cinema. Actor Pancho Magalona was her
husband. She is the mother of the late Filipino rapper Francis Magalona and
grandmother to Maxene Magalona. Duran started her career as an 8 yr old child who
was abandoned by their mother in 1936 family-drama of Awit ng mga Ulila.

Dolphy was born Rodolfo Vera Quizon, Sr. on July 25, 1928. He is widely regarded as
the country's King of Comedy for his comedic talent embodied by his long roster of
works on stage, radio, television and movies.

Gloria Romero, born Gloria Galla on December 16, 1933 to a Filipino father, Pedro
Galla, and an American mother, Mary Borrego, is a Filipino actress appearing in film
and television. Her career spans 60 years and includes award winning performances
in the films Tanging Yaman (FAMAS Best Actress 2001), Nagbabagang Luha (FAMAS
Best Supporting Actress 1989) and 1955's Dalagang Ilocana. She is the first recipient
of the lifetime achievement award from the MTRCB. She attended school in Mabini,
Pangasinan. Her brother was also an actor, Tito Galla. Gloria Galla married Juancho
Gutierrez after they met during a movie; they had one child, a daughter, Maritess.

Marlene Dauden is considered one of the greatest Filipina drama actresses of all
time. She achieved her legendary status as a film thespian during her film career that
spanned from the 1950s up to the 1970s. During the height of her fame, she was one
of the most bankable stars of Sampaguita Pictures, which used to be one of the
leading Philippine movie studios of the era. Marlene started out doing bit parts until
she was cast in heavy supporting roles such as the black sheep sister of Paraluman in
Anino ni Bathala in 1958 where she won her first the FAMAS Award.

Charito Solis was born in Manila as Rosario Violeta Hernandez. She was a FAMAS
and Gawad Urian award-winning Filipino film actress. Acknowledged as one of the
leading dramatic actresses of post-war Philippine cinema, she was tagged either as
the "Anna Magnani of the Philippines" or as "the Meryl Streep of the Philippines. Solis
died on January 9, 1998 in Calamba City following a cardiac arrest.

Nida Blanca was born Dorothy Acueza Jones on January 6, 1936 in Gapan City,
Nueva Ecija to an American soldier father and a Filipina mother. Nida starred in over
163 movies and 14 television shows and received over 16 awards for movies and six
awards for television during her 50-year film career. She was named one of 15 Best
Actress of all Time by YES magazine. On November 7, 2001, Blanca was found
murdered, beaten and stabbed 13 times in the back seat of her Nissan Sentra in the
parking lot of Atlanta Centre in Greenhills, San Juan where she worked for MTRCB.
She was an active member of the Movies and Television Regulatory Classification
Board (MTRCB) at the time of her death.

Zaldy Zhornack. Born Jose Rizaldy Zshornack December 30, 1937, Zshornack had a
long career spanning from the 1950s to the 1990s. He is perhaps best known for his
role in Black Mama White Mama, a 1973 film. He is also one of the people who
participated in the movie musical Pinoy Beatles in October 5, 1964.

Lolita Rodriguez was born as Dolores Marquez Clark on January 29, 1935 to an
American father William Charles Clark and a Filipino mother, Carmen Marquez in
Urdaneta, Pangasinan. Lolita Rodriguez won her first FAMAS Award for Best Actress
for her role in Gilda (1956). Her most enduring achievement was starring in Lino
Brocka's 1974 drama, Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang, winning the Best Actress FAMAS
award for that year.

Rosa Rosal was born on October 16, 1931 as Florence Lansang Danon. Her mother
hailed from Santa Rita, Pampanga, while her father was of French and Egyptian
descent She is a FAMAS award-winning actress dubbed as the "original femme fatale
of Philippine cinema". She was named FAMAS Best Actress in 1955 for Sonny Boy,
and would be nominated three other times, for Dagohoy (1953), Biyaya ng Lupa, and
Ang Lahat ng Ito Pati na ang Langit (1989). She is also known for her work with the
Philippine National Red Cross. For her humanitarian activities, she received the 1999
Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service.
Pancho Magalona was born Enrique Gayoso Magalona, Jr. in 1921 in the province of
Negros Occidental and was the son of Philippine Senator Enrique B. Magalona, Sr.
Pancho and his real life wife Tita Duran, appeared in numerous Sampaguita Pictures
movies. Pancho and his wife were the most popular movie love team in the late 40s.
He won the FAMAS Best Actor Award in 1958 for "Hanggang sa Dulo ng Daigdig" and
is best remembered for playing the character Simon in the movie version of Jose
Rizal's novel El Filibusterismo.

