Dissertation Means In Bengali

Writing a dissertation is a monumental task that requires dedication, patience, and expertise. For
many students, the prospect of embarking on this academic journey can be daunting. From
formulating a research question to conducting extensive literature reviews and analyzing data, the
dissertation process demands rigorous intellectual engagement and meticulous attention to detail.

One of the most challenging aspects of writing a dissertation is the sheer magnitude of the
undertaking. A dissertation represents the culmination of years of study and research, serving as a
testament to a student's mastery of their chosen field. It requires the synthesis of existing knowledge,
the development of original insights, and the articulation of complex ideas in a clear and coherent
manner.

Moreover, the process of writing a dissertation can be fraught with obstacles and uncertainties. From
writer's block to methodological dilemmas, students often encounter various challenges along the
way. Navigating these challenges requires resilience, resourcefulness, and a willingness to seek
guidance and support when needed.

For students grappling with the demands of dissertation writing, ⇒ HelpWriting.net ⇔ offers a
lifeline. With a team of experienced academic writers and subject matter experts, ⇒
HelpWriting.net ⇔ provides comprehensive dissertation writing services tailored to the unique
needs of each client. Whether you need assistance with topic selection, literature review, research
design, data analysis, or manuscript preparation, ⇒ HelpWriting.net ⇔ is committed to helping
you achieve your academic goals.

By entrusting your dissertation to ⇒ HelpWriting.net ⇔, you can rest assured that your project will
be in capable hands. Our writers possess the knowledge, skills, and expertise necessary to produce
high-quality dissertations that meet the highest academic standards. With a commitment to
excellence and a dedication to customer satisfaction, ⇒ HelpWriting.net ⇔ is your trusted partner
in academic success.

Don't let the challenges of dissertation writing overwhelm you. Take the first step towards achieving
your academic aspirations by contacting ⇒ HelpWriting.net ⇔ today. With our expert assistance,
you can navigate the complexities of the dissertation process with confidence and clarity. Unlock
your potential and embark on the journey to academic excellence with ⇒ HelpWriting.net ⇔.
But handling all rules is not easy and requires expertise. The knowledge may come from several
resources and can be encoded in various representations. Section 2 surveys a broad coverage
compilation of references about the stochastic POS taggers. The tagset was designed based on the
lexical category of a word. Content List of Figuresx List of Tablesxi TOC quot. Sanchez and Nieto
(Sanchez and Nieto, 1995) in their work proposed a 479 tag tagset for using the Xerox tagger on
Spanish, they latter reduced it to 174 tags as the earlier proposal was considered to be too fine
grained for a probabilistic tagger. The taggers will be implemented based on both bigram and trigram
HMM models. It has been observed empirically that the suffix length of 4 gives better results for all
the HMM based models. Head and ears ( ???????????? ) He is over head and ears in debt. Recently,
Brill’s tagger (Brill, 1992; Brill, 1995a; Brill 1995b) automatically learns a set of transformation rules
which correct the errors of a most-frequent-tag tagger. The encoded knowledge in stochastic
methods may or may not have direct linguistic interpretation. Appendix B includes the detail
experimental results with Maximum Entropy based model. The person deixis in Bengali an d English
are deeply rooted in differen t cultural backgrounds and ma y be endowed with differe nt cultura l
connotation s. This allows the construction of an extremely accurate system. Further, semi-
supervised learning can be performed by augmenting the labeled data with additional unlabelled
data. Corpora and Corpus Ambiguity In this section we describe the corpora that have been used for
all the experiments in this thesis. Further, if one uses of rule based POS tagging, transferring the
tagger to another language means starting from scratch again. The details of some of the experiments
and results are described in the next section. Apart from being required for further language analysis,
Bengali POS tagging is of interest due to a number of applications like speech synthesis and
recognition. In the context of Indian languages, we did not know of many works on tagset design
when we started the work. The main contributions in this area are (Ratanaparkhi, 1996; Zavrel and
Daelemans, 2004; Toutanova et al., Singh et al., 2006; Tseng et al.;). Some of the above contributions
are specific to Indian languages. This does not mean that it is the only form of the spoken language
which exists. Some of the work can be found in (Oflazer and Tur, 1996; Tur and Oflazer, 1998,
Tzoukermann et al., 1997). Another model is designed for the tagging task by combining
unsupervised Hidden Markov Model with maximum entropy (Kazama et al., 2001). The
methodology uses unsupervised learning of an HMM and a maximum entropy model. Similar trends
are observed in the case of the semi-supervised HMM and the ME models. Our Particular Approach
to Tagging Our particular approach to POS tagging belongs to the machine learning family, and it is
based on the fact that the POS disambiguation task can be easily interpreted as a classification
problem. Tagset is the most important issue which can affect the tagging accuracy. First column
gives the actual class with their frequency of occurrence in the test data, second column gives the
predicted class corresponds to the actual class, third column gives the percentage of total error and
fourth column gives the percentage of the error of for the particular class. Since Bengali is
morphologically productive, we had to make use of a Morphological Analyzer (MA) along with a
dictionary of root words. A similar study has been conducted for Bengali to find out the degree of
ambiguity in both types and tokens in the corpus. The organization of the chapter is as follows:
Section 1 describes some basic definitions and notation of the HMM model.
