MATH 234+ 8 Differential Equations Definition of Terme: any equation containing SS a derivatives, ee 4! or differential , dy or dy Symbol? dy aS oy $ dy 2 = y= d*y i 4 (=) D* dy* dy ‘ 5 Dependent Variavie - top of the derivative Independent variable — bottom of the denvative Classification of DE A. Type - Variable, Ordinary or Fartial (2) B. Order - highest olerivative in the DE. ©. Degree - power of the highest derivative in the D.E. ( D-E must have all powers positive whole numbers) Naming: Order Degree Type - Dirferential Equation Solution of OF: = Ngebraic equations tat catigfy the Oefferenti al HUD a equati onTye? oF solutions for DE: | + Genecal solution or Primarive Solution - algebraic equation containing arbitary conptants + Particular Solution - algebraic equation where variables have valuep, eqwation har conditions, equation har limits, etc. 5 Verifying solutions to Dig. Show that Iny + _ C is a solution to the DE (y-¥)y’ty= 0 al.yyty- vy’ = 0 ; frove (ypreey? he Sie AY Sty )- 0 (y-¥ y+ y = 0 y+ yr (y-x) eee ee i8 0 solution to (y-% )y'ty=0 : | ] ; ! } ; j / ’ ; : : : : :. show that y= Cet Cr¥e™ iS a eolution to ee al = et 6 dy, dy ye Ci Gye dy x %, Y “ ¥ ¥ SS GG t free” e' ] oa = cet cave +Q,€ dy % dty wpe Cre'e Cz [(xe"be") +e] ¥ = Ce%t Qque%t 2¢,e% Nas £ AAR Ry CAMS ROW ORS 18 f VY e+" eX } PAG EK- g Prove crete Gee’t 26x62 [Ce%t vert Cer ]t C,e% Cy¥e™ 0 cee te Coke “t 200% 200% -IC¥C™ acre Ce*t Qyer=0 2CieXt 2C,We*t 2C, e%- 2 C,C%- aC eX 1C,e¥ = O OF Ony, a t~mranmnrannrmniiiiy I] \) y) }) ty) yy WW‘i Show teat ; ye C.sin (3% 4C2? dty S ig a Solution to 22 4 q,:6 is o 0 = y y= Cigin (3v t Co) 1. 30: C09 (3%+C,) » £490in (xt) ]% = - 4igin (3x + Cr) 8 Prove - AEs sin (3¥4 Cy) + A[Csin(sut ca) ]= 0 OP Oe FL.Snow that y= Ci vin 2 + Cz cos 2¥ ip a solution to Y"+ Yy = 0 y= (c, cog ry, \2 +([-2C, eae gin 2 | = QC, COS 2y = 2C2 9IN ax ys Me-4 CyGin Ay - 4Cy COS ax 9 Prove -ycacos 2¢-Yeginte t 4 [crsin ax + cacor a | <0 0=0 Va nunriuewyHd mae nh GF Oo OU= G Elimination of Arbitary Constante (A.C) = . methods of Elimination m= r) by addition (signe are different ) | S 2) by Subtraction (vigny are dhe same ) | = 3) Py Substitution | Ss 4) by diFFerentiation : f OP arbitary constants = 4 of timer of Aittepentiation 3 = ‘Fliminate A.c of y= Ce%+ c, 28% eg! y aCe + 80, e3¥ 4 eg.2 5 yrs Here eg ce 4 €4.3 Ve 2-) 2) 4 39 A (y= Ce * Ce Ja a(yrz2ce™escie™)2 2y = ree tac,e"* ay = 4p + et Ws metp secre’ = yM= 4 Ce ect” ay- y= -g Cie ay=ys = Ce 4 eq.5 B(ay-ys -Gae™)3 Gy-4y?