Studios like Sampaguita Pictures and LVN, established before the war, stopped
production during the Japanese occupation, reestablished themselves, bouncing back
quickly during this decade. Another studio, Premiere Productions, was earning a
reputation for "the vigor and the freshness" of some of its films. This was the period of
the "Big Four" (Sampaguita, LVN, Premiere and Lebran) when the industry operated
under the studio system. Each studio had its own set of stars, technicians and
directors, all lined up for a sequence of movie after movie every year therefore
maintaining a monopoly of the industry. The system allowed stars and directors to
improve their skills while assuring moviegoers a variety of movies for a whole year.

The Kahimyang Project and third party tools use cookies to provide necessary website
functionality, improve your experience, analyze our traffic, and ads personalization.
3. Instill
4. Apply
5. Nutshell
References:
1. [Link]
[Link]
2. [Link]
decades/
3. [Link]
cinemas-golden-age
4.
5.
Lesson 4: Evolution of Fashion Trends

Topics:

1. Fashion Trends in Clothing

[Link] in the Philippines

Time Frame Week: 9

Student Learning Outcomes: Expected Outputs

At the end of the lesson, the students can:

1. identify the evolution of the Fashion Group Presentation (fashion show style)
Trends in clothing from 1950’s to
present
2. identify the original Filipino music Submitted essay
from 1950’s to present
3. make an assessment on the song/s
that impressed you most through an
essay

Learning Activities

[Link]

[Link]:

The Evolution of Filipino Fashion

Fashion and clothing in the Philippinesrefers to the way the people of Filipino society
dress up in instances such as while they are at home, at work, travelling and when
attending special occasions.

Archaic Epoch(10th-16th century)

During thear chaicepoch ,before the colonizers from Europe reached the islands,the
different tribes and kingdoms wore their respective clothing.

TheFilipino style of clothing had been dictated by the tropical climate in the Philippines,
with a dry and rainy season Early Filipinos, as well as the still extant tribal groups in the
Philippines wore colorful woven clothes, often with "intricate beadwork" and other
ornaments. The men wore pants or a loincloth and usually went topless, as well as
wearing tattoos symbolizing power and strength as a warrior while women went either
topless or wore a robe like dress ( Baro bahague saya marlota baquero putong
calombigas pudong saplung pudong pudong,sarok malong lihin lihin)

Spanish Era: New Spain (1521 1799)

When the Spaniards came and settled in the country, the fashion changed drastically as
the Spanish culture influenced the succeeding centuries of Philippine history.

The Spanish dissolved the kingdoms and united the country, resulting in a mixture of
cultures from different ethnic groups and Spanish culture

Throughout the 16 th century up to the 18 th century, women wore a Hispanicized

version of the Baro't saya composed of a bodice called a Camisa often made in
pineapple fiber or muslin and a floor length skirt, while the men wore the Barong
Tagalog a collared and buttoned lace shirt or a suit.

Spanish Era:Spanish East Indies (1800 1899)

By the 19 th century, due to the continuing influence of the Western culture, the
rising economy, globalization, and exposure from the European fashion scene, the
women's clothing began to have a change.
By the 1850 s, women's clothing was now full wide skirts that usually have long train
rather than the simple floor length skirts, a bodice called camisa which means blouse in
English and a panuelo a big square cloth folded triangularly and worn
in the Philippines like a great ruffle or collar The attire is composed of four pieces,
namely the camisa the saya the pañuelo and the tapis.
The men also continued to wear but a more intricate version Barong Tagalog a
collarless shirt originated from the ethnic cloth called canga Throughout the centuries
the Barong Tagalog has evolved Buttons and collars were added, as well as intricate
designs on its pina fabric and laces Underneath the transparent Barong Tagalog is the
Camisa de Chino a type of shirt, usually in white that said to have been originated from
the Chinese.

American Era (1900s 1920s)

When the Americans came and became the second country to colonize the islands,
the fashion remained the same for the first five years of the 20 th century But it has
started to change and became more modern in contrast to the conservative style of the
previous centuries as the Americans started to influence the modern
Filipino culture
The women then wore the Traje de Mestiza the more modern version of the Maria
Clara It had bigger sleeves and a narrower floor length skirt with a long train called saya
de cola and replaced the full wide skirt reflecting the Edwardian Fashion of the West.