Essential to ( ?????????? ) Food is essential to health. However it was found that very little work has
been done on Bengali POS tagging and there are very limited amount of resources that are available.
The following sentence illustrates the convention (it is in the ITRANS notation (Chopde, 2001)).
Chapter 5 describes our work on Bengali POS tagging using Maximum Entropy based statistical
model. The following describe some of the recent efforts for the POS tagging problem: POS tagger
for large divergence of languages Researchers are taking into account new problems for the
development of a POS tagger for the variety of languages over the world. We wish to use the
morphological features of a word, as well as word suffix to enable us to develop a POS tagger with
limited resource. The number of distinct output symbols (M) in the HMM. Indian Language Taggers
There has been a lot of interest in Indian language POS tagging in recent years. Part-of-speech gives
significant amount of information about the word and its neighbours which can be useful in a
language model for different speech and natural language processing applications. On the other
hand, recent machine learning techniques makes use of annotated corpora to acquire high-level
language knowledge for different tasks including PSO tagging. International Islamic University
Chittagong, Batch 28 A9 Recruitment and selection process of robi axiata ltd. The input to the
disambiguation algorithm takes the list of lexical units with the associated list of possible tags.
HMM-SS1 does better than HMM-S1 when very little tagged data is available, for example, when
we use 10K training corpus. The contest was conducted as a workshop in the IJCAI 2007.
Keywords: deixis, deictic expression, interlocutor, intuitive ob servation, formality, politeness 1.
Section 2 devoted to our particular approach to Bengali POS tagging using HMM. Other than
conventional usages, the resources will be used for machine translation (hf. Discriminative graphical
models (e.g. maximum entropy model, CRF etc.) usually integrate different features for the
disambiguation task. International Islamic University Chittagong, Batch 28 A9 Internship report on
expansion strategy of hsbc in bangladesh by lecturesheet. The work has not been submitted to any
other Institute for any degree or diploma. Raw corpora do not have much linguistic information. This
makes it particularly costly to obtain a good language model. It was thus not easy to compare the
different approaches. Clearly, physical exercise is just one of the necessary. In an experiment with
Czech (Hladka and Ribarvo, 1998), Haldka and Ribarov showed that the size of the tagset is
inversely related to the accuracy of the tagger. Smriti et al. (Smriti et al. 2006) in their work,
describes a technique for morphology-based POS tagging in a limited resource scenario. Hidden
Markov Model A Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is a statistical construct that can be used to solve
classification problems that have an inherent state sequence representation. Louis Region Dr. NN
Chavan Keynote address on ADNEXAL MASS- APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT in the. Here,
we also use morphological information for further improvement of the tagging accuracy. Welcome to
the Dougherty County Public Library's Facebook and.
In the ME based approach, unobserved events do not have zero probability, but the maximum they
can give the observations. Corpora and Corpus Ambiguity In this section we describe the corpora
that have been used for all the experiments in this thesis. It has been noted that 14% words in the
open testing text are unknown with respect to the training set, which is also a little higher compared
to the European languages (Dermatas and Kokkinakis, 1995). Figure 4: Vocabulary growth of
Bengali and Hindi Data Used for the Experiments The training data includes manually annotated
3625 sentences (approximately 40,000 words) for all the models. HMM-SS1 does better than HMM-
S1 when very little tagged data is available, for example, when we use 10K training corpus. The
model parameters for supervised HMM based models are estimated from the annotated text corpus.