= -3C,6% -(Q DUS 2, ae)ys SoG Os mah & MY — €q.2 = eq.3 x Or RA + Eliminate A.C of ys G+c,e74 (Gremie)=4 wR | mn | : emcee nmnnENUPVEBnanapiaBu C,9in 3X + CzCog3x t Cz 4 y= SCreos 3x + (-3C2¢in3x) = 3C\cos3v- 3C,9n3% —¥2 Pr? | y= - WABI ALLL Box racy - 10,910 3x - 9C, co9ae | 1) = ROSH OO OL ROKIK 114414 -29G COP 3K +270, COry & 4 y= - HC Coysy + 27Cr9)h 3y + 22 296(co93x - 2304 913% 2vys Gert qre’ 31 re 2Cye* + 1C,X07% 4+ C,e% 42 » 2 4Ce%t 4CevO™%+ 2C,e™ 4 200% = yet 4rxe™+ Ye 4 3 @ ond 0 % ih See ca 2 — eas ay- YP = -ce™% 4 4 @ ard O by- y= ae pe yc,e™+ 4C,xe™ + ote Sy ay" y= 4e™t Ware” 3 5 © ond O Iy-dye Y= 4s HCaye™ ay = Height yGee™ #4 HHHHHRHHHHHWNNhnnn nna ee i: S : : satisfies - Find a differential equation that the Family oF parabbolas having their vertices ak the grigin and their foci on the y-avil. (¢-h)*= 4aly-h) , paralcola opens upward or downward Lf vt= 4ay ] fs m y F express a) as Q, since Suistitute it if just an arbitary constant ax7=Y : y’ = 2a% 2 Eliminate arbitary constant+ Find the differential equation of the Family of cireleg Moving Meir centers gy We y- avig Cen tly- Kyte? n= 0, Kis Constant, © is constant il KPt (y-Hyre v2 i - [2% 2yy’-ahy’s o 1 i [ I: Ee =e — Ft yy- hyp =o 1+ Ys (yt - Ky so ] 1+ gprrcy* [SOE Jy g y [! egy yy? = ole Pt (y)3- xy" = 0 | [ - xy Cy)? yo]a Fest Ordee Differential tquati ong + Variable Seperable pigterential Equations Mdv + Ndy=o ~ IF alt terms containing % and y must be grouped with dy and dy respectively ; if & variables are at dy and y vonobles ot dy, then the diffuential equation ig gaid to be variable sereralole Aw) dy + Bry) dy 20 fe. obtain the general solution | Parteulac solution x ye ae i ra paeeene 4 enit Joe ! d a constant 2y Ecy or dy ) i dy. WbLUUUuiMUuHnuHiTueTeuwueueunuoepenunn Ua Union oe :; aS Bs ty (ye ax - y dys 0 @url, yo Po age WSO . ier rar psf Lg ; rfudy [( (ee aye i, ae f e sfxdy- fdyt+ f—— : fas fe ayeD = a ail . 2 -yt nlyri] + C= 0 j em general. Peete yt eae r Fs o-Inlotl| +q Sj= 0 0-4 e ea ae Ea vtsyelnlys It 4 oe Ly particular Solution |: aeyW) = i+yt @x=2, y=3 fos) = iy | 4 [oxyay = (tyr) ae] 7 io ler uF y* ey) zit te | ell : ole oe Je see ce iA ee Nt A ae ee e|* wnhityl =n +c LLM MM wd J ww lieyel are re ( 241) = ey, e @ ay quzeralsoition : ty = 2 + - c ( ) gartiwlar c= eolurionee a ey ey ey oe . “¥. cog *ydwt tan ydy =o [ weo*y ay + tan y dy = =o vay + tan y cost y fe oe + focery Fy dy 2 dy =o Cos ty y lee n= tany dy z sec*y dya ‘ Homo gene our ‘Differential Equations if every vorm_has ine same degree n Mivsy) dx + Nery ray -O Determining iF function (¢ a Womogeneous Faurcbon ay y {4 dy. G) p function P (x,y) it homogencous io fcke, Ky)= kb Fly,y) zany Col x , i the degree of the hom! qc wecus a ~ Hemogencout » Fy) = op Fx, 64) P(e, Ky)? CK) ee = h*F(%,4) = weve t Kye PAY, KY) 2 Hr Cy? Fy?) ty. Pevyy) = yt byte Flke My) = KivYE KYM D jf Ore nok all wt same ot nomogengous d are all the fame URURUHHHERHDADDVNDDYD ppp= ip 0 Xt du- Vutdy + vtytay - vividy - wdy= 0 ( vi dv-vutdy - vyddv 20 ] alae xt dy- VAX%- vV¥dv=0 (-vi dw - Vedv =o ; \ 1 [crew av = vydv | Fepite gi xy Ae (3 ave fois dy. VHT FO iS (-v) -Qr-h) | \ ate fae (pa : Bein v= -v- Int-wh ee Inve 4 - my. 4\+e |+ vy dy - (¥t+ sy*)dy =0 j let ys Wy dy = vdy + ydv vy? (vay + ydv)- (vy? 3yt) dy =o viyyay + vysdv- Wiyrdy - Byrdy=0 [ wy8av- sy%dyed] 2 3 5 VA a Ak 0 l idere ta = fo 4 Gin y= Cy* ee iy ene va - olny aS 4 WTHTNRWTW UWP Papper) oak ear oa oa Ppl s a oT h6TthUmThOUThOU+(% + 2y ddx - (20-4) dy = 0 j tet y= Ve, dy = vdw + xdv vdk + 2vndx - [ 2x - vw] Yau txdv] =o B oxdyt2vedy-[ avedy + 2u'dy- vedu- a 0 = vay + Wuydy ~ wyd~e- Wtdvt yKdv dVKEdV -0 vdy + vtydy - aytav + yi Moe 0 [y(vttdy + vt v- -2 | dv-g| ge Wt#l) e 1 (V-2) sd od x (tt) a ! Vv ~ bis sol he Spratt 3 : {o ix oe gree ? f “a s {In vt += > hn lvatl- Larctan ( Piicla ainx + Ae - Wareton (v) =e Be telgattioosls ies In tv's tn | 2 +1 | -4arctan a SpE [tram (2) [ere] ee+ Exact DiFFerential Equation ee ay” au | | uped to test jf the D.€ ip an Exact DE + Formula used tn goluing an exact D.E | OF 7F >— = Mex,y) and —=N (wy) ; Wie 4 7 ig F i9 the Solution af the evact pe c Evample: estas ~oy) az + (¥ 42y) ay = 0 | gin’ E gn, tert the DE first for * hy (10 itp. evact ness = a ( ‘ 0 sy7y-ux) = © (u%+2y) gy = gy Vf sitis an exact DE i te i a i et ee ae aSolve the DS OF mM 2 ae Se Ei -( y 2 (3% y -y | = far [iswy- 08) ay j gine yis a = constant, tne constant m this equation Can be in Ferme Fe a ee Ges 2) a n ZF — = (yet N= N ic S _ a ; | ———_——————— = try dy - 0+ Cys Prey E [Bela [acy = fry Gy-s- YW" +-6 2 Gir Jatso Calls 2 a this aPPrOOCh 2 Pale ree, Obtain Solution For the 0.€ + 2(yrtl) dy + (Hwy - Syt ) dy #0 [ar {yt ) ax Fe Tvy*t 2% t Cy 7 (2¥y*F w+ Cy) ay Le tyey = 2g% | 2y Jey = 2S y"Dy Cy~ -yPec = 4¥y-3y? Pi Qugty 2y - yt eee ae oo oo oa 2 2 Ld he. Noh ~teact Differential equationg j eh pi 4% ; to golue this D.€, ehe must multiply the eq- 1 Non-Exact 0-€ test Formula : an 0) UTE by an integrating Factor, oe » Finding its integratin factor, Din = CO where Fx? is ong NT J nm a SF Oty) = € ene where Fey) is — are a ] , ax ne Gixyd = x"y W where mand n is 2M IN mN_ nm hy ee Fe Mea : ip Y igo constant ora “a single perio |G then that @ — ghovld be used . pFter Find Jf that Non-evact vecomcs exact-and we WO DE echiques a0 brain ‘solution 0 ane gues De ‘ (y-¥y) dx + vdy = 0 mM . IX Le Paes ieee soe ee ae | ee x I Sih 7 it @ non -ekact DE Ovre cee 2 (ly-vyrdx + xy = 0] e* = =] , at ( Je ae vdye OF Ore. fog el Mis | af yet usr wvdv2 cde duzdy ve -e% ees far 2% -abee- f-edy ] = yy f-rete | |) 4% « fyreebe AG eae Sa ea eaten edleeeo waltoelio sl oarseeasiiag ogre el eh al we es ee: cdeaten dy ye oh. yet cae cy 2G Bo] ae fee aE SN es nes i (e%y- vey) dx + Xe dy = 0; proving ge = et nee VY ay . J Doe qvA : (avy? -uy) de + (ayy - -1%) dy =o gm gn yg Non-Exact D.