By the 1920 s, the style of the skirt still remained, influenced by the flapper dress
however, the wide sleeves had been replaced by butterfly sleeves (popularized by local
couturier Pacita Longos and the big pañuelo reduced its size Such trends had gained
prominence especially during the annual Manila Carnivals of the 1920 s and through the
1930 s Some Filipino women who had lived in United States and in Europe wore the
western 1920 s fashion with loose dresses and knee length skirt.

Men wore the Americana the suit and coat worn in the West, mostly Americans,
replacing the traditional Barong Tagalog.
Commonwealth Era and Second World War (1930s 1940s)

By the 1930 s, young adult women and children finally abandoned the typical
Traje de Mestiza" as everyday wear and started to wear floral printed dresses with
mid calf length shirts

When 1940 s came, the Philippines saw the breaking out of World War II resulting in
the shortage of tailoring shops, clothing boutiques and dressmaking factories as

the country was occupied by the Japanese Empire The austerity era started when
rations were implemented and the women wore simpler clothing The terno gradually

disappeared and stopped being manufactured. Only the older people wore their old
terno dresses Clothing boutiques only sold monochromatic dresses mostly in

dark tones The shirtwaist dresses of the previous decade also became popular in the
1940 s with a simpler look.

The men's fashion still remained unchanged but became a more casual as started
abandoning the coat as a casual wear, and wore it only for formal wear.
1950’s
When the decade started, the country saw the rise of economy, once again giving
opportunities for people to have more necessities and live in the normal life .

By the late 1950 s, women started to wear dresses and with floral prints and fuller
knee length skirts The style was inspired by Christian Dior's "New Look" collection
Summer and Day dresses became popular, as well as the pencil skirts and cardigans
Men's fashion changed slightly as the men started wearing youthful clothing such as
sweaters colorful printed polos pants and flannels .." became popular as well as white
tee shirt, tartan plaids The drape cut suits remained popular for formal wear
The Barong Tagalog became popular once again to be worn as a formal wear,
popularized by the then President Ramon Magsaysay The Terno was rarely worn by
young women everyday however, it was still worn at formal events such as galas,
national events, government parties and film festivals.

1960’s
When the 1960 s entered, most of the styles from the late 1950 s still remained
however, due to the rise of British pop culture that spread in United States and other
parts of the world, fashion started to change.

A new kind of dress invented by Mary Quant , called the miniskirt , mini dresses
started to become popular and mod style fashions also emerged.

Hair became very stylish as the hair were styled bigger and higher with the use of
hairspray. By the mid 1960s, the hemlines rose and the clothes loosened, influenced by
the mod culture.

Men's fashion shifted towards a more youthful vibe,influenced by the rising Teenage
culture seen in Hollywood and by various Teen oriented Filipino films where they started
wearing polos and pants , replacing the suit and coats. Suits and coats, as well as the
Barong Tagalog, were now only worn during events and by the older men.
1970’s
With the popularity of the hippie culture in the late 1960 s, many Filipinos embraced
this culture which has continued until the early seventies At the same time, the rise of
Filipino Nationalism began and both movements influenced the way people lived and
dressed.

The early 1970’s saw women start to abandon mini dresses for a more modest
clothing such as maxi skirts. Vintage clothing from the Victorian Era of the west also
became popular as long sleeves, laces, and collars became popular in dresses. Bell
bottom pants started to become popular that would continue to the rest of the decade.
Men also started to grow their hair long, the first time ever that such style became
acceptable in Filipino society.
 Men also wore Bell bottoms often in bright colors, similar to the women. The turtle
neck became popular as well as sweater vests, colorful bright patterned polos and
pants. By the mid 1970s, men started wearing t shirts , which replaced the formal look
with a more laid back look. Denim jeans also started to emerge, as well as sweatshirts.

1980’s
Due to the power dressing movement, women, usually young adults, also started to
wear clothes with shoulder pads while teenagers started wearing neon colored
clothesMiniskirts also came back in popularity Hairstyles were also emphasized as most
women had their hair curled.

Men's fashion had a shift as they started to wear brightly colored t shirts or polo
shirts and denim jeans for a casual look, throwing away the more formal look. Teenage
boys also wore pastel and neon colored jackets, polos, pants, short shorts and t shirts.
Converse All Stars shoes were also popular among the teenagers.

Colorful short shorts for both teen boys and girls were also one of the huge trends
that defined the decade. Sportswear also became popular for everyday clothing.
Leggings rose to popularity as well as jogging pants, headbands and legwarmers.