Further, Bengali is not a highly inflected language, in which there are many case-endings and other
factors to make the relationships of words to each other obvious; on the contrary, Bengali, like
English, is a language in which great subtlety is possible through syntactic variation. We do not aim
to give a comprehensive review of the related work. Lion's share ( ??????? ) He took the lion's share
of the profit. POS tagging of Bengali is a necessary component for most NLP applications of
Bengali. I had 5 days to complete my paper and not even a single chance to do it by myself. Though
the trigram HMM performs better than bigram HMM in literature but, a lower accuracy has been
achieved by trigram HMM model for both the models. Finally, Conditional Random Field (CRF)
(Sha and Pereira, 2003; Lafferty, 2001; Shrivastav et al., 2006) has been applied for POS
disambiguation task. The model parameters of the HMM are estimated based on the labeled data
during supervised learning. As mentioned earlier, POS tagging has been used in several other
application such as a processor to high level syntactic processing (noun phrase chunker),
lexicography, stylometry, and word sense disambiguation. Corpora Collection The compilation of
raw text corpora is no longer a big problem, since nowadays most of the documents are written in a
machine readable format and are available on the web. Customer satisfaction of different mobile
operator among students in dhaka by. This module consists of list of lexical units with associated list
of possible tags. First, it is assumed that you will be using the spoken language sometime in the
future that you will at some time be in Bengal. Under their patronage both Hindu and Muslim writers
flourished. A fixed set of 11,000 unlabeled sentences (approximately 100,000 words) taken from the
CIIL corpus is used to re-estimate the model parameter during semi-supervised HMM learning. The
most probable sequence is reconstructed by and for T ? t ?2. It follows the probability of the entire
sequence is for ant t in the range 1 ? t? T-1. Development of a POS tagger influences several
pipelined modules of the natural language understanding task. Figure 10 shows known and unknown
word accuracies under different HMM models. We assume that the POS tag of a word w can take
the values from the set TMA(w), where TMA(w) is computed by the Morphological Analyzer
(Maitra, 2004) which we call as the possible class restriction module. But, some important
information may be missed out due to the coarse grained tagset. The semi-supervised learning uses
Baum-Welch re-estimation (or equivalently the expectation maximization (EM)) algorithm by
recursively defining two sets of probabilities, the forward probabilities and the backward
probabilities. Different orders of n-grams, long distance n-grams, non-adjacent words etc are
constrained in more sophisticated systems. The speech recognition field is very productive in this
issue. The corpus ambiguity is defined as the mean number of possible tags for each word of the
corpus.
Although the machine learning algorithms for classification tasks are usually statistical in nature, we
consider in the machine learning family only those systems which acquire more sophisticated model
than a simple n-gram model. Annotated corpora are not readily available for most of these languages,
but many of the languages are morphologically rich. These experiments give us some insight about
the performance of the tagging task in comparison with the order of the Markov model in a poor-
resource scenario. We shall call this as possible class restriction module. In Section 2 we present the
tagset which is used for our experiment and give a general overview of the effect of tagset on the
performance of a tagger. To address this broad objective, we identify the following goals: We wish to
investigate different machine learning algorithm to develop a part-of-speech tagger for Bengali.
After the initial choice of the model parameters from the training data, the expected number of
transition from state i to j conditions on the observation sequence W is computed as follows:, which
is expected number of transition from state i to j. TNT (Brants, 2000) is a widely used stochastic
trigram HMM tagger which uses a suffix analysis technique to estimate lexical probabilities for
unknown tokens based on properties of the words in the training corpus which share the same suffix.
On the other hand there is a disambiguation algorithm, which decides the best possible tag
assignment according to the language model. We approach the problem of finding most probable tag
sequence in three different ways: The first model uses a set of 40 tags for each word (wi ) in a test
sentence and the most probable tag sequence is determined using a dynamic programming for all the
models described in the previous section. The following are some examples: A recent model which
handles the sparse data problem is the Maximum Entropy (ME) model (Ratnaparkhi, 1996), which
assume maximum entropy (i.e. uniform distribution). The work also includes the development of a
reasonably good amount of annotated corpora for Bengali, which will directly facilitate several NLP
applications. Con sequently, in addition to th eir being person deixis only, they are social deixis and
instances of honorifics to o. The taggers will be implemented based on both bigram and trigram
HMM models. Due to the different inherent linguistic properties and the availability of language
resources required for POS disambiguation, the following issues have been included in the focus of
the current research in this area. Recruitment and selection process of robi axiata ltd. The system uses
some knowledge about the task for disambiguation for POS disambiguation. Then the probability
that S generates W is, To find the most probable sequence, the process starts with where 1.
