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Engineering Calculus 2
Glenn F. Dejucos
Faculty Member
Petroleum Engineering Department
E-mail: gdejucos@[Link]
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Learning Outcomes
1. Solve the particular antiderivative satisfying
the equation and initial condition.
2. Solve the complete and particular solutions
of differential equations.
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Lecture Outline
• Differential Equations definition, some terms.
• Complete Solution
• Particular Solution with initial conditions
• Application: Rectilinear Motion
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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
An equation containing a function and its derivatives, or
just its derivatives.
Examples:
!"
(1) = 2𝑥
!#
!" $# !
(2) =
!# %" "
!! "
(3) = 4𝑥 + 3
!# !
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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
The order of a differential equation is the order of the
derivative of highest order that appears in the equation.
Examples:
!"
(1) = 2𝑥 (first order DE)
!#
!" $# !
(2) = (first order DE)
!# %" "
!! "
(3) = 4𝑥 + 3 (second order DE)
!# !
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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
A function f defined by y = f(x) is a solution of a
differential equation if y and its derivatives
satisfy the equation.
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Another form:
𝑑𝑦 𝑔(𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 ℎ(𝑦)
ℎ(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The variables are separated, thus we say that
these are separable differential equations.
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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 where 𝑦 = 𝐺 𝑥
𝐹 = ∫ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐺 𝑥 =𝐹 𝑥 +𝐶
𝑑 𝐺 𝑥 = 𝑑 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝐶 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The complete solution or general solution is:
𝑦 =𝐹 𝑥 +𝐶
This equation represents a one-parameter family of
functions depending on an arbitrary constant C.
The graphs of these functions form a one-parameter
family of curves in the plane. Just one curve of the
“family” passes through any particular point (x,y).
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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
ILLUSTRATION:
!"
= 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
!#
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑦 + 𝐶$ = 𝑥 % + 𝐶%
𝑦 = 𝑥% + 𝐶
Our complete solution represents a one-
parameter family of functions.
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Sketching the graphs of the functions.
12
11 11
10 10 10
9 9
8 8 8
6 6 6 y=x2+C
5 5 5 5
C=1
4 4 4 C=2
3 3 3 3 C=0
2 2 C = -1
2 2
C = -4
1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-6
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Find the complete solution of the DE
!" %# !
=
!# &" "
3𝑦 & 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥 % 𝑑𝑥
/ 3𝑦 & 𝑑𝑦 = / 2𝑥 % 𝑑𝑥
3𝑦 ' 2𝑥 &
+ 𝐶$ = + 𝐶%
4 3
' &
9𝑦 = 8𝑥 + 𝐶
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Particular Solution of a first order DE with initial
condition
𝑦 = 𝑥% + 𝐶
Where y = 6, when x = 2
Solve for C:
𝐶 = 𝑦 − 𝑥%
%
𝐶 = 6 − 2 =6−4=2
Particular Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑥% + 2
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Find the complete solution of the DE
%
𝑑 𝑦
%
= 4𝑥 + 3
𝑑𝑥
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Find the particular solution of the DE
%
𝑑 𝑦
%
= 4𝑥 + 3
𝑑𝑥
for which 𝑦 = 2, 𝑦 ( = −3
when 𝑥 = 1
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APPLICATIONS
RECTILINEAR MOTION
𝑑𝑠
𝑣=
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝑎=
𝑑𝑡
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APPLICATIONS
A particle is moving on a line with a velocity v (in
centimeters per second) as a function of time t
(in seconds), and is given by: *2𝜋𝑡 is in rad*
𝑣 = 10 cos 2𝜋𝑡
The particle is 5 cm to the right of the origin at
the start of the motion. Find its position when t is
(a) 0.3 s, (b) 1.4 s, (c) 2.9 s and (d) 3.6 s.
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APPLICATIONS
A stone is thrown vertically upward from the
ground with an initial velocity of 128 ft/s.
Consider that the only force acting is attributed
to the acceleration due to gravity. Find (a) how
high the stone will go, (b) how long it will take
for the stone to strike the ground as it falls and
(c) the speed with which the stone strikes the
ground.
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SOURCE
The Calculus 7 By: Louis Leithold,
pages 336 – 343
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THANK YOU