By 1989, a drastic change in style emerged; a trend having oversized shirts and
pants were in style, paving way to the 1990s loose fashion.

1990’s
The 1990 s fashion was a laid back version of the 1980 s fashion This decade saw
the beginning of the influence of rock music to mainstream fashion.

Men started to wear dark, simple and mostly oversized clothes moving away to the
brightly colored clothes of the 1980 s Women also wore loose, simple and casual
clothing such as oversized shirts, denim shorts, denim jeans, simple blouses and
sneakers Skirts weren't as popular as denim throughout the decade Men's hairstyles
also changed as they grew their hair longer for the first time since the decade of the
1970 s Also, a hairstyle called cachupoy was considered popular among teenage boys
It was a straight hairstyle that has a middle parting at the center, most teen celebrities
sported this kind of hairstyle.

It was also the decade when people from all social classes wore the same style of
clothes, with people having a hard time distinguishing who was from the upper class or
from the lower class as everyone opted for a simple, laid back style of dressing.
2000’s
The 1990 s fashion remained popular during the early years of the first decade of the
21 st century 2000 s fashion was considered a mash up of different styles.

In the first part of the decade, the concept of innerwear as an outerwear was
popularized resulting in the popularity of spaghetti strap clothes. Men still followed the
1990s fashion with hip hop inspired of clothing, wearing cargo pants and oversized T
shirts.

By the mid 2000s, colorful clothes began to rise again. Men started wearing flannel
and checkered polos. At the end of the decade, people saw the mixture of clothing from
uggboots worn with short shorts and t shirts to dresses worn over with leggings. It was
characterized by bright colors, textures, patterns and a bunch of accessories..

2010’s
Due to the development of social media, many Filipino women and men were
exposed to different styles Also due to the rising economy of the country for the first
time since People Power Revolution as well as constant building of shopping malls and
shopping centers, many Filipinos began buying more clothes.

With the rise of social media, most of the women began wearing a tumblr inspired
clothes . Also, women became interested to the fashions in 1960s and began replicating
those styles. Men also began wearing preppy clothes inspired by the British boy band
One Direction who rose to fame in 2010. Skinny jeans proved to be popular among the
men and came up with different colors as well as the shorts.

In 2013, skater ski rts became popular among teenage girls and they started wearing
more feminine clothing. When the mid 2010s entered, women began wearing more

modest clothing as the fashion brands started to market 1950s and 1960s inspired
clothing. Denim pant s was replaced by skirts and leggings . Men began to wear more
formal Dresses replaced the casual t shirts and jeans worn by the women while Chinos
replaced the denim pants worn by men.

PHILIPPINE POP MUSIC

PERIODS IN HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE MUSIC

1. PRE SPANISH PERIOD

 Filipinos are said to be Musical Peoples.

 In most cases, singing is accompanied by dancing.
 They used Bamboo canes, Palm leaves and bark of trees to write their songs and
a piece of sharp stick or iron for their pen.
 Even their instruments were made of Bamboo and wood which indicated their
primitiveness.
Functions of their music:
Religious
Social life

Characteristics of their Music:

Recitative
Mostly simple two note music
Example of these are:

• DAL-LOT – a song sung by farmers during wedding, baptismal and others parties
accompanied by Kutibeng (guitar).
• PAMULINAWEN – is a love song
• DUNG-AW – is a song requesting a dead person to be good in his next life.

ORIGINS OF THEIR MUSIC

 Chinese, Japanese and Hindus introduce their five-tone scale called pentatonic.
 The rhythmic effects through the use of gongs, drums and cymbals were brought by
Hindus and Mohammedans.
 Reed type of wind instruments were brought by Japanese and Chinese
 Early Filipinos music was influenced by trade relations other races like:
• Malays
• Indonesians
• Arabs
• Chinese
• Indo-Chinese
• Japanese

MUSIC ACCORDING TO THEIR CATEGORY

1. Ordinary songs (diyuna, talindaw)
2. Street songs (indulamin, suliranin)
3. Sorrow (dalit, umbay)
4. Wedding (ihiman)
5. Rowing (tigpasin, kalusan)
6. Lullaby (hele-hele, hili, oyayi, iyaya)
7. Success (balingkungkong, dapayanin, hiliran, sambotani, tagumpay)
8. House (tingad)
9. General merry making (kalipay)
10. Counting (urukay)

2. SPANISH PERIOD

CHARACTERISTICS

 More conservative style of sacred music.