£ — = bxy-4 —= yyy- ry Dea 7 y-2 SF dy 1 am an Buz €@ 1 Ce 5 | \ = ae (ore ah] _ 2ey-2 oye |. Sav aly, | 2-e: ele 24-0) % a ane ¥L@xyt-dy) dy t (ayy -2) dy>a % : Gxcty*- 4yy) dy +(Ayty - Aut) dy = 0 SS SY m it = Oxy - Wy , ON | ox'y - dy 5 Evack OF ay Oy (ir = fe ayy by) Py Fas yar at WY avy + Cy a =a, (UeslCU alee OOOO Oa ho hhh tllas” = = = a = = = _ 3 s 034-4 2 ayy ac I j ve -(0 wyraxty sc» Linear DirFeren tial Equations May +N dy =o is linear ih y if dy andy are of the game power cMdytNdy <0 is igear in x if Akard y¥ art oF the Sore power » For linear in the Standard form: General Solution: a Seon dy fPoody ot fry = Qe “Ve z fawe dy kK + for linear in X: ) ay ‘ Sreypdy Steyr dy i ropes Qya ke = (aye Avy linear in Qi fs B+ PIG OLE» ge MOM (auye ae + Obtain golution : dy 4 , pei. = ginay @ X(or=4 tonya {tan y di ett pe y J = Af siny cosy vn ay Koecy <2 {sing cosy cy dy Ney.) 1 { sirort aA ‘es Pe ee ae ae ee ee Oe ee eeHUD EUR a WU Yi-v de = ; = coy if ay ee co3y — cosy +c } cosy X= -2cos*y + Ceosy v= Ceosy - 2c0sy t= Cco9g - 2 ¢E0¢to Cas (x-1-9)dy - ¥dy=o [ (2¥-1-4) de - dy = 07 dy (ax-I-y) RUBIA» 1 -¥dy dy. % ay Cee i aisle yee flat ye de xy = fax de fas | vt- YY-x 4y “+ pemnoulli's equation of order one aifFerertial eg. ~ Linear differential €q- but n#} n o S + Poy = Oew)y"=7 7 I 2 [o- mye SoM iberde me © fens Que ay dy p age Fyre = Quyr¥ =7 rn fa-nrfpay g =n) pyrd Bo hemp » OrAIN golution: k Yay = (1-x*9CcH) dy ( [ede = (-xtoee yay] ay ; A — = - -\pec dy ¥ 5 dy ag! — + L8te4=X%— n= -1 a furen) ste yay 2 {peng ay —, J solseey sory P tr Oy f -60) CE Xk ya csecyttany)*s af (sccyt tang Aybec y + Ganydee 2[ fsecty ay + afsecytany ay ¢ [earty oy | = 2[focc*y ay + 2feecy tany ayt fisecty dy afay ] | = 2[ 2tany dr asccy o bye] : = Yisecy + tany)* = ftany + ¥secy @ Wy +c |> Suostikuwion Suggested by Ane equation - lek WE CommON expresMiONloe substi buted - 180lok® Hhe variolole IM he common exprection = differentiate fhe equation For its sulosti tutei on » dotain solution : + et Wl dv + 3424) dy = 0 jek ve ¥t ay y= N= 2) dy = dv -2dy, (v-1) (dv-2dy) + SY dy =0 vav- 2vdy - dv + ady + 3vdy =0 vdv - dv + voy + 2dy =0 L-1)dv + (vt2) ¢y 20 ae -\ 1-3 [Vt = 7 = a = = = = - (Vt) = | = = = = = = =ij : = Wh SHH Yo Goo oe tb th th Ub Th s(t # av sing) dy- 4" Gop y dy =O tee w= sind daw = coe 4 dy (\ yawe ) ay - vtdweo [dvs gwxdy- xtdws0 | ray, dw 5 , ea oe dy. x eee d i aay See incon ny dy % ye 3ftdy 1305 dy wé ae 2 [ere dy wy = five” dy [we ns Ere \* [awx ik “be | OY (m(5) (a) a 5+ C | gi ox" eenB Pppications of First order differential Equations ‘ iba of Genwi and Decay rate at which the substance changes if proportional to the quantity of substan ce Q= quality of Swostance present at any time 4= time K= proportional constant G7 Ala ; ie ak ~ rate H 40 ae rate equation ak dQ= hadt \ {+da- hfat In@= hE te _x? find C at time = 0, at jt initial ctate bo Epa’ Cane) or Qoy HRB HY HW ODN uD pp ena . Sample groblems + Radium decomposes in air rate