Dissertation is an noun according to parts of speech. If the tagset is too coarse, the tagging accuracy
will be much higher, since only the important distinctions are considered, and the classification may
be easier both by human manual annotators as well as the machine. Here, we also use morphological
information for further improvement of the tagging accuracy. The following sentence illustrates the
convention (it is in the ITRANS notation (Chopde, 2001)). The probabilities corresponding to these
events would be set to zero. A Constraint Grammar for English tagging (Samuelsson and Voutilainen,
1997) is presented which achieves a recall of 99.5% with a very high precision around 97%. In any
case, in the stages of Indic language development known as Prakrit and Apabhramsa, it seems clear
that in the eastern areas of the Indian sub—continent —— those areas now occupied by the states of
Bengal, Assam, Orissa, the eastern parts of Bihar, and the Pakstani province of East Bengal ——
divergent forms of language were develping. The person deixis in Bengali an d English are deeply
rooted in differen t cultural backgrounds and ma y be endowed with differe nt cultura l connotation
s. Part-of-speech tagging is an important part of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and is useful
for most NLP applications. They have around 20 relations (semantic tags) and 15 node level tags or
syntactic tags. Finally, we aim to explore the appropriateness of different machine learning
techniques by a set of experiments and also a comparative study of the accuracies obtained by
working with different POS tagging methods. Here the state transition probabilities of a particular
tag ti depends on the previous two tags ti-1 and ti-2.
In other words, aij is the probability that tj follows ti (i.e.). This probability is usually estimated from
the annotated training corpus during training. It was thus not easy to compare the different
approaches. While some work has been done on the part of speech tagging of different Indian
languages (Ray et al., 2003; Shrivastav et al., 2006; Arulmozhi et al., 2006; Singh et al., 2006; Dalal
et al., 2007), the effort is still in its infancy. Very little work has been done previously with part of
speech tagging of Bengali. They used the same earlier tagset with 12 tags and an annotated corpus of
30,000 words. We have achieved higher accuracy than the naive baseline model. Con sequently, in
addition to th eir being person deixis only, they are social deixis and instances of honorifics to o.
Customer satisfaction of different mobile operator among students in dhaka by. For example
forward backward algorithm is used to smooth decision tree probabilities in the works of (Black et
al., 1992; Magerman, 1995a), and conversely, decision trees are used to acquire and smooth the
parameter of a HMM model (Schmid, 1995b; Schmid, 1995a). The development of an automatic
POS tagger requires either a comprehensive set of linguistically motivated rules or a large annotated
corpus. I received a completed paper in two days and submitted it to my tutor on time. Models There
are several ways of representing the HMM based model for automatic POS tagging according to the
way we acquire knowledge. The current models are expressive and accurate and they are used in
very efficient disambiguation algorithms. The linguistic rules range from a few hundred to several
thousands, and they usually require years of labour. Also we focus onto the detail review of the
Indian language POS taggers. While MA helps us to restrict the possible choice of tags for a given
word, one can also use suffix information (i.e., the sequence of last few characters of a word) to
further improve the models. Such an attempt is extremely difficult due to the large number of
publication in this area and the diverse language dependent works based on several theories and
techniques used by researchers over the years. The number of distinct output symbols (M) in the
HMM. Training Data As described in Chapter 3, the training data consists of 3625 manually
annotated sentences (approximately 40,000 words). Figure SEQ Figure ARABIC 2: POS ambiguity
of a Bengali sentence with tagset of experiment POS tagging is the task of assigning appropriate
grammatical tags to each word of an input text in its context of appearance. Experiments have been
carried out with TnT tagger (Brants, 2000); a supervised trigram HMM tagger along with suffix tree
information for unknown words. The encoded knowledge in stochastic methods may or may not
have direct linguistic interpretation. Based on our observations, the inclusion of suffix essentially
captures helps to understand the morphological inflection of the surface form word and in Bangla
most morphological inflections lies in the last 4 characters of the words. It has been observed
empirically that the suffix length of 4 gives better results for all the HMM based models. Recent
machine learning based POS taggers use a large amount of annotated data for the development of a
POS tagger in shorter time. Signature SignatureSignature Name Name Name (Member of the DSC)
(Member of the DSC)(Member of the DSC) Signature Signature Name Name
(Supervisor)(Supervisor) Signature Signature Name Name (External Examiner)(Chairman)
DECLARATION I certify that the work contained in this thesis is original and has been done by me
under the guidance of my supervisors. We adopt Hidden Markov Model, Maximum Entropy model
and Conditional Random Field, which has widely been used in several basic NLP applications such
as tagging, parsing, sense disambiguation, speech recognition, etc., with notable success. Further,
hand written context sensitive rules were used to assign correct POS labels for unknown words and
wrongly tagged words. Stochastic models (DeRose, 1988; Cutting et al., 1992; Dermatas and
Kokkinakis, 1995; Mcteer et al., 1991; Merialdo, 1994) have been widely used POS tagging for
simplicity and language independence of the models. The learning algorithm he proposed is called
Transformation-Based Error-Driven Learning and it has been widely to resolve several ambiguity
problems in NLP. Instance based learning has been also applied by several authors to resolve a
number of different ambiguity problems and in particular to POS tagging problem (Cardie, 1993a;
Daelemans et al., 1996). Decision trees have been used for POS tagging and parsing as in (Black et
al., 1992; Magerman, 1995a).