 Minor key at the beginning shifts to a major key in the 2nd-half Kundiman.
 Canto Ilocano, monophonic unmeasured style notated utilizing note shapes different
from the neumes of Gregorian chant (composition of the Kirial).
 Canto de Oregano, simple polyphonic settings in to two or more vocal portraying.
 Religiosity and Musicality – salvation of self expression

SONGS IN SPANISH PERIOD

[Link]: counterpart of “lamentation”

2. Palimos: song for begging
3. Kumintang: originated in Balayan, Batangas
a. Kumintang of the conquest
b. Kumintang of the Balayan
c. Kumintang with which the Awits are accompanied

Examples:

 “La Tagala” -- Jose Estella

 “Amihan” -- Antonio Molina
 “Auras de Terruno” -- Juan S. Hernandez
 “Pagdilidli” -- Lucino Sacramento

4. Awit

Examples:

• “Awit” -- F. Santiago
• “Ang Ulila” -- Antonio Molina
• “Batingaw na Pilak” -- Antonio Molina
• “Recuerdo de Filipinas y Sus cantares”--Diego Perez

5. Balitaw

Examples:

• “Hating-gabi” -- Antonio Molina

• “Sampaguita” -- Dalores Paterno
• “Ay, Ay, Kalisud” -- Visayan Folksong
[Link]

 similar to Harana because the song is dedicated to a woman. Although in Kundiman,

a man is singing about his longing for a loved one. This was also used in the Spanish
Era as a means to express one’s love for country and longing for freedom. The
Kundiman was used in this way because the Spaniards did not allow songs pertaining
to Patriotism.

3. AMERICAN PERIOD (1898-1941)

CHARACTERISTICS:
 American singing trough jazz invaded the country
 Most of the songs are nationalistic in nature
 Instrumental music and vocal music are both important in this period
 Non-commercial

Musical Form(s):
Symphony
Opera
 The American Educational System have greatly influenced the Philippine system of
music education with the treatment of music as a part of broad pattern of liberal
education.
 With the establishments of conservatories (schools for special instruction in music),
formal education in music started.

4. JAPANESE OCCUPATIONAL PERIOD (1942-1945)

 Their desire to propagate nipongo as the common language was a dismal
failure.
 This was the darkest period in the history of the Philippines.

CHARACTERISTICS
 Pentatonic
 Employs the universal material of sound organized by rhythm, melody and tone
quality
 Monophonic
 Sentimental and religious
 uplifting, driving, and rollicking
 emotional, poetic, or even somber
 The tempo usually starts out very slow and gets faster, returns to being slow
again, and has a drawn-out ending

5. POST LIBERATION PERIOD (1945-1946)

 The reawakening of interest in diverse forms of culture is manifested in the

proliferation of ensembles, vocal and instrumental not only in schools but also in
churches, government and private offices, communities and within the family.
 Need for professional growth is evident in holding of in-service-training programs,
seminars, workshops, and conferences sponsored by schools, government agencies
and musical organizations such as the Philippine Society for Music Education, and the
Philippine National Society for music Education.

CHARACTERISTICS
• Vocal and instrumental music are both important
• Emotional and creative
• Songs of nobility and nationalism were common in that period
• The use of found sounds, recorded voices, the shift from increasingly chromatic
surfaces to more triadic ones or the reverse, the use of new instrumental combinations.

6. PHILIPPINE MODERN MUSIC

 Original Pilipino Music, now more commonly termed Original Pinoy Music or Original
Philippine Music, (frequently abbreviated to OPM) originally referred only to Philippine

pop songs, especially those in the ballad form.

 Having successfully created a subgenre of Philippine Rock they called Bisrock, the
Visayans by far have the biggest collection of modern music in their native language

 Inspired by what the locals call "Kapampangan cultural renaissance," Angeles City-
born balladeer Ronnie Liang rendered Kapampangan translations of some of his
popular songs such as "Ayli" (Kapampangan version of "Ngiti"), and "Ika"
(Kapampangan version of "Ikaw") for his repackaged album

 It started with Bobby Gonzales’ Hahabol habol (Hot Pursuit), a local version of the
rock and roll songs of the1950s,
 Rico Puno’s Luneta, a local adaptation of The Way We Were. This immediately
clicked with the youth and eventually gained wide acceptance even among the “burgis”.