proportigna) to Me amount present. It is Found out that in 25 years, (17. of @ certain omounk decomposed. pererenine PPro w mately how long will it tahe: a-) For one hal€ of the original amount to décompoge ? assume B= 100g at t=O ; assum Qio) =100 when Qioy i9 not given find K sat t= aS years | Q = joo - 10. (0-011) = 49g.4 g Solve for K: 93.9 | : 45 [ elle f dt 10 = ° In 98-4~ In loo = 4 (as) In 0.984 K 2s — Golve For time at half life: t=7,Qe Sg ty, Broadens _ino.49q [ use 100 Nn Seal In0- 994 tin 25 Ing ——_—_. = 560.65 In 0-430 - 1S 60.6542 years) sl 2b) 201. of Me amount to decompose Q= 1009 - 100g (20 pe ee tae] fo doz In 1 abt dt 1005 Q oS) @ ee eto : In == oz 0.984 toy, ES nt yf SBS 56 :4-26000 years In 0-479 c-) what peceent of the amount will decompose SO yes $0 i diggs + ino.aea tin 1004 a uw 0 In Qs - In l00 = in. 984 (50) In Qso = -21n 0.989 + \n vo “ nase eln (0-439) 100 aso = 0-959* J00 = 47.312) 4 Hiss FSU ea. },= (100 (THE tool) | = 2193]. decomposed WU Rae nannaaasSea + Podium decomposes in air at a rate proportional to present amount. [Fwitiall y rere arc 26 qramp and after 10 years, 0-G)- g the original amount nas decompoged - a-) get a model that will eredict the amount of radium ab any rime t Solye for K t= 0, @= WG; t= l0yrs, A= %g- 200 0G) (ta pod = 19.96 ee in 2) = 10h te 98 Ks 40” ~ 0.00060 z S ot = = 5 10Mela igelelon g tee b-) What i9 the half We of He radium + (0) we bel ae 1 oe eel 7% '51.7001 ycare | ff | ney 'h | c:) amount remaining 1% 4M years (ate nee) at 0 209 Q ete. | | Qaov 19.89 hi— Qo0- In ( ev Fel gol |iF MZN use yevy, dy = vay + dv + Feact tar: 9M 4N Formula: OF TE ye Fea Geen Fig the . a Exact ae IN integrating factor g: ae yen role 1 Fam ’ N puree (y= xy Minegr: Mdx t Ndy= 0 dy and y Same power —» linear in y av and ¥ same poner = jingar in & ° lincar in y: Pade ay 2 + Peey = Btxy ue! = f erere tO dy © linear in ws ay {Pupdy (Peypdy Say Pope Be =fenpe dy Bernoulli’ Equation: Linear out Rix) is | ¢ Py wnere n #1 ny Pox!Elementary Applications of First Order DiFerential Equations je dy ‘i a ee ee Store of ar ewrve—at=te7 4) 3 + mavimum & minimum point? , y= 0 2 point oF inflection | y= 0 + Ortneg onal Trajectory, y= + Ssogonal Trajectory | + laws of Growth and Decay: : aa a 1 ONG Fed dt oa @ + NEWtON’D Law of Cooling = — — aay at Linear Differential Fauationg of Higher Order: A 53+ 5 + Homogeneous : Fx)= 0 ecage |: non-ccartted roots Hat are rel nambert 5 m= roots, ys Oe (Cit Cy 4 Cyt. Scan ye Gree Ne nwo cose 2: repeated root? that are real numeers m2 Osh eheetm ms ys (CELT Ch tnt Cae”) 2 caye 3: roots aft imaginary or complex numbers, non-repeared m= atbi > ye e% (C.Sinox + Cy COS bY ) jo case 4: roots are repeated imaginary =, M2 (AF) y= CF CCt vt t Cre” )9in ox + O™ (Ct ave..t Cry) Cos b¥ + Non-Homogeneous? yey + ye, fx) #0 tat Anes Oy any = Fee) ay