Sanchez and Nieto (Sanchez and Nieto, 1995) in their work proposed a 479 tag tagset for using the
Xerox tagger on Spanish, they latter reduced it to 174 tags as the earlier proposal was considered to
be too fine grained for a probabilistic tagger. We have also presented a tagset for Bengali that has
been developed as a part of the work. The model parameters of the HMM are estimated based on the
labeled data during supervised learning. Finally, the fourth section contains a detail description of
the work on Indian Language POS tagging. The perso n deixis in Be ngali (an Indo-Euro pean
language) i s grammat icalized thro ugh the pronom inal system. DeRose (DeRose, 1988) pointed out
that 11.5% types (shown in Table 4) and 40% tokens are ambiguous in the Brown corpus for English.
The average per word tagging accuracy of 94.4% and sentence accuracy of 35.2% were reported
with a 4-fold cross validation. In fact (Daelemans, 1996) can be seen as an application of a very
special type of decision tree. We postulate that this discrepancy arises due to the over-fitting of the
supervised models in the case of small training data; the problem is alleviated with the increase in the
annotated data. International Islamic University Chittagong, Batch 28 A9 Customer satisfaction
level of prepaid subscribers of airtel bangladesh limit. Development of a Bengali POS tagger will
influence several pipelined modules of natural language understanding system including information
extraction and retrieval; machine translation; partial parsing and word sense disambiguation. First we
determine the initial choice for model parameters A, B and from the labeled data. I have followed
the guidelines provided by the Institute in preparing the thesis. Finally, there are several other issues
e.g. how to handle unknown words, smoothing techniques which contribute to the performance of a
tagger. Unlike Maximum Entropy model, it finds out the global maximum likelihood estimation.
Interestingly, these songs have been claimed by the Assamese to be in Old Assamese, by speakers of
Oria to be Old Oria, by speakers of Hindi to be Maithali, and by Bengalis to be Old Bengali. The
hardness of the POS tagging is due to the ambiguity in language as described in section 1.1. The
ambiguity varies from language to language and also from corpus to corpus. The state transition
probabilities are often estimated based on previous one (first-order or bigram) or two (second-order
or trigram) tags. This in turn restricts the set of possible tags for a given word. Table 6 shows the
comparison of corpus ambiguity for 5 different languages. Feature inspection Recently, considerable
amount of effort has been given to find out language specific features for the POS disambiguation
task. On the other hand there is a disambiguation algorithm, which decides the best possible tag
assignment according to the language model. Finally, combinations of several sources of information
(linguistic, statistical and automatically learned) have been used in current research direction. In our
particular work, we have used a morphological analyzer to improve the performance of the tagger.
The development of a tagger requires either developing an exhaustive set of linguistic rules or a large
amount of annotated text. In (Ribarvo, 2000; Hladka and Ribarvo, 1998), the authors concluded that
for Czech the ideal tagset size should be between 30 and 100. Table 3 describes the different lexical
categories and used in our experiments. Content List of Figuresx List of Tablesxi TOC quot. Another
important issue of POS tagging is collecting and annotating corpora. Annotated corpora are not
readily available for most of these languages, but many of the languages are morphologically rich.