MANILA SOUND
 Songs using a colloquial language called Taglish, a combination of Tagalog and
English.
 Among the proponents of the Manila Sound were the Hotdog, Cinderella, The
Rainmakers, and the Apo Hiking Society

APO HIKING SOCIETY

 "The Beatles of the Philippines.“

 The group had its fledgling beginnings in 1969 at the Ateneo de Manila high school
 The Name “Apolinario Mabini Hiking Society” is actually a play words: since
Apolinario Mabini was paralyzed, it is ironic to put “Hiking Society” next to his name

JAZZ MUSIC

 Philippine musicians have also been inspired by jazz music. Among them are jazz
pianist and recording artist Boy Katindig, who comes from the well-known clan of
musicians that includes jazz piano legend Romy Katindig and saxophonist Eddie
[Link] Katindig family pioneered Latin jazz in Manila

PHILIPPINE ALTERNATIVE MUSIC

 This new form combined ethnic instrumentation with electronic accompaniment, while
presenting themes or issues of society and the environment.
 Some of the Filipino composers who championed this style were Joey Ayala, Grace
Nono, and
 Freddie Aguilar, best known for his song Anak; Yoyoy Villame, composer of Magellan
 Florante, composer of Ako’y Isang
Pinoy and, Gary Granda, composer of Ka Bayani

PHILIPPINE ROCK

 The year 1973 saw the birth of Philippine or “Pinoy” rock music which successfully
merged the rock beat with Filipino lyrics. This new sound was introduced by the
legendary Juan de la Cruz Band (with their song Ang Himig Natin) which had for its
members Joey “Pepe” Smith, Wally Gonzales, and the originator of Jeproks, Mike
Hanopol, who later became a major symbol of Pinoy Rock .

PINOY RAP

[Link] MICHAEL DURANGO MAGALONA

 Also known as Francis M, Master Rapper, The Man From Manila, Kiko, The Mouth,
The Filipino King of Rap
 Born October 4, 1964 Died March 6,2009
 Kalentong, Mandaluyong City, Philippines
 Genres Rap, Filipino hip hop, rap rock,funk, Manila Sound
 Rapper, songwriter, producer, actor, director, entrepreneur, host, photographer

2. ARISTOTLE POLISTO

 Born October 18, 1977

 Also known as “Gloc 9”

 Regarded as one of the best Filipino rappers of all-time, his fast-flowing vocal style
has made him one of the most successful hip-hop artists in the Philippines.

POP MUSIC COLLABORATION

Philippine pop artist have also collaborated with classical artist and orchestras in a
number of their recordings and concerts. Some of the concerts of Martin Nievera, Gary
Valenciano, Regine Velazquez, Lea Salonga, and Sharon Cuneta have featured the
Philippine Philharmonic Orchestra, the ABS-CBN Orchestra, and the Manila
Philharmonic Orchestra in performances at the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP)
and the Philippine International Convention Center (PICC), both known venues for
classical music, as well as at the Araneta Coliseum and Folk Arts Theater (FAT).

BEST SELLING ALBUMS

1. Christmas in Our Hearts 1990 Jose Mari Chan (20x Platinum)
2. Constant Change 1989 Jose Mari Chan (10x Platinum)
3. Cutterpillow 1995 Eraserheads (10x Platinum)
4. Nina Live! 2005 Nina (8x Platinum)
5. Forevermore EP 1995 Side A (8x Platinum)
6. Paraiso 1991 Smokey Mountain (8x Platinum)
7. Smokey Mountain 1989 Smokey Mountain (8x Platinum)
8. Halik 2000 Aegis (7x Platinum)
9. Ten Years Together 1980 APO Hiking Society (7x Platinum)
[Link] May Buhay 1995 Donna Cruz (7x Platinum)

OPM ARTIST IN THE 80’s

 Martin Nievera
 Gary Valenciano
 Lea Salongga
 Jose Mari Chan
 Francis Michael Durango Magalona
 Ogie Alcasid
 Sharon Cuneta

OPM ARTIST IN THE 90’s

 Eraserheads
 River Maya
 Andrew E.
 Jaya
 Parokya ni Edgar
 Spongecola

CONCLUSION

From theater tunes to rock and roll, pop, standard, hip hop, rap and contemporary
ballads—whether to the West, in the Philippines, or anywhere else in the world– these
all provided a rich and diverse musical background in the development of Philippine
contemporary music. The development of Philippine music was also influenced by the
history of the country – from its pre-Spanish roots, through the Spanish and American
periods, up to the present. It has since evolved to have its own rich and distinct identity.

3. Instill

4. Apply

5. Nutshell